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Dinia R Dwijayanti,
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Biotropika
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 23027282     EISSN : 25498703     DOI : 10.21776/ub.biotropika.
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology invites research articles, short communication, and reviews describing new findings/phenomena of biological sciences in tropical regions, specifically in the following subjects, but not limited to biotechnology, biodiversity, microbiology, botany, zoology, biosystematics, ecology, and environmental sciences.
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Articles 554 Documents
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Secondary Metabolite Profile in Stem and Root of Keji Plant (Staurogyne elongata [Blume] Kuntze) Safitri, Hana; Malik, Abdul; Mukaromah, Arnia Sari
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2024.012.01.02

Abstract

Keji (Staurogyne elongata [Blume] Kuntze) is an herbal medicinal plant that is often found on the Java to Sumatra islands. The leaves and roots of keji (S. elongata) have been used by the community as diuretic drugs, increasing blood pressure and trusted to treat bladder stones, kidney stones, and joint problems. However, research on secondary metabolites in the stems and roots of keji has never been done. The study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite content and marker compounds in the stems and roots of S. elongata. The research stages were drying and sample grinding, extraction, and metabolite compound analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed nine secondary metabolite compounds found in S. elongata stem, such as phenol, terpenoid, and alcohol. Meanwhile, secondary metabolite compounds of S. elongata root were ten compounds from the coumaran, phenols, and ester group. The 2,2’-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol is proposed as a marker compound in S. elongata stem. Meanwhile, no secondary metabolites can be used as marker compounds in S. elongata roots because octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester is the primary metabolite.
Water Quality Evaluation of Central Lombok Awang Bay Using Zooplankton Diversity as a Bioindicator Sagista, Reza; Leksono, Amin Setyo; Retnaningdyah, Catur
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2024.012.01.06

Abstract

The water quality in Awang Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, is considered to be polluted due to human activities. This research aims to evaluate the water quality in Teluk Awang based on the physicochemical properties of water and zooplankton as bioindicators. Sampling was conducted at three beach locations: Awang, Ujung Kelor, and Ekas. The physicochemical water quality parameters measured included water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, and transparency. Additionally, environmental factors were observed based on the naturalness and hemeroby index. The result of the identification and counting of the abundance of each zooplankton can then be used to analyze including taxa richness, total density, the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (HSW), Margalef diversity index, Simpson diversity index, evenness index (E), and dominance index (C). The resulting research indicated that the physicochemical water qualities have met government quality standards for marine biota needs, except for the level of transparency at Ekas Station 3. Ekas Beach has the highest level of transparency, diversity, taxa richness, and total abundance of zooplankton, indicating the best water quality. Ujung Kelor Beach, which has the highest level of naturalness and the highest DO concentration, has moderate zooplankton diversity, indicating that the water quality is in the medium category. Meanwhile, Awang Beach, which had the highest human activity and the worst water quality, was characterized by low levels of transparency and DO, low diversity, taxa richness, and an abundance of zooplankton. Therefore, diversity, taxa richness, and abundance of zooplankton can be used as a bioindicator for changes in water quality.
Mangrove Density Mapping for Sustainable Utilization and Management in Klawalu Mangrove Tourism Park, Sorong City Pattiasina, Thomas Frans; Tjolli , Ihwan; Bless, Aplena Ellen; Lekitoo, Krisma
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 11 No. 3 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2023.011.03.01

Abstract

Data and information on resource utilization supported by vegetation mapping are the basis for developing a sustainable mangrove management strategy. This study aims to map the vegetation density and identify the use of mangroves by the community in the Klawalu Mangrove Tourism Park (Taman Wisata Mangrove Klawalu-TWMK) Sorong City. The satellite imagery used is Sentinel 2A level 1C. Image pre-processing includes atmospheric correction, geometric correction and image cropping. Determination of the extent and distribution of mangrove vegetation is carried out by applying the color composite method and mangrove boundary delineation. Mangrove vegetation density mapping was carried out by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. Identification of the species and intensity of mangrove utilization was carried out through observation and interviews with respondents who were determined purposively. Based on the results of the analysis, the total area of mangrove vegetation in TWMK and its mapped surroundings is 144.64 ha. Of this area, 69.01 ha (47.71%) is classified as very dense, 34.96 ha (24.17%) is classified as dense, and 24.23 ha (16.75%) is classified as moderate, 12. 94 ha (8.95%) is classified as sparse, and 3.5 ha (2.42%) is classified as very sparse. The intensity of resource utilization from the mangrove ecosystem is quite high, especially the utilization of mangrove wood and coral mining. Awareness/education efforts need to be continued, as well as alternative livelihood solutions to reduce the heavy dependence on mangrove resources.
Evaluation of Water Quality Based on Macrozoobenthos as a Bioindicator in Ngesong Spring and the Ditch, Batu-East Java Susanto, Muhamad Azmi Dwi; Retnaningdyah, Catur; Leksono, Amin Setyo
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2024.012.01.04

Abstract

Ngesong Spring is a clean spring that is used by society as a spring of clean water and as a tourist attraction. The Ngesong spring has a ditch that flows to the society settlement, where the water is used for agricultural and plantation irrigation. The utilization of the Ngesong Spring as a tourist attraction and its ditch through agriculture, settlements, and society settlements has great potential to cause pollution and degradation of water quality, so it is necessary to evaluate water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the quality of this water, one of which is the use of the macrozoobenthic community structure as a bioindicator. The research was conducted in four locations, namely, a water spring and the channels that will be used for agriculture, plantations, and settlement activities, in September and October 2022. The variables observed in this study included the physicochemical quality of the water, namely, the water temperature, conductivity, power of hydrogen (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS), as well as the community structure and macrozoobenthos diversity. The results of this study indicate that 26 macrozoobenthic families belong to 12 orders, for a total of 968 individuals. Water springs had the highest diversity and evenness index values, with H = 2.27 and E = 0.54. The analysis of macrozoobenthic family relationships as an indicator of water quality using the family biotic index (FBI) and average score per taxon (ASPT) showed that the watershed site has very clean water and no organic pollution. At watersheds with good water quality, the families Perlidae, Nemouridae, Limnephilidae, Viviparidae, Chironomidae, and Euphaeidae were found. Moreover, In this study, the locations that have highly organically polluted waters are ditches that have agricultural activities and settlement activities.
Genetic Diversity of Rhizophora mucronata in Rote Island, Indonesia Based on RAPD Molecular Marker Ihwan, Ihwan; Uslan, Uslan
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.02

Abstract

The coastal region of Rote Island is predominantly inhabited by Rhizophora mucronata. However, there is a lack of information about the genetic diversity of this mangrove species. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of Rhizophora mucronata on Rote Island, Indonesia, using RAPD molecular markers. We collected 21 R. mucronata samples from seven coastal sites on Rote Island, and subsequent data analysis occurred at the Genetic and Molecular Laboratory of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Clustering analysis was carried out using PAST software (version 3.15). The findings indicated that 10 out of the 15 tested primers (OPA 2, OPA 3, OPA 4, OPA 5, OPA 6, OPA 7, OPA 8, OPA 10, OPA 19A, and OPA 20) yielded successful outcomes, resulting in the production of polymorphic bands. This finding indicates an elevated degree of genetic diversity among the samples under consideration. The genetic diversity values (He) for the R. mucronata population on Rote Island were found to be 0.244 (moderate category), with the highest genetic diversity value (He) of 0.465 recorded at Oelaba, while the population demonstrating the lowest genetic diversity was 0.100 at Pantai Baru. Notably, the population grouping of R. mucronata on Rote Island did not correlate with geographical positioning.
Microbial Contaminants Evaluation of White Pomegranate Peel, Seeds, and Beetroot as Validation of Herbal Raw Material Quality Faisal, Faisal; Ramadhan, Majida; Rofiidah, Anisatul; Nirwana, Linggar
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.10

Abstract

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris) are recognized for their numerous health benefits, attributed to their bioactive. However, the use of natural ingredients as traditional medicine requires attention to microbiological safety, given the potential for contamination by pathogenic microbes. This study aims to analyze microbial contamination on the skin and seeds of white pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris). Samples were tested at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Islamic University of Malang using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method to count total microorganisms and qualitative tests to detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus.  The results showed that the total microbes and mold/yeast for all samples were within the safe limits set by the Food and Drug Administration (BPOM). The highest TPC was found in white pomegranate peel extract (2,1x10? CFU/g), while the highest Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) was found in white pomegranate seed extract (8,2x10? CFU/g). Although Salmonella sp. was not detected in all samples, Staphylococcus aureus was identified positively in white pomegranate seed extract. These findings underscore that, although the total microbial count is low, contamination by specific pathogens can occur, most likely during post-harvest handling. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus highlights the importance of implementing strict sanitation controls and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in the processing of herbal raw materials to ensure product safety.
The Effect of IBA and NAA on Root Induction of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Ramadhani, Dwi Nova; Hidayati, Irul; Faizah, Hanik
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.06

Abstract

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) is a plant that has a lot of potential for use in several sectors, so that large-scale and short-time propagation efforts are needed. Tissue culture is an appropriate technique for cultivating Tithonia diversifolia plants. The success of root induction in tissue culture is largely determined by the auxin growth regulator. This study aimed to determine the effect of IBA and NAA on root induction of T. diversifolia plants. The method was an experimental study with a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). Tithonia diversifolia plant node explants were planted into Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with growth regulators IBA (1 and 2 mg/L), NAA (1 and 2 mg/L), and a combination of IBA and NAA (1 mg/L + 1 mg/L; 1 mg/L + 2 mg/L; 2 mg/L + 1 mg/L; and 2 mg/L + 2 mg/L) and control group, consisting of explants cultured on a hormone-free medium which were then incubated for 4 weeks. The observation data were analysed statistically using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that all parameters significantly affected auxins IBA and NAA in the root induction of T. diversifolia plants. The NAA 2 ppm treatment was the most effective in terms of root emergence time (3.67 DAP). Additionally, the combination of IBA and NAA was the optimal treatment in terms of root growth percentage (1.00%). The IBA 2 ppm + NAA 2 ppm treatment yielded the best results in terms of root number (10.17 strands). The NAA 1 ppm treatment yielded the best results in terms of root length (11.3 cm), root fresh weight (0.0967 g), and root dry weight (0.0144 g).
Do Biodegradable Microplastics Threaten Chlorella spp.? First Study in Indonesia Using Leachate Exposure Azizah, Nur Aini; Hindarti, Dwi; Herawati, Endang Yuli; Nainggolan, Dicky Willy; Sartimbul, Aida
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.08

Abstract

Biodegradable plastics are increasingly being promoted as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. However, under aquatic conditions, their degradation may remain incomplete, leading to the formation of microplastics and leachates containing potentially toxic compounds. These leachates can threaten aquatic organisms, particularly microalgae, which act as primary producers and form the base of marine food web. Despite these concerns, limited research has examined the sublethal toxicity of biodegradable microplastic leachates on microalgae. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of leachates derived from biodegradable polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics on the growth of the green microalgae Chlorella spp. A 96-hour static toxicity test was conducted under laboratory conditions using a completely randomized design with five concentration levels (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 mg/L). The algae were cultured in EDTA-free Walne medium with an initial cell density of 104 cells/mL. Cell density was measured at the end of exposure to determine growth inhibition and calculate the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). The results showed a clear concentration-dependent response, with PP leachate exhibiting significantly higher toxicity (IC50 = 0.48 mg/L) compared to HDPE leachate (IC50 = 682.49 mg/L). These findings suggest that the chemical composition and leachability of additives differ among plastic types, influencing their environmental impact. This study highlights the potential ecological risks of biodegradable plastics and emphasizes the need for stricter regulation of additives and comprehensive ecotoxicological assessments.
In Silico Analysis of Untranslated Region 5’ and 3’ of Dengue Virus for mRNA Vaccine Development Safrullah, Muhamad Iqbal; Dewi, Beti Ernawati; Sjatha, Fithriyah
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.05

Abstract

Dengue fever is mosquito-borne viral infection that occur widely in tropical and sub-tropical area. With limited vaccine against dengue virus (DENV) available, the development of DENV mRNA vaccine is promising future  for disease control. This study provides an in-depth in silico analysis of the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) of the DENV genome. These regions play critical roles in viral protein translation and replication, and may serve as valuable targets for optimizing mRNA vaccine design. In this study, we comparing the nucleotide composition, secondary structure stability, and structural features of DENV UTRs across all four serotypes representative with those of Pfizer’s UTRs, aiming to identify key differences that could be utilise in the development of DENV mRNA vaccine design. From computational secondary structure, we can see some essential structure in DENV UTR, like S1 for ribosomal recognition, CS for genome cyclization. Methods involved computational analysis of nucleotide content (GC and AT percentages), secondary structure prediction, and thermodynamic stability assessment using Gibbs free energy (?G) calculations. The results revealed that DENV UTRs are highly conserved and structurally complex with higher GC content in the 5’ UTRs contributing to increased stability and potential impact on translation efficiency. DENV UTRs also exhibited more negative ?G values, indicating greater thermodynamic stability compared to Pfizer UTRs. The study concludes that understanding these structural and compositional differences can guide the rational design of mRNA vaccines, enhancing antigen expression. Future research should focus on functional validation of engineered UTRs to improve vaccine efficacy and safety, leveraging the insights gained from these structural analysis.
The Effect of Starfruit Leaf Extract (Averrhoa bilimbi) on the Histology of Testes in Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Savira Ayunda Rakhmanira; Huda, Zainul; Rohmah, Meisya Putri Maulida; Sri Rahayu; Aris Soewondo; Agung Pramana Warih Marhendra
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2025.013.03.09

Abstract

This study analysed the effect of starfruit leaf extract (SL) on the testicular histology of mice exposed to MSG. This study used 25 male mice with a body weight of 25-30 grams and an age of 3-4 weeks. Mice were grouped into five groups: K(-) (healthy male mice), K(+) (male mice induced with MSG 4 mg/gBW), P1, P2, and P3 (male mice induced with MSG and SL extract (A. bilimbi) 250mg/kgBW, 500mg/kgBW, 750mg/kgBW for 21 days). Following the completion of the treatment, the mice were euthanised via cervical dislocation, and the testicular organs were collected. The left testicular organ was used for histological observation of the testes, with parameters including the percentage of spermatogenic cells, Leydig cells, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium thickness. The right testicular organ and SL extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Data was analysed using the SPSS program with one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests. These results indicate that the administration of SL extract at a dose of 750 mg/kgBB can increase testicular weight, seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium thickness, number of spermatogenic cells, and Leydig cells due to MSG exposure.  The results of the testicular antioxidant capacity test showed the highest %inhibition of 45.65% at the first dose.

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