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Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 01261312 EISSN : 23563931 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.19106/JMedSci005303202101

Core Subject : Science,

Immunology & microbiology Neuroscience

Journal of the Medical Sciences (JMedSci) or Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran (BIK) is an international, open-access, and double-blind peer-reviewed journal, published by Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Indonesia. JMedSci aiming to communicate high-quality articles in the areas of biomedical science from basic to clinical sciences.The journal welcomes papers from original articles, case reports, reviews, and book reviews. All papers published in JMedSci are freely available as downloadable pdf files. The journal began its publication on March 1973 and published quarterly (January, April, July, and October). JMedSci is abstracted and indexed in DOAJ, Crossref, Google Scholar, Sinta, Indonesia One Search. JMedSci is accredited by Directorate of General Higher Education, the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Indonesia

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)

Articles 27 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 52, No 3 (2020)" : 27 Documents clear

Review of immune responses correlated with COVID-19 outcomes: the fight, debacle and aftermath in the Indonesian context. Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias; Jajah Fachiroh; Dewi Kartikawati Paramita; Dewajani Purnomosari; Rina Susilowati
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

In the current pandemic, the highly contagious nature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to an enormous burden for the global health care system and creates challenging socioeconomic problems. Respiratory mucosa, the main entrance of SARS-CoV-2 infection, are equipped with an innate immune defense system as the initial response against infection. Activation of the adaptive immune system facilitates viral clearance as well as providing immunological memory for prevention from subsequent exposure. However, despite repeated efforts at implementing appropriate interventions, severe and fatal cases are continuing to occur and reports of recurrent cases need clarification. Host factors may contribute to the severity of the diseases while viral immune evasion is a common phenomenon leading to severe outcomes and recurrent infection. Discussions of immunological-based tests for screening, herd immunity, along with the possible advantages or potentially futile efforts of development of vaccine and alternative immunotherapy have become a part of daily household conversations. In this review, evidence of innate and adaptive immune responses or lack of them, and immunological problems relevant for SARS-CoV-2 will be summarized. Finally, perspectives for future studies especially in the Indonesian population will be sketched.

Convalescent plasma for COVID-19: A reasonable option for the pandemic based on both scientific and practical point of views Mardiah Suci Hardianti; Syahru Agung Setiawan; David Dwi Putera; Teguh Triyono; Jarir At Thobari; Johan Kurnianda
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Convalescent plasma treatment has become a promising adjunctive option to treat COVID-19. Several case reports consistently supported the feasibility of this approach by showing the safety and improvements of clinical and laboratory aspects from the treated patients. However, more clinical trials are still required to establish the definitive statement about its potential effectiveness. We review the scientific basis for the application of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 to understand its potentials better. We also cover the potential risks and benefits for this treatment in order to be more selective and careful when preparing and deciding to apply this approach. Lastly, we summarize any important points to monitor after the administration of this treatment to prioritize safety and measure the effectiveness of the treatment.

Neurological findings in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review Mawaddah Ar Rochmah; Sekar Satiti; Ismail Setyopranoto; Indra Sari Kusuma Harahap; Desin Pambudi Sejahtera; Dhite Bayu Nugroho; Sri Sutarni
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Since the emerging of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become pandemic for months. Due to fast increased number of the positive patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 is considered highly pathogenic virus with various clinical presentations. Apart from the typical respiratory symptoms, neurological complains in COVID-19 involving central and peripheral nervous systems have been reported. This paper aimed to review the neurological findings reported in patients with COVID-19. We qualitatively reviewed studies reporting COVID-19 patient(s) with neurological manifestations according to the recommendations of PRISMA statement.There were twelve studies included in this brief review. We found that patients with neurological findings were reported ranging from symptomatic complain of headache and dizziness to specific neurological diseases/syndromes, such as meningitis/encephalitis, acute cerebrovascular diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Miller Fisher syndrome. This review suggests the possible neurological involvement in COVID-19. We hope to raise the awareness of the health workers in taking care of the patients with COVID-19 and neurological diseases.

Clinical cardiac manifestations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Hafizha Herman; Putrika PR Gharini; Lucia Kris Dinarti
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 2 million people worldwide with case fatality rates between 3-15%. The pathophysiology of this newly emerging disease in affecting cardiovascular system is poorly understood. This review aimed to understand from various retrospective studies and case reports that have been published and updated during the pandemic of COVID-19 related to the underlying mechanism and cardiovascular interaction with coronavirus. A literature search was done with Google search, PubMed, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) network since the early days of COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical presentation may be asymptomatic or the severe cases will have acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Protein spikes of SARS-CoV-2 virus use the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as viral entry to host cells. Due to the upregulation of ACE2, people with any pre-existing cardiac diseases are more vulnerable to the infection and more likely to have a severe condition of COVID-19 infection with a higher risk of mortality. On the other hand, ACE2 has protective effects against myocardial inflammation and lung injuries. Several cases of COVID-19 infection may have cardiac manifestations as a chief complaint or acute cardiac injury as the complication. Recent case reports show that acute cardiac injury, myocarditis, cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, and arrhythmias could be the complications of COVID-19 even without history or risk factors of cardiovascular disease. There are several hypotheses related to the mechanism of acute cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients, including damage through ACE2 receptors, hypoxia, cardiac microvascular damage, and inflammatory response.COVID-19 infection can cause many interactions in the cardiovascular system, whether the patients already had chronic heart disease or not. Considering the lack of evidence of the RAS inhibitor in COVID-19, the use of ACE inhibitor/ARB should be continued unless contraindicated and may be beneficial in patients with hypertension, heart failure and diabetes mellitus. Early recognition of cardiac manifestations from COVID-19 infections will be the key to prevent short and long term cardiac adverse events.

Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19: arapid review of case series David Dwi Putera; Mardiah Suci Hardianti
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a world pandemic since early 2020.Currently, there is no established treatment to combat this potentially fatal disease. Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has a strong scientific basis and historical perspective to treat previous viral infections such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma CP therapy in patients with COVID-19.We searched for every available study from major databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE) through 20th April 2020. We independently screened, extracted, assessed the risk of bias, analyzed the data using SPSS version 26, and narratively summarized the data. For the outcomes, we wanted to evaluate the changes of clinical parameters, radiological appearance, pulmonary function, the titer of neutralizing antibody, viral load, the disappearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, and adverse events.We found five case series from our literature searching. The overall methodological quality of the case series was moderate. We included 27 patients, and all patients received CP transfusion. All patients experienced improvement of clinical symptoms and pulmonary lesions after receiving 200 to 2400 mL (median 200 mL) of CP transfusion. All patients in reported studies had negative results of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) after 1 to 26 days of transfusion (median 3 days). There was one non-life threatening adverse event reported after CP transfusion (facial red spot). In conclusion, CP therapy in COVID-19 patients showed promising results as it improved clinical symptoms and parameters, and it is well-tolerated based on our included studies. However, further expanded clinical trials with better designs are still required to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment although suchidea will be quite challenging to be conducted in the era of an epidemic.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih; Eko Purnomo
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease caused bysevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has been causing many people around the world affected. There is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Meanwhile, vaccine development still needs a long time before it becomes available to protect people from contracting COVID-19. Repurposing the available drugs is one of the fastest ways to get COVID-19 treatment. Studies have been conducted to discover for COVID-19 treatment that results in the finding of potential medication for COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are some of the available medication that shows potential for COVID-19 treatment. Preclinical study showed that the both drugs are active against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. A pilot clinical study also showed their efficacy in COVID-19 treatment. Many clinical trials are now being conducted to prove their safety and efficacy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. However, until now there are not enough data to support the use of these drugs in COVID-19 management. Under the pressure to treat COVID-19 patients with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, clinicians shouldnot use these drugs for COVID-19 without considering the available information regarding theiruse for COVID-19. This review summarized the evidence regarding the potential of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management.

Preventive actions to minimizing the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) transmissions among health workers: a systematic review Santy Irene Putri; Ayu Anulus
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

On mid February 2020, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of respiratory disease originated from Wuhan, China, which was identified as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). After a long-standing status of COVID-19-free, on March 2nd, 2020, Indonesia finally broke its first cases. This study aimed to systematically review preventive actions to minimizing the COVID-19 transmissions among health workers. The articles were selected from Google Scholar, World Cat, PROQUEST, PUBMED journal databases published from January to April 2020. The keywords for this review included “COVID-19” or “Corona” and “health behavior” or “health promotion” or “wash hands” or “health workers”. A total of 2,809 articles generated from the databases, the authors identified seven articles of preventing the COVID-19 virus outbreak among the health care workers in the world around 2019-2020. The studies reported that health care workers tried to prevent the COVID-19 transmission by doing social distancing, using the right personal protective equipment (PPE), handwashing, screening for in-person visit, and telemedicine. Health care workers have additional responsibility of protecting the patients and their self. Some issues may be unique to different health care workers departments, the majority of challenges faced by health care workers globally are similar.

Literature review of conjunctivitis, conjunctival swab and chloroquine effect in the eyes: a current updates on COVID-19 and ophthalmology Indra Tri Mahayana; Natalia Christina Angsana; Alya Kamila; Nisrina Nur Fatiha; Devin Zen Sunjaya; Winanto Andajana; Suhardjo Suhardjo
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

This overview briefly describes current literature findings in ophthalmology related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that become a worldwide pandemic. It included the current updates related to conjunctivitis that believed as the early sign of COVID-19, the effectiveness of conjunctival swab in detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to naso- or oropharyngeal swab and the long-term side effect of chloroquine use to the eyes. The analysis from four current published literatures revealed, overall sensitivity of conjunctivitis was 2.42% (CI 95%: 0.79-5.55) and conjunctival swab was 2.90% (CI 95%: 1.07-6.20). There were no current COVID-19-related literatures discussing the side effect of chloroquine to the eyes, however, previous literatures revealed there were potential long-term harmful effects of chloroquine treatment to the eyes.

Histopathological changes and Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis (HAEC) scores Reinaldo Sunggiardi; Nita Mariana; Farid Nurmantu; . Ahmadwirawan; Tommy R. Habar; . Sulmiati; Harsali F. Lampus; Andi Alfian Zainuddin; . Prihantono
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Histopathological changes that are usually permanent in the bowel of Hirschsprung’s disease (HRSC) in children make susceptibility to the incidence of enterocolitis even after definitive therapy. The pathophysiology of HRSC is characterized by specific signs, and symptoms. Scoring system has been applied in diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis (HAEC) due to its simplest and easiest. However, after a decade it has been several evaluated to obtain optimal benefits in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between histopathological grade of enterocolitis and HAEC scores. Children with HRSC who underwent leveling colostomy or pull-through were sampled from the ganglionic segment. Those with a histopathological description of HAEC were included in the study. HAEC scores were evaluated retrospectively through medical records and interviews. Data were analyzed using the Spearman’s Rank test. Twenty eight samples were involved in this study. The population was dominated by male (82.1%) and almost half the population (42.9%) were infants. The distribution of the histopathological grade was fairly even, except for grade V where it was only 7.2% of the total sample. Grade I & III samples were 21.4%, while grade II & IV were 25%, respectively. A significant relationship between histopathological grade and HAEC score was obtained (r = 0.927; p<0.0001). In conclusion, there is a relationship between the histopathological grade of enterocolitis and HAEC scores.

Early hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as combined therapy for COVID-19: a case series Siswanto Siswanto; Oktaviarum S. Utama; Agit S. Adisetiadi; Maria E. Pranasakti; Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Vol 52, No 3 (2020): Special Issue: COVID-19
Publisher : Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and eventually a pandemic. Many clinical trials have been conducted to investigate potential and effective therapies for COVID-19. Here we reported the outcome of three COVID-19 cases treated early with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Early treatments of suspected or confirmed positive COVID-19 cases with this combination therapy is to avoid disease progressions into a more severe and irreversible state. In these cases, clinical, radiological, and laboratory features were followed up. No complications were observed. The COVID-19 patients treated with this early combination therapy showed good clinical and virological responses.

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Nurhadiyahya

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