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INDONESIA
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
Published by Universitas Udayana
ISSN : 20854773     EISSN : 23022906     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science (IJBS), Print-ISSN 2085-4773; E-ISSN 2302-2906 is an international and peer-reviewed journal published twice per year in print and online by Indonesian of Biomedical Association in collaboration to Postgraduate School of Biomedicine Udayana University, Bali-Indonesia which was founded in 2007. The Journal aims to bridge and integrate the intellectual, methodological, and substantive diversity of biomedical scholarship, and to encourage a vigorous dialogue between biomedical scholars and researches. The Journal welcomes contributions which promote the exchange of ideas and rational discourse between practicing educators and biomedical researchers all over the world.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 87 Documents
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CHANGING BODY POSTURE AND WORKING SYSTEM IMPROVES WOKERS PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCT QUALITY Surata, I Wayan; Manuaba, A.; Adiputra, N.; Sutjana, D.P.
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 5, No. 1 Januari 2011
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Seaweed is one of the nation’s potential marine commodities that maycontribute to the national revenue and a new source of income for the localcommunity, as the cultivation of seaweed is much easier and cheaper than paddycrop, because neither pesticides nor fertilizer would be required. Other advantages ofcultivating seaweed are the fact that it can be carried out throughout the year, and itsrelatively shorter duration to reach the harvesting time. Local practice of drying theseaweed is by spreading it over a plastic sheet on the ground and exposing it to thesun. Unfortunately, such traditional practice of drying seaweed has led to increasedrisk of contamination of seaweed by dust and sand particles and other impurities.The quality of seaweed is influenced by the type of seedlings, harvesting age, andthe crucial process of drying. The local traditional working posture during drying issquatting and stooping to flatten and spread evenly the seaweed. Our preliminarystudy has shown that the farmers have had considerable musculoskeletal complaintsand fatigue with the seaweed quality being still relatively low.This study was conducted to examine the effects of changing the workers’working posture and limiting lift weight at 23 kg and introduced a 5-minute breakafter an-hour work with the aim to improve both workers’ performance and seaweedquality and productivity. This is an experimental study using a two-period crossoverdesign on 20 farmers of seaweed cultivation in the Ped Village of Nusa Penida.The results of our study showed that redesigning and changing the workers’working posture and working system improved the performance of seaweed farmersas revealed by the decrease of musculoskeletal complaints to 56.15% (p < 0.05); bydecrease in general fatigue to 50.84% (p < 0.05); by the increase in productivity to37.93% (p < 0.05), and by the increase in income to 41.62% (p < 0.05). The qualityof the dried seaweed was also improved as could be seen from the decrease in watercontent to 29.24% (p < 0.05) and decrease in impurities to 33.33% (p < 0.05).From our data it could be inferred that changing the workers’ working bodyposture and working system significantly improved both their performance and thequality of their product.
SUBTIPE HIV-1 DI BEBERAPA DAERAH DI INDONESIA DAN PERANNYA SEBAGAI PETUNJUK DINAMIKA EPIDEMI HIV Parwati Merati, Tuti; Ryan, Claire; Turnbul, Shannon; Wirawan, DN; Otto, Brad; Bakta, I Made
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 2, No. 2 Mei 2008
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Subtipe HIV-1 dapat ditentukan dengan melakukan analisis sekuens nukleotida dari gen selubung luar HIV-1, dengan mengekstrak DNA proviral dari sampel pasien, dan memakainya dalam PCR khusus untuk envelope HIV-1. Kemudian ini di sekuens dan dianalisis dengan memakai rujukan sekuens dari bank gen LANL (Los Alamos National Library) untuk menentukan subtipe. Distribusi geografi subtipe HIV-1 bersifat dinamis. Sampai sekarang terdapat 9 subtipe HIV dan 34 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Penelitian terdahulu mendapatkan ada dua subtipe HIV-1 yang beredar di Indonesia, Subtipe B dan CRF01_AE. Dengan mengetahui subtipe HIV-1 dapat membantu penelusuran arah epidemi dan memberikan informasi untuk merencanakan pencegahan HIV demikian juga memberikan informasi yang diperlukan dalam pembuatan vaksin. Oleh karena itu sangat penting dilakukan penelitian mengenai subtipe HIV di Indonesia.Rancangan penelitian adalah cross-sectional analytic yang dilakukan di Klinik Pelayanan AIDS di Denpasar, Bali dan Panti Rehabilitasi Narkoba di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Responden adalah odha dewasa yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi (odha dewasa dan bersedia ikut dalam penelitian) dan responden dipilih secara non probability sampling sampai memenuhi jumlah sampel yang dibutuhkan. Dengan memakai rumus 16.4 Sastroasmoro S. and Ismael S. (2002), jumlah sampel minimal dihitung sebesar 65. Untuk hipotesis 1, melihat perbedaan Subtipe HIV-1 dengan cara transmisi virus, analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square. Untuk hipotesis 2, membandingkan Subtipe HIV-1 dengan derajat penyakit, analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Fisher’s Exact test, sedangkan untuk analisis data epidemiologi kasus dikerjakan secara deskriptif. Hasil disajikan dalam bentuk tabel, gambar pohon phylogenetic dan narasi.Dari penelitian ini didapatkan empat jenis subtipe di Indonesia, yaitu Subtipe B, CRF01_AE, C dan G (A/G). Semua pengguna narkotika suntik (penasun) terinfeksi oleh Subtipe CRF01_AE, dan hubungan ini terbukti secara statistic bermakna (Chi-square test with continuity correction value 7,951 p = 0,005) (Tabel 5.3.1). Subtipe HIV-1 tidak berhubungan secara bermakna dengan derajat penyakit, akan tetapi terdapat kecenderungan CRF01_AE mempunyai lebih banyak kasus dengan derajat penyakit berat dibandingkan dengan NonCRF01_AE. Prevalensi kasus dengan performance yang terganggu pada CRF01_AE adalah 30,3% sedangkan pada Non CRF01_AE 14,3%. Perbedaan ini secara statistic tidak bermakna (Fisher’s-Exact test p = 0,3445 (Tabel 5.11). Dari analisis Phylogenetic didapatkan bahwa transmisi HIV pada populasi risiko tinggi di Indonesia bersifat dinamis, dan epidemi yang terjadi tidak terpisah diantara populasi dengan faktor risiko yang berbeda.Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah: CRF01_AE merupakan subtipe yang paling banyak didapatkan dan tersebar disebagian besar wilayah. CRF01_AE didapatkan pada populasi penasun, heteroseksual, penjaja seks komersial dan pelanggannya. Karena prevalensi HIV pada penasun sangat tinggi, baik di Bali maupun daerah lainnya di Indonesia (50%), maka ada kemungkinan penasun merupakan episentrum epidemi HIV di Bali dan beberapa daerah di Indonesia, yang akan menyebar ke populasi umum melalui kelompok heteroseksual risiko tinggi yaitu PSK dan pelanggannya. Sedangkan Subtipe B, C dan G (AG) terdapat baik pada homoseks dan heteroseks, namun tidak ada penasun. Data tersebut didukung oleh gambaran pohon phylogenetic (Gambar 5.3). Pemakaian DBS dalam penelitian ini cukup praktis dan aman, walaupun keberhasilannya masih rendah (44,9%). Sekarang sudah ada kertas saring yang lebih baik dan sesuai untuk dipakai pada penelitian yang akan datang.Saran dari penelitian ini adalah, dalam program harm reduction bagi penasun hendaknya juga menekankan pemakaian kondom secara konsisten dengan pasangan seksualnya. Disamping itu disarankan perlunya melakukan pemeriksaan subtipe HIV secara periodik karena distribusi subtipe HIV bersifat dinamis.
HEADACHE--A SINONASAL SYMPTOM AND MORE… A REVIEW ARTICLE Kaur, and, A; Singh, A
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol 7 No 1 (2013): IJBS Vol.7 No.1 January-June 2013
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Headaches and facial pain are common complaints.  In many cases, patients are referred to an otolaryngologist to determine if head pain is sinus related.  In the absence of other nasal or sinus symptoms, some rhinogenic headaches can be overlooked or misdiagnosed.  A complete history and thorough ENT examination, including nasal endoscopy with or without coronal CT scans is key to the correct diagnosis.1 Headache resulting from disease of the nose or paranasal sinuses are usually associated with symptoms (congestion, fullness, discharge, obstruction) that point to the site of origin.  Occasionally, however nasal or sinus disease can be manifested solely as headache.  
SEXUAL ABSTINENCE AND IMMOBILISATION STRESS DECREASED NITRATE + NITRITE CONCENTRATION AND INCREASED NECROTIC OF PENILE CORPUS CAVERNOSUM SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF ADULT MALE MICE Karmaya, I.N. Mangku; I. Pangkahila, Wimpie; Pangkahila, J. Alex
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 4, No. 1 Januari 2010
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Sexual intercourse in adult people is not only related to reproduction,recreation and better relation but also for maintaining good health. Regular andfrequent sexual intercourse has protective role for cardiovascular disease, malignancyand often related with longevity. On the contrary less frequent sexual intercourse isoften correlated to early death and reproductive organ disorders. One main factorwhich involve in any process related to sexual intercourse is nitric oxide. Thisresearch aims to know the declination of total nitrate and nitrite concentration as themain oxidation product of nitric oxide and necrosis of the endothelial and smoothmuscles of corpus cavernosum after three month sexual intercourse abstinence andstress immobilization.By randomized pretest-posttest control group design, the research wasconducted in adult male mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into four groups.each consisted of seven mice. One group as a control and the other three wereexposed to sexual abstinence, immobilization stress and the combination of sexualabstinence and immobilization stress in three months period. The investigation wascarried out to the penile total nitrate and nitrite concentration and the histologicalchanges of the middle part of the penile shaft. To know the degree of lesion then thecalculation of the histologic features was done in five view fields of every preparat.The result was compared to control group.In this research, the mean of total nitrate and nitrite decline and the lowest wasfound in the combine intervention groups with significance level p < 0,005. Thecorpus cavernosum in the intervention groups showed multifocal necrosis onendothelial and smooth muscle cells of corpus cavernosum with picnotic nuclei,irregular form and dark colour. Some muscle cells are lysis. These features werefound in three among seven samples in sexual abstinence group, two among sevensamples in immobilization stress group and in all samples of combined interventiongroup.Conclusions can be drawn from this research are that the sexual abstinence,immobilization stress and the combine interventions decline the nitrate and nitriteconcentrations and induce endothelial and smooth muscle cells necrosis of the copuscavernosum.
BODY HEIGHT INCREASED OF NEW STUDENT OF UDAYANA UNIVERSITY 1990 AND 2000 Arya Sena, I Gede; Suyasning, HI; Sutjana, IDP
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 2, No. 1 Maret 2008
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Changes in body height have been affected by many factors among others genetic,health, hormonal, social economic, exercise, nutrition intake, etc. It was due toimportance physiology parameter to determine growth and nutrition conditioned of thepeople. Income per capita in West Countries higher than Asian includes Indonesian.Some approximates of mean the body height were done on Norwegian and USA isincreasing, up to 13 mm and 10 mm until ten years. Further, the assumption of nutritionintake is increasing for mothers and infant, unanimously increasing of Bali (Indonesian)gross domestic product until 1975 - 1980. So that body height has been increased to nextgeneration. A total of 3.917 subject on 1990, divided in to 2.340 male and 1.577 female students and 1.218 subject on 2000 divided in to 525 male and 693 female students. Theresult showed that body height has been increased for male and female 22,1 mm; 19.88mm, respectively.
CHARACTERISTIC AND CORRELATION BETWEEN TIME AND COMPLICATION AFTER DESTRUCTIVE EYE PROCEDURE PATIENT AT PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTION DIVISION SANGLAH HOSPITAL’S EYE CLINIC BALI-INDONESIA Triharpini, N; Sukartini, D; Yuliawati, P.
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 6, No. 1 Januari 2012
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Destructive eye procedure can be carried out by enucleation, evisceration and excenteration. Some efforts have been developed to reduce the complications, but it still occur within several years after the operation. This research aims to find out the characteristic and correlation between time and complications in patient after destructive eye procedure at Plastic and Reconstruction Division Sanglah Hospital’s Eye Clinic. For addition, characteristic of other patients in plastic and reconstruction also provided. This report is an analytical cross sectional study. Data were collected retrospectively from medical report of patients with history of destructive eye procedure in Sanglah Hospital’s eye clinic from January 1st until December 31st 2010. Patient’s characteristics were presented as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Correlations between variables were statistically analyzed with Correlation of Lambda. Eye trauma, anophthalmic socket and nasolacrimal duct obstruction were the most common diagnosis at plastic and reconstruction division Sanglah Hospital’s eye clinic. There were 17 patients with history of destructive eye procedure in this report, including 76.5% male and 23.5% female. There is 58.8% destructive eye procedure held in age 13-50 year, mean 30.75 (SD 19.81). Infection (35.3%), trauma (23.5%) and tumor (11.8%) were the most common cause of destructive eye procedure in this study. Complications of destructive eye procedure occur in 70.6% of patient with contracted socket was the most common complication (58.3%). There was medium correlation between time and complication after the procedure, but the correlation was not statistically significant (r = 0.40; p > 0.05). In conclusion, from this study we obtained that there was medium correlation between time and complication after the procedure, but the correlation was not statistically significant.
HIGH SERUM CONCENTRATION OF INTERLEUKINE-6 AND RANK-LIGAND AS RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS IN ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN Siki Kawiyana, Ketut; Surya, Gusti Putu; Bakta, Made; Roeshadi, Djoko
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 3, No. 2 Juli 2009
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women is not merely due to deficient estrogenhormone production. The development of osteoporosis is due to increased boneresorption by osteoclasts. The osteoclast’s number and activity is controlled by activatingfactors such as IL-6 and RANK-L. The objective of this study was to determine that highIL-6 and RANK-L serum concentrations are risks for osteoporosis in estrogen deficientpost-menopausal women. The serum concentration of ß-CrossLaps (CTx) was measuredto determine bone resorption rate. This is an observational analytical study using case andcontrol design conducted at Sanglah General Hospital of Denpasar. The sample size wascalculated using the paired case-control study formula. There were 41 osteoporotic and41 non-osteoporotic (control) estrogen deficient post-menopausal women involved in thestudy.Data were analyzed by using the t-paired and McNemar tests. Mean serumconcentration of IL-6 among the osteoporotic women was significantly higher ascompared to that of the controls (3.47±1.75 pg/ml vs 2.51±1.13 pg/ml, p = 0.001). Meanserum concentration of RANK-L among the osteoporotic women was also significantlyhigher as compared to that of the controls (320.66±122.44ng/ml vs 249.94±82.41 ng/ml,p = 0.002). To qualify as risk factors for osteoporosis, the cut-off point for IL-6 was 2.17pg/ml (OR = 4, CI 95%: 1.23-14.24; p = 0.032); the cut-off point for RANK-L was275.165 ng/ml (OR = 8, CI 95%: 1.84-34.79; p = 0.001). Analysis of both high serumconcentration of IL-6 and RANK-L was associated with an odd ratio of 9 (CI 95%: 4,27-18,96, p=0,000). CTx concentration in the osteoporotic women was significantly higherthan in the controls (0.60±0.22ng/ml vs 0.46±0.16ng/ml, p = 0.004).We found that the high IL-6 and RANK-L serum concentrations were risk factorsin estrogen deficient post-menopausal women. CTx being a marker for osteoclastic boneresorption activity, increased in concentration higher in osteoporotic than in nonosteoporoticwomen. The high serum concentrations of IL-6 and RANK-L could be usedas predictors for osteoporosis in estrogen deficient post-menopausal women.
PEMBELAJARAN SAINS MELALUI PENDEKATAN ERGONOMI MENGURANGI KELUHAN MUSKULOSKELETAL, KEBOSANAN DAN KELELAHAN SERTA MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI DAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA SD 1 SANGSIT KECAMATAN SAWAN KABUPATEN BULELENG Wijana, Nyoman; Nala, I Gusti Ngurah; Tirtayasa, I Ketut; Sutajaya, I Made
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 3, No. 1 Januari 2009
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan pendekatan ergonomidalam pembelajaran sains antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok eksperimenPeranan tersebut dalam hal (1) penurunan keluhan muskuloskeletal siswa SD; (2)penurunan kebosanan; (3) penurunan kelelahan siswa SD; (4) peningkatan motivasibelajar sains; dan (5) peningkatan prestasi belajar sains. Jenis penelitian ini termasukjenis penelitian quasi eksperimental dengan rancangan randomized pre-test and posttestcontrol group design. Pada kelompok kontrol pembelajarannya dengan carakonvensional (tanpa PE) dan kelompok eksperimen dengan PE. Pengambilan sampeldilakukan secara random. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney dan uji t Group dengan taraf signifikansi 5 %. Simpulan dari penelitian iniadalah (1) pendekatan ergonomi dapat menurunkan keluhan muskuloskeletal siswa SD,baik akibat penggunaan meja belajar dan tempat duduk siswa serta akibat penggunaantas punggung, antara kelompok kontrol yang dalam pembelajarannya tanpamenggunakan pendekatan ergonomi (PE) dengan kelompok eksperimen yang dalampembelajarannya dengan menggunakan PE (p < 0,05). Penurunan keluhanmuskuloskeletal akibat penggunaan meja dan tempat duduk siswa sebesar 42,54(99,88%) dan penurunan keluhan muskuloskeletal akibat penggunaan tas punggungsebesar 47,97 (99,83%); (2) pendekatan ergonomi dapat menurunkan kebosanan siswaSD, antara kelompok kontrol yang dalam pembelajarannya tanpa menggunakanpendekatan ergonomi (PE) dengan kelompok eksperimen yang dalam pembelajarannyadengan menggunakan PE (p < 0,05). Penurunan kebosanannya adalah sebesar 18,73(26,40%); (3) pendekatan ergonomi dapat menurunkan kelelahan siswa SD, antarakelompok kontrol yang dalam pembelajarannya tanpa menggunakan pendekatanergonomi (PE) dengan kelompok eksperimen yang dalam pembelajarannya denganmenggunakan PE (p < 0,05). Penurunan kelelahannya adalah sebesar 30,78 (73,76%);(4) pendekatan ergonomi dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar sains pada siswa SD,antara kelompok kontrol yang dalam pembelajarannya tanpa menggunakan pendekatanergonomi (PE) dengan kelompok eksperimen yang dalam pembelajarannya denganmenggunakan PE (p < 0,05). Peningkatan motivasi belajar siswa adalah sebesar 14,65(65,81%); (5) pendekatan ergonomi dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar dalam bidangsains pada siswa SD, antara kelompok kontrol yang dalam pembelajarannya tanpamenggunakan pendekatan ergonomi (PE) dengan kelompok eksperimen yang dalampembelajarannya dengan menggunakan PE (p < 0,05). Peningkatan prestasi belajarsiswa di bidang sains adalah sebesar 12,72 (33,70%). Dapat disarankan bahwa pembenahan di dunia pendidikan hendaknya tidak bersifat partial akan tetapi dilakukansecara multidisipliner.
HIGH INTERLEUKIN-6, LOW CD4+ AND CD8+ T-LYMPHOCYTES EXPRESSIONS AS RISK FACTORS OF CERVICAL CARSINOMA INFECTED BY HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS TYPE-52 Mahendra-Dewi, I G. A. S,; Suwiyoga, I K.; Joewarini, E.; Alit-Artha, and I G.
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol 7 No 2 (2013): IJBS Vol2 No2
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

In Indonesia cervical carcinoma is the most common cancer in women and one of the leading cause of mortality. High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor of cervical cancer. This study aims to know the role of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte for the risk of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV52. This study was a case control study, specimens of cervical carcinoma patients infected by HPV type-52 as the case group and HPV type-16 or 18 as the control group. HPV genotyping used SPF10 primer and type specific E7 primer by LiPA. Immunohistochemistry method was used to know expression of IL-6, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte. Pearson’s c2 test was applied with statistical significance was set at the 2-sided 0.05 level. The odds ratios (OR) were calculated for the risk, with 95% confidence intervals on SPSS 16.0 for windows. PCR examination was performed in 185 paraffin-embedded tissue. The risk of high IL-6 expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type-52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.13-31.99; p = 0.03; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD4+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 6-fold higher and 7.43-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 6.00 ; CI 95% = 1.003-35.91; p = 0.04; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 7.43 ; CI 95% = 1.23-45.01; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). The risk of low CD8+ T lymphocyte expression in cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52 was statistically significant 13.5-fold higher and 11-fold higher respectively compare with cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 16 (OR = 13.50 ; CI 95% = 1.42-128.26; p = 0.01; p < 0.05) and HPV type 18 (OR = 11.00 ; CI 95% = 1.16-103.94; p = 0.02; p < 0.05). No significance different between cases and controls group in mean-age, parity and sexual activity (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that high IL-6 expression, low CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte expression were the risk factors of cervical carcinoma infected by HPV type 52.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN TRADISIONAL BALINESE BABI-GULING SPICES Indraguna Pinatih, G N; Suryadhi, NT; Santosa, A.; Muliartha, IKG
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES Vol. 5, No. 2 Mei 2011
Publisher : Udayana University

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Abstract

The traditional Balinese richly spiced swine-grill (Babi-guling) has been increasingly popular even among both the domestic and foreign tourists. The traditional grill is very unique in taste as it contains two main components, i.e. the pork and the unique Balinese spices, which probably could work antagonistically one against the other in affecting people health. The pork because of its rich content of saturated fatty acid is a risk of atherosclerosis, while the spices appear to be rich in antioxidatns. This is a preliminary atherosclerosis experimental study designed to screen qualitatively the phytochemical contents of the spices and to test their antioxidant activity and strength in different concentrations in vitro. The methods used included Willstater test, NaOH 10% test, Meyer test, Leiberman-Burchard test, test for saponin, and test for phenol. The antioxidant activity was estimated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pricrylhydrazyl) test. The treatment applied to the spice before testing was raw and cooked by heating it inside the pig’s body cavity. The concentrations of spices tested were 100, 1000 and 8000 ppm. The results of our study revealed that the phytochemical content of the spices were flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, but saponin and alkaloids were not detected. The antioxidant activity was ineffective in concentration of 100 ppm (percentage of reduction < 50%), effective in concentration of 1000 ppm (percentage of reduction 50-60%), and too thick in concentration of 8000 ppm (percentage of reduction >100%. We inferred that the traditional Balinese richly spiced swine-grill contains flavanoids, terpenoids and phenol which can act as antioxidants in vitro, and the most effective concentrations to decrease the free radicals were between 1000-8000 ppm.

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