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PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN GUIDED INQUIRY UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN INKUIRI DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS X PADA SUB POKOK MATERI FLUIDA STATIS DI SMA NEGERI 1 DRIYOREJO GRESIK AYU AMBARWATI, DIAH
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 1 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 1 Tahun 2017
Publisher : Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika

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Penerapan Kurikulum 2013 mengacu pada proses pembelajaran yang keaktifan siswa. Pembelajaran Fisika lebih menekankan pada kemampuan inkuiri siswa yaitu mengamati, merumuskan masalah, merumuskan hipotesis, mengidentifikasi variabel, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data, dan membuat kesimpulan. Fluida statis adalah  salah satu materi pokok yang di dalam pencapaian indikatornya melibatkan aktivitas siswa. Berdasarkan observasi dan prapenelitian di sekolah diperoleh hasil bahwa kemampuan inkuiri dan hasil belajar siswa rendah. Maka perlu ada strategi pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan inkuiri dan hasil belajar siswa. Salah satu strategi pembelajaran yang dapat melibatkan siswa aktif dalam proses belajar mengajar adalah pembelajaran guided inquiry. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan desain “One Group Pre-test Post-test” dengan 1 kelas eksperimen dan 2 kelas replikasi, yang masing – masing kelas berjumlah 36, 39, dan 40 siswa. Pembelajaran yang akan dilaksanakan dengan model guided inquiry adalah merumuskan masalah, merumuskan hipotesis, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data, dan membuat kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran guided inquiry dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik dan mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik dari siswa. Hasil perhitungan uji t hasil belajar siswa diperoleh thitung > ttabel dengan thitung berturut-turut kelas eksperimen dan replikasi yaitu 23,26, 25,01, dan 25,09 dan ttabel sebesar 1,68. Perhitungan hasil belajar siswa kompetensi pengetahuan dengan n-gain untuk kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,74, kelas replikasi 1 sebesar 0,70, dan kelas replikasi 2 sebesar 0,70 dengan kategori tinggi. Hasil kemampuan inkuri siswa untuk ketiga kelas penelitian diperoleh nilai 81,59 dengan kriteria bak sekali. Hasil kompetensi sikap sebesar 3,00 dalam kategori baik dan kompetensi keterampilan sebesar 3,38 dalam kategori baik. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahwa penerapan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran guided inquiry dapat meningkatkan kemampuan inkuiri dan hasil belajar siswa pada materi fluida statis kelas X pada sub pokok materi fluida statis SMAN 1 Driyorejo Gresik.   Kata Kunci : model pembelajaran guided inquiry, kemampuan inkuiri, hasil belajar siswa Abstract The implementation of curriculum 2013 refers to the learning process that demands the students active  learning. Learning physic emphasis on inquiry skills are observing, formulating the problem, formulating the hypothesis, identifying variables, collect data, analyze data, and make conclusions.  Static fluid material that is one of the basic material in the achievement of indicator involves the students activity. Based on observation and early research in the schoolobtained the results that the sudents inquiry sklills and studentss learning outcomes is low. Therefore, there needs to be a learning strategy that can improve sudentss inquiry sklills and studentss learning outcomes. The design of the research is descriptive quantitative research with "One Group Pre-test and Post-test" consist of one experimental class and two replication classes, each classes are numbered of 36, 39 and 40 students. Lessons will be conducted with the model guided inquiry is to formulate the problem, formulate hypotheses, collect data, analyze data, and make conclusions. The results of the study find outs the implementation of guided inquiry learning model is good and the students’ respond is positive. The data of students learning outcome by using t-test had tcount > ttable with tcount for three clasess 23,26, 25,01, and 25,09 dan ttable is 1,68. Then, the pre and post-test data analyzed by using n-gain to determine the improvement of students learning outcomes, n-gain score for the experimental class is 0,74, the first replication class is 0,70, and the second replication class is 0,70 with high categories. The results of the study find outs the students inquiry ability from three research classes is 81,59, it were excellent category. Furthermore, the attitude competence for each clasess got 3.00, it were good categorize and  skill competency is 3,38 it were good category. So it can be concluded that the implementation of guided inquiry learning model to  improve students’ inquiry ability and learning outcomes in the several topic of static fluid material at X SMAN 1 Driyorejo Gresik   Keywords : guided inquiry learning model, inquiry skills, students learning outcomes

IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDED INQUIRY LEARNING USING PHET SIMULATION ON KINETIC THEORY OF GASES TOPIC FOR INCREASING THE LEARNING OUTCOME OF GRADE XI STUDENTS AT SMAN 13 SURABAYA FITRI DAMAYANTI, RISKI
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 3 Tahun 2017
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This research aimed to analyze the learning feasibility, student learning outcome, and response toward guided inquiry learning using PhET Simulation on kinetic theory of gases topic. Learning outcome are knowledge and skill aspect. The type of this research is pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design by using one experiment class and one replication class. Subject of research are students at grade XI IPA 5 and XI IPA 6 in SMAN 13 Surabaya. Instruments of research are learning feasibility observation sheet, pretest posttest sheets and students response sheet. The improvment of learning outcome was analyzed by t-test and gain score. The result shows that (1) learning feasibility was done in excellent  category; (2) improving of knowledge and skill learning outcome in two classes are significant in high category; (3) students show positive response to the treatment applied in very good category. Based on the data, it can concluded that the guided inquiry learning using PhET Simulation on kinetic theory of gases can increase learning outcome of grade XI student at SMAN 13 Surabaya. Key words: guided inquiry, PhET Simulation, theory kinetic of gases

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC BOOK (BUDIN) USING FLIP PDF PROFESSIONAL TO TRAIN HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS ARINI, DIAH
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 3 Tahun 2017
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The main purpose of the research is to produce Interactive Electronic Book (BUDIN) using Flip PDF Professional which is valid, practically, and effectiveness. Validity is based on validity of learning, material, and media; practically is based on the implementation and constraints of learning; and effectiveness is based on higher order thinking skills and responses. Type of research is development using ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) and the subject of research is 19 student of Dharma Wanita Surabaya high school (XI grade of Science). The technique of data collection are questionare, observation, and test. Interactive Electronic Book (BUDIN) declared feasible if the percentage of validity (learning,material, media); practically (learnings implementation and constraints), and effectiveness (higher order thinking skills and students response) ≥61% with good and excellent category. The result of the research showed that the validity of interactive electronic book (BUDIN) are excellent (learning 97,92%;material 95,00%; media 93,75%); the practically is excellent (learnings implementation 94,07%) and effectiveness are good based on higher order thinking skills (analysis 78,94%, evaluate 73,68%, creation (structure 77,47%, fluency and flexibility 75,95%, link 75,21%, and novelty 73,68% )) and students responses is excellent with percentage between 84,21% to 94,74%. The conclusion of the research is that interactive electronic book (BUDIN) using Flip PDF Professional is feasible of being used to train higher order thinking skills. Keywords: Interactive Electronic Book (BUDIN), Higher order thinking skills, Flip PDF Professional

APPLYING LEARNING OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACH WITH GUIDED DISCOVERY MODEL TO IMPROVE STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES FOR STATIC FLUID MUFID, TAUFAN
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 3 Tahun 2017
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The aim of this research are to described the learning implementation, analyzing the student learning outcomes improvement, and describe the response of students after applied learning of scientific approach with guided discovery model. This research’s location in SMA Al-Islam Krian with sample students from class XI MIPA 1, XI MIPA 2, and XI MIPA 3. The methods of collecting data are validation, test, observation, and questionnaire. The analysis from this research use validation, learning activity sheet analysis, n-gain score, and response questionnaire analysis. Based on this research obtained result that : 1) Implementation from learning of scientific approach with guided discovery model get 100%, its mean that all learning steps have done well, 2) Student learning outcomes in knowledge competence are improving with n-gain score in experiment class is 0,534, in class replication 1 is 0,503, and in class replication 2 is 0,494; every class get medium category, average interpretation score in experiment class is 82,28; class replication 1 is 80,92; and class replication 2 is 79,45. 3) Response of students to learning of scientific approach with guided discovery model get 81,79% with very good category. Based on result above can be concluded that learning of scientific approach with guided discovery model can improve student learning outcomes with medium category. Keywords: scientific approach, guided discovery, learning outcomes, static fluid.

PENGEMBANGAN SOFTWARE PRAKTIKUM FISIKA BERBASIS VPL ALGODOO UNTUK MEMBELAJARKAN KONSEP HUKUM NEWTON TENTANG GRAVITASI MELALUI PENYELIDIKAN AULIYAUR R, AZHARUL
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 3 Tahun 2017
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Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kelayakan software praktikum fisika berbasis VPL Algodoo pada materi Hukum Newton tentang Gravitasi. Kelayakan software ditinjau dari kevalidan, kepraktisan dan keefektifan software. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Uji coba terbatas dilakukan di XI MIPA MA Darut Taqwa Pasuruan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode ADDIE dengan tahapan penelitian analysis (menganalisis), design (merancang), develop (mengembagkan), implementation (menerapkan) dan evaluate (menilai).  Hasil pengembangan software praktikum fisika berbasis VPL Algodoo pada Materi Hukum Newton tentang Gravitasi adalah layak digunakan. Kelayakan software praktikum didapat dari nilai validasi software, kepraktisan software, dan keefektifan software. Nilai validasi software mendapat persentase rata-rata 92.25% dengan kategori sangat baik. Nilai kepraktisan software didapatkan dari keterlaksanaan pembelajaran dan aktifitas peserta didik. Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran mendapatkan persentase rata-rata 95% dengan kategori sangat baik. Aktifitas peserta didik mendapatkan persentase rata-rata 94%. Nilai keefektifan software didapat dari hasil belajar peserta didik yang mendapatkan kenaikan dengan nilai n-gain  rata-rata 0.85 dengan kategori tinggi serta hasil respon peserta didik yang mendapatkan persentase rata-rata 90.91%.   Kata Kunci: VPL, Algodoo, Gravitasi, kelayakan, software.                                                                                            Abstrack This study occur to describe the feasibility of VPL Algodoo-based physics practice software on Newtons Law material on Gravity. Software feasibility is reviewed from the validity, validity and effectiveness of the software. This research was conducted at Universitas Negeri Surabaya. A limited trial was conducted at XI MAPS MA Darut Taqwa Pasuruan. The research method used is the ADDIE method with the stages of research analysis, design, develop, implementation and evaluate. The result of the development of VPL Algodoos physics practice software on Newtons Law Material on Gravity is worth using. The feasibility of the practicum software is derived from the validation value of the software, the practicality of the software, and the effectiveness of the software. Software validation value gets an average percentage of 92.25% with very good category. The value of practicality of software obtained from the implementation of learning and the activities of learners. The implementation of learning gets an average percentage of 95% with very good category. Activity learners get an average percentage of 94%. The effectiveness of software obtained from learning outcomes of learners who get an increase with n-gain average of 0.85 with high category and the response of learners who get an average percentage of 90.91%.   Keyword: VPL, Algodoo, Gravity, feasibility, software.

THE APPLICATION OF GUIDED INQUIRY APPROACH BASED ON VIRTUAL LABORATORY TO INCREASE STUDENTS LEARNING OUTCOME OF GLOBAL WARMING IN SMA MUHAMMADIYAH 2 SURABAYA PRANSISKA INDRA L., FIFA
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 6, No 3 (2017): Vol. 6 No. 3 Tahun 2017
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The research objective was to describe the increasing of students’ learning outcome in global warming topic by implementing guided inquiry based on the virtual laboratory. The learning outcome which increased were cognitive and skill competence. The research used pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design and used three class as sample namely XI MIPA 1, XI MIPA 2, and XI MIPA 3 of SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The increasing of students learning outcome was analyzed by paired sample t test and normalized gain. The result of this research showed that (1) the learning process was conducted very good; (2) the students cognitive competence increased significantly in high rate and the students skill competence increased significantly in medium rate; (3) the students responses due to physics learning based on virtual laboeatory of global warming was very good. Based on those result it showed that implementation of guided inquiry approach based on virtual laboratory could increase the students learning outcome. Keywords: virtual laboratory, kognitive competence, skill competence, global warming.  

IDENTIFIKASI KUALITAS INSTRUMEN SOAL THREE-TIER DIAGNOSTIC TEST PADA MATERI SUHU, KALOR DAN PERPINDAHANNYA NUR PRATAMA ANNUARI PUTRI, HELLMY
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 5, No 3 (2016): Vol. 5 No. 3 Tahun 2016
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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah  mendeskripsikan kualitas instrumen soal yang telah dikembangkan, yakni tipe three-tier diagnostic tets terdiri atas tiga tingkat untuk menilai pemahaman konsep siswa. Metode pengembangan ini menggunakan metode pengembangan yang dikemukakan oleh Peter Fenrich. Hasil analisis kualitas instrumen dinyatakan baik dengan kategori valid menurut validator sebesar 88,19%, indeks Alpha Cronbach untuk reliabilitas adalah 0,98 dinyatakan reliabel, daya beda soal 55% tergolong jelek, serta taraf kesukaran 80% tergolong sukar.   Kata Kunci: three-tier diagnostic test, kalitas instrumen. Abstract The main purposes are to describe instrument quality and analyze a certain problem that cause a misconception especially in heat and temperature concept, Three-tier diagnostic test consisting of three-tier items for assessing students understanding of states of matter concepts. This instrument was developed by Peter Fenrich. This instrument was validated by the validator with amount 88,19%, the value of Alpha Cronbach index for reliability are 0,98 that present a reliable value, different strength item has 55% that can be classified as a bad differentiation, also the value of a difficulty level is 80% that classified difficult.   Keywords: three-tier diagnostic test, instrumen quality.

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT) DENGAN TEKNIK CARD SORT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATERI FLUIDA STATIK DI SMAN 1 LAMONGAN DWI MAYANGSARI, MARIZKA
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 5, No 3 (2016): Vol. 5 No. 3 Tahun 2016
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Berdasarkan hasil observasi awal yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran fisika yang berlangsung masih menggunakan metode ceramah dan pembelajaran masih berpusat pada guru, sehingga peserta didik cenderung pasif saat pembelajaran di dalam kelas serta hasil belajar peserta didik cenderung rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan teknik card sort untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah pre-experimental design dengan jenis design adalah one group pretest-posttest design. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kelas X MIA 4 dan X MIA 5. Data yang diperoleh adalah hasil pretest dan posttest. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa hasil pre-test digunakan untuk uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas dan didapatkan kedua kelas yang dipilih terdistribusi normal dan homogen. Hasil post-test digunakan untuk uji-t berpasangan dan uji gain ternormalisasi. Berdasarkan perhitungan uji-t berpasangan didapatkan bahwa kedua sampel yang dipilih menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil pretest dan posttest. Uji gain ternormalisasi, untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik. Berdasarkan perhitungan didapatkan bahwa kelas X MIA 4 dengan nilai sebesar 0,51 dengan kategori peningkatan sedang dan kelas X MIA 5 dengan nilai sebesar 0,61 dengan kategori peningkatan sedang. Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran model kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament (TGT) dengan teknik card sort memperoleh nilai rata-rata dengan kategori sangat baik. Hasil respon peserta didik terhadap model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan teknik card sort mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik. Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran kooperatif, Team Games Tournament (TGT), Teknik Card Sort, Hasil Belajar Peserta   Didik.   Abstract Based on the results of preliminary observations have shown that the learning of physics that goes still use the lecture method and learning is still centered on the teacher, so that learners tend to be passive during the learning in the classroom as well as the study of students tend to be low. This study aimed to describe the application of cooperative learning Teams Games Tournament (TGT) with a card sort technique to improve the learning outcomes of students. Design research used is pre-experimental design to the research is one group pretest-posttest design. This research subject is class X MIA 4 and X MIA 5. The data obtained is the result of pretest and posttest. The results of the study obtained that the results of the pre-test used to test normality and the homogeneity and obtained second-class selected normally distributed and homogeneous . The results of the post-test was used for paired t-test and test normalized gain. Based on the calculation of paired t-test showed that both the selected sample showed differences in significant on the outcome of pretest and posttest. Normalized gain test, to find out the increase learning outcomes of students. Based on the calculation, that the class X MIA 4 with a value of 0.51 with moderate improvement category and class X MIA 5 with a value of 0.61 to the category of moderate improvement. The implementation of cooperative learning model of Teams Games Tournament (TGT) with a card sort technique obtain an average value with a very good category. Results learners response to the model of cooperative learning TGT with card sort technique to get a very good response. Key word: Cooperative Learning, Teams Games Tournament, Card Sort Technique,Students Learning Outcomes.    

PENERAPAN STRATEGI MIND MAPPING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP FISIKA SISWA PADA MATERI ALAT-ALAT OPTIK ANGGIT FERNANDES, CHRISTALIA
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 5, No 3 (2016): Vol. 5 No. 3 Tahun 2016
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, pembuatan mind mapping, pemahaman konsep siswa, dan angket respon siswa pada materi alat-alat optik setelah diterapkan strategi mind mapping. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experimental jenis desain nonequivalent control group design dimana peneliti menggunakan satu kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kwanyar Bangkalan. Sampel yang diambil kelas X MIA 3 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X MIA 4 sebagai kelas kontrol. Variabel penelitian ini meliputi variabel bebas yaitu penerapan strategi mind mapping, variabel respons yaitu keterlaksanaan proses pembelajaran, peningkatan pemahaman konsep siswa, dan respon siswa, serta variabel kontrol yaitu guru, materi ajar, dan alokasi waktu selama proses pembelajaran. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu uji n-gain score dan uji kesamaan dua rata-rata: uji t dua pihak dan uji t satu pihak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterlaksanaan pembelajaran dengan menerapkan strategi mind mapping memperoleh kategori sangat baik, keterampilan siswa dalam membuat mind mapping mengalami peningkatan, siswa yang mendapatkan nilai mind mapping tinggi cenderung mendapatkan hasil post-test yang tinggi, pemahaman konsep siswa mengalami peningkatan dengan kategori tinggi dan berdasarkan uji-t satu pihak pemahaman konsep siswa kelas eksperimen lebih baik daripada kelas kontrol serta respon siswa terhadap penerapan strategi mind mapping mendapatkan kategori baik. Kata Kunci: Strategi mind mapping, Pemahaman konsep, Alat-alat optik   Abstract This research aims to describe learning process, making mind mapping, students’s concept understanding and responding in optical equipment after applicated mind mapping strategy. This kind of research is quasi experiment non-equivalent experimental control group design with one experiment class and one control class. The population of this research is tenth grade students in SMA 1 Kwanyar Bangkalan. The samples of this research are X MIA 3 as experiment class and X MIA 4 as control class. The variables in this research including manipulation variable is application of mind mapping strategy, response variable are learning viability, student’s concept understanding, and students responding, and control variable are teacher, learning material, and learning time allocation. Technique of data analysis that used is n-gain score and the two-tile and one-tile of t-test. The research results shows that learning viability with application of mind mapping strategy obtain a category excellent, students skill in making mind mapping have increased, the students who have high score in mind mapping get high score in post-test result too and based on one-tile of t-test students understanding in experiment class better than control class, and response students to the application of mind mapping strategy a good.   Keywords: Mind mapping strategy, Concept understanding, and Optical Equipment

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS LABORATORIUM MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMA MUHAMMADIYAH 1 GRESIK ANTIKA, DEWI
Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika Vol 5, No 3 (2016): Vol. 5 No. 3 Tahun 2016
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa setelah diterapkannya model pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium dengan pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning pada materi kalor dan perubahan wujud zat di SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan pre experimental design dengan bentuk ”One Group Pretest-Posttest Design”. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah kelas X MIA 1 dan X MIA 4 SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik pada semester II tahun ajaran 2015/2016 yang setiap kelas berjumlah 38 siswa. Identifikasi peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dilakukan menggunakan hasil pre-test dan post-test dengan uji t. Analisis data penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan hasil belajar siswa signifikan pada kedua kelas. Didapatkan hasil bahwa peningkatan tertinggi pada kedua dalam kategori tinggi, dengan nilai <g> pada kelas X MIA 1 adalah 0.78821 kemudian disusul kelas X MIA 4 adalah 0.74095. Keterlaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium menggunakan pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) memperoleh nilai rata-rata dengan kategori sangat baik. Kata kunci : Pembelajaran Berbasis Laboratorium, Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning                       (CTL), hasil belajar siswa   Abstract This research had purpose to know students learning achievement after being applied laboratory-based learning model with Contextual Teaching and Learning approach on Heat and Phase Transformation in SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. Research that has beeb conducted uses pre experimental design in the form “One Group Pretest-postest Design”. Subject of research is X MIA 1 and X MIA 4 clasess of SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik in the school year of 2015/2016 semester 2 where each class has 38 students. Identification of enhancement of students learning outcomes is conducted using pre-test and post-test result with t-test. The final result show that bothclass experience significant enchacement on students learning outcomes. These enchancement on two class are categorized as high category, with the value <g> on X MIA 1 class, 0.78821 and followed by X MIA 4 class, 0.74095. Finally, laboratory-based learning using Contextual Teaching and Learning approach gets average value that categorized as very good. Keywords : students learning achievement, laboratory-based learning, Contextual Teaching and                     Learning approach pre experimental design

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