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JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur)
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 25803271     EISSN : 26565897     DOI : 10.18196/jmpm
Core Subject : Engineering,
Engineering Mechanical Engineering
Jurnal Material DAN Proses Manufaktur focuses on the research and research review in the field of engineering material and manufacturing processes. The journal covers various themes namely Design Engineering, Process Optimization, Process Problem Solving, Manufacturing Methods, Process Automation, Material research and investigation, Advanced Materials, Nanomaterials, Mechanical solid and fluid, Energy Harvesting and Renewable Energy.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 275 Documents
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Composite Manufacturing of Coir Fiber-Reinforced Polyester as a Motorcycle Helmet Material Nia Sasria
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Juni
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i1.13756

Abstract

Berdasarkan standar SNI 1811-2007 helm di Indonesia terbuat dari bahan polimer ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) yang harganya relatif mahal. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan alternatif pengganti dengan pemanfaatan limbah serat alam sebagai bahan pembuatan komposit. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pengaruh komposisi material, ketahanan impak, dan kekuatan bending material helm dari serat sabut kelapa dan resin poliester dengan perbandingan 20%:80%, 40%:60% dan 60%:40%. Ukuran panjang serat yang digunakan adalah 50 mm dengan perlakuan kimia pada serat menggunakan larutan NaOH 5% selama 2 jam. Komposit dibuat dengan metode compression molding. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengujian berupa uji impak ASTM D6110, uji tekuk ASTM D790-03, uji mikrostruktur, dan uji SEM. Didapatkan hasil data dengan nilai tenaga patah optimum sebesar 55,542 J dan nilai kekuatan impak optimum sebesar 0,408 J/mm2 pada spesimen B. Hasil uji bending didapatkan nilai kekuatan tekuk optimum sebesar 52,785 MPa dan nilai modulus elastisitas optimum sebesar 13,064 GPa pada spesimen A. Standar uji kekuatan impak menurut SNI 1811-2007 adalah 29000 J/mm, sedangkan nilai kekuatan impak spesimen ini sebesar 0,408 J/mm2 sehingga masih belum mencukupi untuk dijadikan bahan alternatif helm. Based on the SNI 1811-2007 standard, helmets in Indonesia are made of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) polymer material which is relatively expensive. Therefore, an alternative is needed by utilizing natural fiber waste reinforced as a composite material. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of material composition, impact resistance, and bending strength of helmet material from coconut fiber and polyester resin with a ratio of 20%: 80%, 40%: 60%, and 60%: 40%. The fiber length used is 50 mm, with chemical treatment on the fiber using 5% NaOH solution for 2 hours. Composites were made by the compression molding method. In this study, testing was used in the form of impact test ASTM D6110, bending test ASTM D790-03, microstructure test, and SEM test. The data was obtained with the optimum fracture strength value of 55.542 J and the optimum impact strength value of 0.408 J/mm2 on specimen B. In the bending test, the data was obtained with the optimum bending strength value of 52.785 MPa and the optimum elastic modulus value of 13,064 GPa at specimen A. The impact strength test standard according to SNI 1811-2007 is 29000 J/mm, while the impact strength value of this specimen is 0.408 J/mm2. Thus, it is still not sufficient to be used as an alternative helmet material.
Efek Temperatur terhadap Sifat Tarik Komposit Poliester Berpenguat Serat Daun Gewang Kristomus Boimau
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Juni
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i1.14806

Abstract

Penggunaan serat sintetik dalam teknologi komposit selama beberapa dekade terakhir, mulai tergeser oleh hadirnya serat alam. Pemilihan serat alam sebagai filler pada material komposit polimer merupakan ide cerdas dalam menjaga lingkungan agar tidak tercemar. Namun, ketahanan komposit polimer berpenguat serat alam pada kondisi temperatur yang tinggi perlu dikaji. Ruang lingkup utama dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kekuatan tarik komposit pada kondisi lingkungan bersuhu tinggi.Penelitian ini menggunakan resin polyester sebagai matrik, NaOH sebagai bahan untuk perlakuan kimia dan serat daun gewang. Panjang serat yang digunakan 5 cm dan diberikan perlakuan perendaman alkali 5% selama 1 jam. Rasio perbandingan jumlah serat dan matrik adalah 32%:68%. Spesimen uji dibentuk sesuai standar ASTM D-638. Selanjutnya, dikarakterisasi sifat tariknya dengan alat uji.Sebelum uji tarik, spesimen uji dipanaskan dalam oven listrik dengan variasi temperatur 1000C, 1500C, dan 2000C selama 1 jam. Informasi yang berhasil dihimpun dari penelitian ini adalah kekuatan tarik tertinggi komposit poliester dengan penguat serat daun gewang, diperoleh pada komposit yang dipanaskan pada temperatur 1000C, sedangkan nilai terendah diperoleh pada komposit yang dipanaskan pada temperatur 2000C.The use of synthetic fibers in composite technology over the last few decades has been replaced by the presence of natural fibers. The selection of natural fibers as filler in polymer composite materials is a smart idea in protecting the environment from being polluted. However, the resilience of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites at high temperature conditions needs to be studied. The main scope of this research is to study the tensile strength of composites in high temperature environmental conditions.This research uses polyester resin as the matrix, NaOH as the material for chemical treatment and gewang leaf fiber. The length of the fiber used was 5 cm and was treated with 5% alkaline immersion for 1 hour. The ratio of the ratio of the amount of fiber and matrix is 32%:68%. The test specimen was shaped according to the ASTM D-638 standard. Furthermore, the tensile properties were characterized by using test equipment. Prior to the tensile test, the test specimen was heated in an electric oven with temperature variations of 1000C, 1500C, and 2000C for 1 hour. The information that has been collected from this research is that the highest tensile strength of the polyester composite with leaf fiber reinforcement was obtained for the composite heated at a temperature of 1000C, while the lowest value was obtained for the composite which was heated at a temperature of 2000C.
Analisis Efektivitas Perpindahan Panas pada Alat Penukar Panas Jenis Water to Water Ketut Astawa; I Gede Teddy Prananda Surya; I Gusti Ngurah Putu Tenaya
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Juni
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i1.14896

Abstract

Penukar panas adalah perangkat yang mentransfer panas antara dua cairan suhu yang berbeda secara paralel atau berlawanan arah aliran. Pada pengaturan aliran paralel, fluida panas dan dingin mengalir dengan arah aliran yang sama, sedangkan pada pengaturan aliran berlawanan arah alirannya berlawanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas susunan penukar panas paralel dan counter flow. Fluida panas dan fluida dingin diatur memiliki laju alir yang sama yaitu 3000 cm3/menit, sedangkan fluida panas diatur temperaturnya menjadi 40oC dan 30oC untuk fluida dingin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan penukar panas aliran berlawanan memiliki efektivitas yang lebih baik daripada pengaturan aliran paralel. Penukar panas aliran counter dan paralel telah memberikan efektivitas masing-masing 0,399 dan 0,0299. A heat exchanger is a device that transfer heat between two different temperature fluids in parallel or counter flow direction. In the parallel flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids flowing in the same flow direction, while in the counter flow arrangement, it flows in opposite direction. The research was conducted to determine the effectiveness comparison of the parallel and counter flow heat exchanger arrangement. The hot and cold fluids has been set to have the same flow rate of 3000 cm3/minute, meanwhile the hot fluids temperature is set to be 40oC and 30oC for the cold fluids. The result shows that the counter flow heat exchanger arrangement has better effectiveness than that of parallel flow arrangement. The counter and parallel flow heat exchanger has provided the effectiveness of  0.399 and 0.0299 respectively.
Karakteristik Sisa Slurry pada Produksi Biogas Berbahan Kotoran Sapi Harmiansyah Harmiansyah; Ruly Davisca Pratama; Lathifa Putri Afisna; Muhammad Syaukani; Rustam Efendi
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.16175

Abstract

Jumlah masyarakat Indonesia setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan, peningkatan jumlah masyarakat akan mengakibatkan meningkatnya kebutuhan konsumsi energi seperti bahan bakar untuk memasak sehingga dibutuhkan energi alternatif yang berkelanjutan yang mampu memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi energi. Energi alternatif yang dapat digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai bahan bakar pengganti bahan bakar konvensional untuk memasak adalah biogas. Biogas merupakan energi alternatif berfasa gas yang dihasilkan dari kotoran hewan sehingga dapat diperbarui (renewable) secara berkelanjutan, biogas termasuk energi yang ramah lingkungan dan tidak beracun. Produksi biogas memiliki sisa slurry yang dapat mencemari lingkungan, diperlukan mengkarakterisasi sisa slurry pada produksi biogas berbahan kotoran sapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan perbandingan campuran air dan kotoran sapi sebesar 1: dengan menggunakan jenis reaktor tangki 1000 liter, pada saat produksi biogas dilakukan pengukuran tekanan biogas, volume slurry, pengukuran temperatur, dan pengukuran pH. Data yang didapatkan akan dilakukan analisis karakteristik sisa slurry pada biogas. Pada hasil penelitian ini didapatkan volume slurry selama produksi yaitu 900-980 liter dengan nilai pH rata-rata 6-7, hasil unsur hara sisa slurry cair pada penelitian ini belum dapat langsung digunakan sebagai pupuk cair organik perlu ditambahkan substrat lainnya agar dapat menaikkan unsur hara N, P, dan K yang terkandung pada sisa slurry cair tetapi untuk sisa slurry padat dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk kompos karena telah memenuhi standar kualitas pupuk kompos. The number of Indonesian people is increasing every year, and an increase in the number of people will increase the need for energy consumption such as fuel for cooking so sustainable alternative energy is needed that can meet energy consumption needs. The alternative energy that can be used by the community as a substitute for conventional fuel for cooking is biogas. Biogas is alternative energy in the gas phase produced from animal waste so that it can be renewed sustainably, biogas is environmentally friendly and non-toxic energy. Biogas production has residual slurry that can pollute the environment, it is necessary to characterize the remaining slurry in biogas production made from cow dung. This study uses a mixture of water and cow dung ratio of 1: using a 1000 liter tank reactor type, at the time of biogas production, biogas pressure, slurry volume, temperature measurement, and pH measurements are measured. The data obtained will be analyzed for the characteristics of the residual slurry in biogas. In the results of this study, the volume of slurry during production was 900-980 liters with an average pH value of 6-7, the results of the remaining nutrients from the liquid slurry in this study could not be directly used as organic liquid fertilizer, it was necessary to add other substrates to increase the nutrients. N, P, and K are contained in the remaining liquid slurry but the remaining solid slurry can be used as compost because it meets the quality standards of compost fertilizer.
Redesign Jig Side Frame Bogie Lrt Jabodebek Jovial Auliya Furqan; Alfi Tranggono Agus Salim; Indarto Yuwono; Agung Prasetyo Utomo; Umar Muchtar; Dony Saputra
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.15710

Abstract

The jig production process at PT IMS focuses on strength, function and production speed. The known problem is the higher strength and cost of producing jigs because the production process is not much at the trial and error stageThis study analyzes the static strength of the jig side frame bogie of the Jabodebek LRT with the parameters of the safety factor and deformation values.Static loading simulation method testing process used is conducted by using Finite Element Method software. It is counted manually to one of conditions to obtain the voltage value compared to the simulation results. This analysis is in form of measured jig design with safety factor and deformation value. The redesigning aim is weight decreasing efficiency. The simulation obtained result in jig early design is the safety factor value 25 and deformation value 0,045 mm. After jig dimension decreasing has been conducted, the redesigning result for safety factor value is 32 and the maximum deformation is 0,114 mm. The results of both simulations are considered as safe because the safety factor values are more than 2 and the deformation value are less than 0,5 mm. Redesigning by decreasing dimension gives better safety factor yet the deformation value increases.
Towards The Independence of The Propellant Industry for Munitions and Rocket Akhmad - Rifai; Era Restu Finalis
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.15881

Abstract

Indonesia has not yet been able to generate propellants, which are crucial components of the country's defense system. Long-term reliance on imports for ammunition and rocket components can compromise the TNI's operational readiness. These issues and weaknesses include being susceptible to political pressure and having less independence and deterrence factor readiness. Because it affects national pride in national defense, the installation of a propellant factory should not be postponed. Nitrocellulose, the primary raw material of cellulose and nitroglycerin, whose primary raw material is glycerine, is used as the primary raw material in the production of propellants. Domestic industries have generated the two primary raw materials.
Studi Distribusi Udara Pendingin Reefer Container Ikan pada Kereta Api Menggunakan Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Cynthia Cahya Aditama; Alfi Tranggono Agus Salim; Rahayu Mekar Bisono; Luthfi Hakim; Sabdono Abdi Sucipto; Firdausa Retnaning Restu
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.16125

Abstract

Ikan sensitif terhadap temperatur penyimpanan. Temperatur diatas 2 °C dapat mempercepat pertumbuhan bakteri dan menyebabkan pembusukan. Temperatur optimal penyimpanan ikan beku adalah -20 °C. Reefer container dengan sistem pendinginan tertutup berfungsi untuk mengawetkan dengan menjaga temperatur ikan beku. Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah distribusi udara dingin yang tidak merata di reefer container kereta api karena perbedaan pendinginan sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan pemerataan distribusi udara, kecepatan, dan tekanan di reefer container kereta api. Solusi permasalahannya adalah penambahan pelat pengarah di bagian t-floor reefer container kereta api. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis dan simulasi numerik reefer container kereta api menggunakan Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Reefer container tanpa pelat pengarah disimulasikan untuk mengetahui area reefer container kereta api yang tidak terdistribusi merata. Distribusi udara pada reefer container kereta api ditingkatkan pemerataannya dengan penambahan pelat pengarah variasi sudut 40°, 50°, dan 60°. Penelitian ini menghasilkan data vektor kecepatan aliran udara (velocity contour pressure contour of the reefer container) serta data kecepatan rata-rata dan tekanan rata-rata reefer container kereta api. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan data distribusi udara, kecepatan, dan tekanan yang merata adalah reefer container kereta api dengan pelat pengarah 40⁰. Fishes are sensitive to storage temperature. Temperatures above 2 °C can accelerate bacterial growth and cause decay. The optimal temperature for storing frozen fish is -20 °C. Reefer containers with a closed cooling system function to preserve by maintaining the temperature of frozen fish. The problem of this research is the uneven distribution of cold air in the reefer container of the train due to differences in cooling which can reduce the quality of fish. The purpose of this research is to increase the even distribution of air, velocity, and pressure in the reefer container of the train. The solution to the problem is the addition of a guide plate on the t-floor in the reefer container. This research method is through the analysis and simulation of reefer containers of the train fluids using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Reefer containers without guide plates are simulated to find out the areas of reefer containers of the train that are not evenly distributed. Equal distribution of air in reefer containers of the train is improved by adding guide plates with variations of angles of 40°, 50°, and 60°. This research produces vector data of airflow velocity (velocity contour pressure contour of the reefer container) as well as data on the average velocity and average pressure of the reefer container. The results showed that the air distribution, velocity, and pressure data were evenly distributed in a reefer container of the train with a 40⁰ guide plate.
Air Two-Phase Flow Void Fraction – Water and Oil Emulsion on Mini Pipe with a slope of 600 Against Horizontal Position Sukamta Sukamta
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.16252

Abstract

The utilization of two-phase or multi-component flow in mini pipes is often found in the industrial world, such as mini evaporators, mini heat exchangers, etc. Multi-component flow can also be found in the biomedical, such as in the human circulatory system through vessels. An important parameter in a two-phase flow is the hollow fraction since this parameter significantly affects the flow pattern, which affects pressure fluctuations. Therefore, this study aims to obtain primary experimental data on the vacuum fraction, specifically in the air flow-water and oil emulsions with concentrations of 350 mg/dl and 500 mg/dl at an inclination of 60o to the horizontal. The study used a glass pipe with a diameter of 1.6 mm and a length of 160 mm. Data were captured using a high-speed camera at a gas superficial velocity (JG) = 0.083 m/s - 74.604 m/s and the superficial velocity of the liquid (JL) = 0.041 m/s - 4.145 m/s, and processed using MATLAB R2014a software.  The results showed that the difference in the concentration of water and oil emulsions significantly affects the void fraction value, thus affecting the flow pattern. This case is because the difference in the concentration of water and oil emulsions affects the viscosity value, ultimately affecting the liquid's superficial velocity. Similarly, the slope of the pipe 60o to the horizontal affects the flow pattern that occurs; this is because the slope of the pipe will cause the influence of gravitational acceleration on the value of the superficial velocity of gases and liquids, although not very significant. The rise and fall of the gas's superficial velocity and the liquid's superficial velocity affect the value of the hollow fraction. More plug, slug-annular, annular, and churn flow patterns were identified than bubbly flow patterns, which is why the hollow fraction increased with the gas's superficial velocity and decreased with low superficial velocity. This kind of flow pattern needs to be watched out for because it has the potential to increase pressure significantly.
Analisis Kekuatan Struktur Bogie Frame Kereta Ukur pada Kondisi Exceptional Loads Ratriana Lia Monalisa; Indarto Yuwono; Alfi Tranggono Agus Salim; Agung Prasetyo Utomo; Muhammad Zainal Mahfud
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.15711

Abstract

Bogie frame adalah bagian utama bogie yang digunakan untuk menopang seluruh badan kereta api, menghubungkan bogie ke wheel set, dan menopang komponen bogie lainnya. Beban terbesar kereta api diterima bogie frame sehingga diperlukan analisis kekuatan struktur. Penelitian ini fokus pada analisis kekuatan desain struktur bogie frame kereta ukur jalur LRT Jabodebek pada kondisi exceptional loads. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis nilai tegangan objek penelitian akibat exceptional loads dan memastikan hasil simulasi memenuhi kriteria keberterimaan standar EN 13749. Hasil penelitian adalah nilai tegangan maksimum, nilai defleksi maksimum, dan lokasi tegangan maksimum tiap load case. Nilai tegangan maksimum hasil simulasi dibandingkan dengan nilai yield strength material sebesar 355  MPa. Dari dua belas load case exceptional dihasilkan nilai tegangan maksimum kurang dari nilai yield strength material. Nilai tegangan maksimum tertinggi terletak pada stopper transversal bracket yaitu sebesar 258 MPa dan defleksi maksimum terjadi ketika kondisi derailment (anjlok) yaitu sebesar 12,1 mm. Bogie frame kereta ukur jalur LRT Jabodebek memenuhi kriteria keberterimaan standar EN 13749 ketika kondisi exceptional loads. Bogie frame is the main part of the bogie used to support the entire body of the train, connect the bogie to the wheel set, and support other bogie components. The biggest load of the train is received by the bogie frame, so an analysis of the strength of the structure is needed. This study focuses on analyzing the strength of the bogie frame structure design for the Jabodebek LRT track under exceptional loads conditions. The purpose of this research is to analyze the stress value of the research object due to exceptional loads and to ensure that the simulation results meet the acceptance criteria of the EN 13749 standard. The results of this study are the maximum stress value, maximum deflection value, and the location of the maximum stress in each load case. The maximum stress value of the simulation results is compared with the material yield strength value of 355 MPa. Of the twelve exceptional load cases, the maximum stress value is less than the yield strength of the material. The highest maximum stress value is located at the stopper transverse bracket, which is 258 MPa and the maximum deflection occurs when the derailment condition is 12.1 mm. The bogie frame of the Jabodebek LRT track measuring train the acceptance criteria of standard EN 13749 when conditions are exceptional loads.
Evaluasi Laju Pengelasan terhadap Mikrostruktur Sambungan Aluminium 5052 dengan menggunakan Metode Friction Stir Welding Helmy Purwanto
JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) Vol 6, No 2 (2022): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmpm.v6i2.15005

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) adalah salah satu jenis pengelasan yang mampu menyambung bahan paduan aluminium. Pada penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan penyambungan aluminium 5052 namun hasil pengujian tarik memperlihatkan penurunan kekuatan sambungan. Sehingga pada studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi secara focus mikrostuktur yang terbentuk pada sambungan plat aluminium 5052 yang telah dilakukan FSW. Plat aluminium dengan dimensi 150 x 75 mm dengan tebal 6 mm dilas dengan metode FSW, pahat pin berbentuk silinder pada kecepatan putar 1000 rpm dan laju pengelasan 20, 30 dan 40 mm/menit. Penampang hasil las diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop optic dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hasil pengamatan memperlihatkan adanya cacat makro dan perubahan struktur mikro pada sambungan. Cacat ini dipengaruhi desain pin yang tidak tepat sehingga daerah adukan tidak merata yang berakibat sambungan menjadi tidak sempurna.Friction stir welding (FSW) is one type of welding that is able to joining aluminium alloy. In previous studies, aluminium 5052 has been joined, but the results of the tensile test showed a decrease in the strength of the connection. Therefore, in this study the aim is to focus on evaluating the microstructure formed at the 5052 aluminium plate welding join that has been carried out by FSW. Aluminium plates with dimensions of 150 x 75 mm with a thickness of 6 mm were welded by the FSW method, cylindrical pin chisel at a rotational speed of 1000 rpm and welding rates of 20, 30 and 40 mm/minute. The cross section of the weld was observed using an optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the observations showed that there were macro defects and changes in the microstructure of the joints. This defect is influenced by the improper design of the pin so that the area of the mixture is uneven which results in an imperfect connection

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