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Pythagoras: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika
ISSN : 19784538     EISSN : 2527421X     DOI : 10.21831
Core Subject : Education,
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 294 Documents
ANALISIS INTERAKSI GENOTIP x LINGKUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING Sumertajaya, I Made; Matjjik, Ahmad Ansori; Mindra Jaya, I Gede Nyoman
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 4 No. 1: Juni 2008
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (688.75 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v4i1.684

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Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Model (AMMI Model) nowadays is used to asses in plant breeding, especially to asses the Genotype í— Environment Interaction (GEI) on multi-environment trial. The presence of genotype í— environment interaction (GEI) creates difficulties in modeling complex trait that involve sequence biological process. Coupling Structural equation modeling with AMMI was developed to analyzed genotype í— environment interaction (GEI). Structural equation modeling allows us to account for underlying sequential process in plant development by incorporating intermediate variables associated with those processes in the model. With this method we can incorporating genotypic and environmental covariate in the model and explain how those covariates influence grain yield. SEM-AMMI useful when both environments and genotype are fixed and the purpose of the multi-environment trials (MET) is to assess the combined effect genotypic and environmental covariate on yield and yield components  Keywords : AMMI Model, Structural equation modeling 
Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran matematika dengan pendekatan PBL berorientasi pada kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan self-efficacy Lisda Fitriana Masitoh; Hatono Hartono
Pythagoras: Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika Vol 12, No 2: December 2017
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (365.817 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v12i2.15769

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika dengan pendekatan Problem Based Learning (PBL) berorientasi pada kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan self-efficacy matematika siswa SMP yang layak. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian dan pengembangan. Model pengembangan diadaptasi dari model pengembangan Borg Gall. Subjek penelitian adalah 32 siswa kelas VII-3 SMP N 5 Yogyakarta. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah lembar validasi, angket penilaian guru, angket penilaian siswa, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, tes prestasi belajar materi transformasi, tes prestasi belajar materi statistika dan peluang, tes berpikir kreatif materi transformasi, tes berpikir kreatif materi statistika dan peluang serta angket self-efficacy matematika. Penelitian ini menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran matematika yang terdiri dari 7 RPP dan 25 LKS untuk siswa SMP kelas VII semester genap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran layak digunakan karena memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis dan efektif ditinjau dari kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan self-efficacy matematika siswa. Developing Mathematics Instructional Materials Using Pbl Approach Oriented to Creative Thinking Ability and Self-Efficacy AbstractThis study aimed to produce the mathematics instructional materials using Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach oriented to creative thinking ability and mathematics self-efficacy of Junior High School students which is proper to use. This study is categorized as research and development. Development model of instructional materials in this study was adapted from Borg Gall development model. The subjects of this research were 32 students of class VII-3 SMP N 5 Yogyakarta. The research instruments were  validation sheets, questionnaire assessment for teachers, questionnaire assessment for students, learning implemented observation sheets, achievement test of material transformation, achievement test of material statistics and probabilty, creative thinking test of material transformation, creative thinking test of material statistics and probabilty and mathematics self-efficacy questionnaire. This research resulted in mathematics instructional materials that consist of 7 lesson plans and 25 student worksheets for Junior High School students of class VII even semester. The result shows that the instructional materials proper to use because the instructional materials are valid, practical and effective in terms of student’s creative thinking ability and mathematics self-efficacy.
KESTABILAN GLOBAL BEBAS PENYAKITFLU SINGAPURA (Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease)BERDASARKAN MODEL SEIRS Ratna Sari, Eminugroho
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 7 No. 1: Juni 2012
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (152.135 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v7i1.2833

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AbstrakPenelitian mengenai penyebaran HFMD pertama dilakukan menggunakan model SIR. Pada model ini,populasi individu yang sebenarnya telah terinfeksi tetapi belum menunjukkan gejala-gejala penyakit tidakdijelaskan. Dalam paper ini akan dibahas mengenai pembentukan model matematika dari penyebaranpenyakit HFMD menggunakan model SEIRS. Adanya penambahan kelas populasi E (Exposed) untukmelengkapi kekurangan pada model sebelumnya. Berdasarkan model, diperoleh titik ekuilibrium bebaspenyakit dan endemik. HFMD tidak akan mewabah jika R0 1. Selanjutnya dilakukan simulasimenggunakan MAPLE 13.
Pengaruh Pendekatan MEAs terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah, Komunikasi Matematis, dan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Palupi Sri Wijayanti
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 8, No 2: December 2013
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (581.602 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v8i2.8948

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh: (1) peringkat sekolah terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa; (2) pendekatan pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa; (3) interaksi peringkat sekolah dan pendekatan pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagai berikut. (1) Peringkat sekolah tidak mempengaruhi kemampuan pemecahan masalah, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa. (2) Pendekatan pembelajaran berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa. (3) Interaksi peringkat sekolah dan pendekatan Pembelajaran tidak berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah, komunikasi matematis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa. (4) Pendekatan pembelajaran dengan MEAs lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan pendekatan tradisional ditinjau dari kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa.Kata Kunci: Model-eliciting Activities, MEAs, pemecahan masalah, kepercayaan diri The Effects of the Instructional Approach of MEAs on the Students’ Problem Solving Skill, Mathematics Communication, and Self-Confidence AbstractThe study aims at describing the effects of: 1) school rank on the students’ problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence. 2) instructional approach on the students’ problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence. 3)interaction of school rank and instructional approach on the students’ problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence. The result of the study shows the following. 1) The School rank not affects the problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence of the students. 2) The instructional approach affects the problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence of the students. 3) The interaction of the school rank and the instructional approach not affects the problem solving skill, mathematics communication, and self-confidence of the students. 4) The instructional approach of MEAs more excellent than the instructional approach of  taditional on the students’ problem solving skill.Keywords: Model-eliciting Activities, MEAs, problem solving, self-confidence.
Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran matematika menggunakan pendekatan inquiry berorientasi kemampuan berpikir kritis Alfizah Ayu Indria Sari; Dhoriva Urwatul Wutsqa
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 14, No 1: June 2019
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (650.36 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v14i1.27303

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan perangkat pembelajaran berupa Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) dan Lembar Kegiatan Siswa (LKS) menggunakan pendekatan inquiry berorientasi pada kemampuan berpikir kritis dan rasa ingin tahu siswa yang berkualitas berdasarkan aspek valid, praktis dan efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengem­bangan ADDIE dengan tahapan analisis, desain, pengembangan, implementasi, dan evaluasi. Subjek penelitian adalah 32 siswa kelas XI MIA 3 SMA Negeri 1 Godean. Analisis data kevalidan dan kepraktisan dilakukan dengan mengkonversi skor aktual menjadi skor kualitatif. Analisis keefektifan dilakukan dengan menentukan persentase ketuntasan siswa pada tes kemampuan berpikir kritis dan rata-rata skor angket rasa ingin tahu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan pendekatan inquiry yang berorientasi pada kemam­puan berpikir kritis dan rasa ingin tahu siswa telah memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis dan efektif. Developing a learning kit using an inquiry approach oriented to critical thinking skillAbstractThis study aimed to produce a learning kit using the inquiry approach oriented to students’ critical thinking skills and curiosity which has a good quality in the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This study was research and development that used the ADDIE model, which includes the steps of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects were 32 of 11th-grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Godean (Senior High School), Province of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data of validity and practicality were analyzed by converting the actual score into qualitative data. The data of effectiveness were done by determining the percentage of student that passed the critical thinking skill tests and the mean scores of students' curiosity questionnaire. The results of this study were a teaching kit using the inquiry approach oriented to students' critical thinking skill and curiosity has met the criterion of valid, practical, and effective.
Pengaruh Pendekatan CTL dengan Setting Kooperatif Tipe Kancing Gemerincing terhadap Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis, Kepercayaan Diri, dan Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa SMP Nina Agustyaningrum; Djamilah Bondan Widjajanti
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 8, No 2: December 2013
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (724.486 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v8i2.8946

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh pendekatan contextual teaching and learning (CTL) dengan setting kooperatif tipe kancing gemerincing terhadap kemampuan komunikasi matematis, kepercayaan diri, dan prestasi belajar matematika siswa SMP. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimen semu dengan dua kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Untuk melihat pengaruh perlakuan terhadap ketiga variabel dependen secara simultan, digunakan uji statistik Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova), sedangkan untuk menganalisis pendekatan manakah yang lebih unggul terhadap masing-masing variabel dependen, digunakan uji statistik Independent Sample T-test. Hasil penelitian pada taraf signifikan 5% menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pendekatan CTL dengan setting kooperatif tipe kancing gemerincing terhadap kemampuan komunikasi matematis, kepercayaan diri, dan prestasi belajar matematika pada siswa SMP. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, pembelajaran matematika menggunakan pendekatan CTL dengan setting kooperatif tipe kancing gemerincing lebih unggul daripada pendekatan konvensional dalam hal kemampuan komunikasi matematis, kepercayaan diri, dan prestasi belajar matematika pada siswa SMP.Kata Kunci: contextual teaching and learning, kancing gemerincing (talking chips), komunikasi matematis, percaya diri, dan prestasi belajar matematika. Effect of CTL Approach in Cooperative Setting of Talking Chips Type on Junior High School Student’s Mathematical Communication Skill, Self-Confidence, and Mathematics Learning Achievement AbstractThis study aims to describe the effect of contextual teaching and learning (CTL) approach in cooperative setting of talking chips type on junior high school student’s mathematical communication skill, self-confidence, and mathematics learning achievement. This study was a quasi-experimental research with two groups, experiment and control group. To test the effect of treatment on all of the dependent variables simultaneously, the data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova), while to compare the superior learning approach on each dependent variable, the data will be analyzed using Independent Sample T-test. The results of the study, using significant level 5%, showed that the CTL approach in cooperative setting of talking chips type has an effect on junior high school student’s mathematical communication skill, self-confidence, and mathematics learning achievement. Based on the analysis result, it can be concluded that the CTL approach in cooperative setting of talking chips type was more superior than the conventional learning approach in terms of junior high school student’s mathematical communication skill, self-confidence, and mathematics learning achievement.Keywords: contextual teaching and learning, talking chips, mathematical   communication, self- iconfidence, and mathematics learning achievement.
Tinjauan Keefektifan Group Investigation Menggunakan Alat Peraga Manipulatif dari Aspek Prestasi Belajar Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar dan Apresiasi terhadap Matematika SMP Hanan Windro Sasongko
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 9, No 2: December 2014
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (622.33 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v9i2.9075

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Penelitian eksperimen semu ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan keefektifan pembelajaran group investigation (GI) menggunakan alat peraga manipulatif dibandingkan dengan metode ceramah menggunakan alat peraga secara klasikal ditinjau dari prestasi belajar bangun ruang sisi datar dan apresiasi peserta didik terhadap matematika peserta didik kelas VIII SMP. Populasi meliputi seluruh peserta didik SMP di DIY dengan sampel peserta didik kelas VIII  B dan C SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta tahun pelajaran 2012/2013, yang  diambil secara acak dengan undian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan dua perlakuan yaitu untuk kelompok eksperimen (kelas VIII B) berupa pembelajaran GI menggunakan alat peraga manipulatif dan kelompok kontrol (kelas VIII C) berupa pembelajaran dengan metode ceramah menggunakan alat peraga secara klasikal. Pretes dan postes digunakan untuk mengukur prestasi belajar bangun ruang sisi datar dan angket apresiasi untuk mengetahui tingkat apresiasi terhadap matematika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pembelajaran GI menggunakan alat peraga manipulatif efektif baik jika ditinjau dari prestasi belajar bangun ruang sisi datar maupun apresiasi terhadap matematika; (2) pembelajaran dengan metode ceramah menggunakan alat peraga secara klasikal efektif ditinjau dari prestasi belajar, tetapi tidak efektif jika ditinjau dari apresiasi terhadap matematika; (3) pembelajaran GI menggunakan alat peraga manipulatif lebih efektif baik jika ditinjau dari prestasi belajar bangun ruang sisi datar maupun apresiasi peserta didik terhadap matematika.Kata kunci: group investigation, alat peraga manipulatif, prestasi belajar, apresiasi terhadap matematika Review of the Effectiveness of Group Investigation with Manipulatives Teaching Aid from the Aspects of Polyhedra Learning Achievement and Appreciation of Mathematics at SMP AbstractThis quasi-experiment aims to describe the effectiveness of cooperative learning of group investigation (GI) with manipulatives teaching aid compared with conventional learning method using teaching aid classically in terms of polyhedra learning achievement and students’ appreciation of mathematics of the 8th grade students. The population covered all 8th grade students at DIY with sample was all students at class VIII B and C of SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta in the academic year of 2012/2013, established randomly using the lottery method. This used the quantitative approach with two treatments, the experimental group (class VIII B)was  taught using cooperative learning of GI with manipulatives and for  the control group (class VIII C) using conventional learning method with teaching aid classically. Pretest dan posttest were used to measure students’ learning achievement and a questionnaireof appreciation was used to know the level of their aprreciation of mathematics. The result showed that (1) the cooperative learning of GI with manipulatives is effective both in terms of polyhedra learning achievement and appreciation of mathematics, (2) the conventional learning method using teaching aid classically is effective in terms of learning achievement, but ineffective in terms of appreciation of mathematics; (3) the cooperative learning of GI with manipulatives is more effective both in terms of polyhedra learning achievement and appreciation of mathematics.Keywords: group investigation, manipulative teaching aid, polyhedra learning achievement, appreciation of mathematics
Pengaruh Open-Ended terhadap Prestasi Belajar, Berpikir Kritis dan Kepercayaan Diri Siswa SMP Vivi Nur Koriyah; Idris Harta
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 10, No 1: June 2015
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (610.263 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v10i1.9113

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh pendekatan open-ended, pengaruh sekolah dan interaksi antara pendekatan open-ended dengan kategori sekolah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika, kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kepercayaan diri siswa SMP. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian eksperimen semu yang populasinya mencakup seluruh siswa kelas VII SMPN di Kecamatan Kebumen yang dikelompokkaan menjadi sekolah standar nasional (SSN) dan sekolah potensial. Sampel terdiri dari empat kelas yang dipilih secara acak dari masing-masing kategori sekolah. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah tes dan nontes, sedangkan instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data meliputi soal tes prestasi belajar matematika, soal tes kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan angket kepercayaan diri siswa. Data yang dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Analisis Varians Multivariat Dua Jalur (Two Way MANOVA) adalah data gain (gain score). Hasil penelitian pada taraf signifikan 5% menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pendekatan open-ended terhadap prestasi belajar matematika, kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa SMPN di Kecamatan Kebumen, tidak terdapat pengaruh sekolah serta tidak terdapat interaksi antara pendekatan open-ended dan sekolah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika, kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan kepercayaan diri siswa SMP.Kata Kunci: open-ended, prestasi belajar, kemampuan berpikir kritis, kepercayaan diri The Effect of Open-Ended on the Achievement, Critical Thinking and Self-Confidence of Junior High School Students AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the effect of the open-ended approach, the effect of school, interaction of open-ended approach and the school categories on mathematics achievement, critical thinking and self-confidence in mathematic of public junior high school students. This study used quasi-experimental research that includes the entire population of students of class VIIth graders in junior high schools in District of Kebumen, classified into a standard national school (SSN) and potential school. The sample consists of four classes chosen at random from each category of the school. Data collection techniques in this research was a test and non-test while the instruments used to collect data covering mathematics,achievement test, critical thinking test, and questionnaire of the confidence of students. The data of gain score were analyzed using Multivariate Statistical analysis of variance test of two lines (Two Way MANOVA). The results of the study, using significance level 5%, showed that there was an effect of open-ended approach on mathematics achievement, critical thinking, and self-confidence of the students of public junior school in Kebumen District, there is no effect of school and there is no interaction of open-ended approach and schools  on mathematics achievement, critical thinking and self confidence of the students of public junior high school. Keywords: open-ended, achievement, critical thinking, self-confidence
ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL DENGAN TEORI TES KLASIK (CLASSICAL TEST THEORY) DAN TEORI RESPONS BUTIR (ITEM RESPONSE THEORY) (Studi Kasus: Soal Ujian Olimpiade Sains Provinsi Bidang Informatika 2009) Ida Mariati
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 5, No 2: Desember 2009
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (373.389 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v5i2.536

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Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Menggunakan Pendekatan Saintifik pada Materi Pokok Geometri Ruang SMP I Ketut Loka Santi; Rusgianto Heri Santosa
PYTHAGORAS Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 11, No 1: June 2016
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (653.983 KB) | DOI: 10.21831/pg.v11i1.9673

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran menggunakan pendekatan saintifik pada materi pokok geometri ruang SMP yang memenuhi kriteria kualitas: valid, praktis, dan efektif. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan menggunakan model pengembangan Four-D terdiri dari empat langkah: (1) pendefinisian, (2) perancangan, (3) pengembangan, dan (4) diseminasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan analsis deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing produk memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis, dan efektif. Produk memenuhi kriteria kevalidan, ditunjukkan dari persentase penilaian ahli mencapai 100% yang termasuk dalam kategori valid. Produk memenuhi kriteria kepraktisan berdasarkan penilaian oleh guru dan siswa yang termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Produk memenuhi kriteria kepraktisan juga berdasarkan persentase keterlaksaan pembelajaran yang melebihi 80%. Produk memenuhi kriteria keefektifan berdasarkan hasil belajar siswa pada kompetensi sikap, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan. Persentase siswa yang mencapai KKM untuk kompetensi sikap, pengetahuan, dan keterampilan melebihi 75%.Kata Kunci: pengembangan, perangkat pembelajaran, pendekatan saintifik, geometri ruang  Developing Instructional Material Using the Scientific Approach on the Space Geometry Topic for Junior High SchoolAbstract The aim of this study is to develop mathematics instructional materials using the scientific approach on the space geometry topic for junior high school that fulfill the quality criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This research was a research and development study using the Four-D development model with modification consisting of three steps: (1) define, (2) design, (3) develop, and (4) disseminate. The data analysis technique used in this study is a descriptive quantitative and qualitative analysis. The result of the study shows that all of the products are valid, practical, and effective. The product fulfills the validity criterion. It is shown by the percentage of experts appraisal which reaches 100%, that belongs to a valid category. The product fulfills the practicality criterion based on teacher and student assesment to the instructional material, that is in a very good category. The product also fulfills the practicality criterion based on the percentage of teaching implementation. The percentage of teaching implementation exceeded 80%. The product fulfills the effectiveness criterion based on students’ learning achievement in attitude, knowledge, and skill competency. The percentage of the students who achieve minimum mastery criteria for attitude, knowledge, and skill competency exceeded 75%.Keywords: development, instructional material, scientific approach, space geometry

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