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Karakterisasi Fisik dan Identifikasi Senyawa pada Minyak Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) Dhevina Rizka Permana; Hanifa Rahma; Gita Cahya Eka Darma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 121 - 128
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24575

Abstract. Tamanu oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) is a widely used vegetable oil due to its content of various bioactive compounds; therefore, its physical characterization and the identification of its compounds are necessary to determine its quality and the profile of its constituent components. This study aims to characterize the physical properties and identify the compounds contained in tamanu oil. The study was conducted experimentally through organoleptic testing, specific gravity, and refractive index as physical characterization parameters, while compound identification was performed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The characterization results showed that tamanu oil is a viscous, greenish liquid with a distinctive odor, a specific gravity of 0.936 ± 0.0005 g/mL, and a refractive index of 1.476. GC-MS analysis identified four major compounds: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. The results of both physical characterization and compound identification indicate that the tamanu oil used in this study exhibits characteristics consistent with those of tamanu oil in general. This study is expected to provide baseline data on the physical characteristics and chemical profile of tamanu oil, which can serve as a reference for future research and the development of tamanu oil-based products. Abstrak. Minyak tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) merupakan salah satu minyak nabati yang banyak dimanfaatkan karena mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif, sehingga karakterisasi fisik dan identifikasi senyawanya perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kualitas serta profil komponen penyusunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi sifat fisik dan mengidentifikasi senyawa yang terkandung dalam minyak tamanu. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental melalui pengujian organoleptik, berat jenis, dan indeks bias sebagai parameter karakterisasi fisik, sedangkan identifikasi senyawa dilakukan menggunakan metode Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa minyak tamanu berbentuk cairan kental, berwarna kehijauan, dan berbau khas, dengan berat jenis sebesar 0,936 ± 0,0005 g/mL dan indeks bias sebesar 1,476. Analisis GC-MS mengidentifikasi empat senyawa utama, yaitu asam palmitat, asam linoleat, asam oleat, dan asam stearat. Hasil karakterisasi fisik dan identifikasi senyawa menunjukkan bahwa minyak tamanu yang digunakan memiliki karakteristik yang sesuai dengan karakteristik minyak tamanu pada umumnya. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi data dasar mengenai karakteristik fisik dan profil senyawa minyak tamanu yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai acuan dalam penelitian maupun pengembangan produk berbahan dasar minyak tamanu.

Karakterisasi Fisik dan Analisis Senyawa dalam Minyak Rosemari (Rosmarinus officinalis) Aenun Kamalia Putri; Hanifa Rahma; Purwaeni Purwaeni
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 163 - 170
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24621

Abstract. Rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a volatile, lipophilic secondary metabolite that has been widely studied as a natural alternative for stimulating hair growth, mainly through its major constituent 1,8-cineole. Before being developed into a hair-growth preparation, the quality of the raw essential oil must first be verified to ensure compliance with pharmacopoeial standards. This study aimed to characterize rosemary oil obtained from PT. Eteris Nusantara through organoleptic testing, refractive index measurement, and chemical composition analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The organoleptic test was carried out visually to observe color, odor, and clarity, while the refractive index was measured with a refractometer at 20°C. GC-MS analysis was performed at the Integrated Laboratory of Poltekkes Kemenkes Bandung and compared with the supplier's certificate of analysis (CoA). The results showed that the oil was a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic camphor-like odor and a refractive index of 1.464, both complying with the European Pharmacopoeia (2019) requirements. GC-MS analysis identified 1,8-cineole (41.74%), camphor (14.28%), borneol (11.99%), α-pinene (6.59%), and camphene (0.83%) as the dominant compounds, generally consistent with the CoA, with minor deviations attributed to instrumental and storage factors. These research showed that the rosemary oil used met the required quality standards for further pharmaceutical formulation. Abstrak. Minyak rosemari (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) merupakan metabolit sekunder yang mudah menguap dan bersifat lipofilik, yang banyak dikaji sebagai alternatif alami untuk merangsang pertumbuhan rambut, terutama melalui kandungan utamanya, yaitu 1,8-sineol. Sebelum dikembangkan menjadi sediaan penumbuh rambut, mutu minyak atsiri sebagai bahan baku perlu dipastikan terlebih dahulu agar memenuhi persyaratan farmakope. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi minyak rosemari yang diperoleh dari PT Eteris Nusantara melalui uji organoleptis, pengukuran indeks bias, dan analisis kandungan senyawa kimia menggunakan gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Uji organoleptis dilakukan secara visual untuk mengamati warna, bau, dan kejernihan, sedangkan indeks bias diukur menggunakan refraktometer pada suhu 20 °C. Analisis GC-MS dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Bandung dan dibandingkan dengan sertifikat analisis (Certificate of Analysis/CoA) dari pemasok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minyak rosemari berbentuk cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, dengan bau khas kamfer, serta memiliki indeks bias sebesar 1,464, yang keduanya telah sesuai dengan persyaratan Farmakope Eropa (Council of Europe, 2019). Analisis GC-MS mengidentifikasi 1,8-sineol (41,74%), kamfer (14,28%), borneol (11,99%), α-pinen (6,59%), dan kamfen (0,83%) sebagai senyawa dominan, yang secara umum sesuai dengan CoA, dengan sedikit perbedaan yang diduga disebabkan oleh faktor instrumen dan penyimpanan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa minyak rosemari yang digunakan telah memenuhi standar mutu yang dipersyaratkan untuk formulasi sediaan farmasi lebih lanjut.

Karakterisasi Kandungan Senyawa Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) serta Asam Hialuronat Faisal Syahrul Abidin; Hanifa Rahma; Bambang Tri Laksono
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 227 - 236
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24727

Abstract. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a microalga rich in bioactive compounds, including proteins, phycocyanin, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to wound healing. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of the extracellular matrix that plays an essential role in maintaining wound hydration, promoting cell migration and proliferation, stimulating angiogenesis, and enhancing collagen synthesis. This review aims to summarize the characterization of Spirulina, its bioactive constituents, and the potential of combining Spirulina with hyaluronic acid to accelerate wound healing based on published studies. The characterization of Spirulina includes its morphological features and bioactive compound profile associated with its biological activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that Spirulina enhances fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, and tissue regeneration, whereas hyaluronic acid supports all phases of wound healing by maintaining a moist wound environment and promoting re-epithelialization. At appropriate concentrations, both materials have demonstrated favorable efficacy without significant toxic or genotoxic effects. Therefore, Spirulina and hyaluronic acid represent promising natural active ingredients for the development of safe and effective wound-healing formulations. Abstrak. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) merupakan mikroalga yang kaya akan senyawa bioaktif, seperti protein, fikosianin, polisakarida, senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, vitamin, dan mineral yang berpotensi mendukung proses penyembuhan luka. Selain itu, asam hialuronat merupakan komponen utama matriks ekstraseluler yang berperan penting dalam mempertahankan kelembapan luka, merangsang migrasi dan proliferasi sel, angiogenesis, serta pembentukan kolagen. Artikel ini bertujuan mengulas karakterisasi Spirulina, kandungan senyawa bioaktifnya, serta potensi kombinasi Spirulinadan asam hialuronat dalam mempercepat penyembuhan luka berdasarkan berbagai hasil penelitian. Karakterisasi Spirulina meliputi identifikasi morfologi, serta profil senyawa bioaktif yang berkontribusi terhadap aktivitas biologisnya. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Spirulina mampu meningkatkan proliferasi fibroblas, sintesis kolagen, dan regenerasi jaringan, sedangkan asam hialuronat berperan pada setiap fase penyembuhan luka melalui pemeliharaan lingkungan luka yang lembap dan stimulasi re-epitelisasi. Pada konsentrasi tertentu, kedua bahan menunjukkan efektivitas yang baik tanpa menimbulkan efek toksik maupun genotoksik. Dengan demikian, Spirulina dan asam hialuronat berpotensi menjadi kandidat bahan aktif alami yang menjanjikan untuk pengembangan sediaan penyembuhan luka yang efektif dan aman.

Formulasi Masker Hidrogel Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sembung (Blumea balsamifera L.) Netha Kusuma Dewi; Ratih Aryani; Hanifa Rahma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 303 - 310
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24798

Abstract. Premature aging is a skin disorder driven by elevated oxidative stress resulting from excessive free-radical exposure, particularly ultraviolet radiation, which progressively damages collagen structures and diminishes skin elasticity. Sembung leaf (Blumea balsamifera L.) has been reported to contain flavonoid compounds with notable antioxidant activity, making it a promising candidate as an active ingredient in topical cosmetic preparations. This study aimed to determine the optimum hydrogel mask formula containing ethanol extract of sembung leaf based on physical quality evaluation, and to assess its antioxidant activity through IC50 determination. Sembung leaf crude extract was obtained through a maceration process using 70% ethanol, resulting in an extraction rate of 17.708%. The hydrogel mask base was optimized by varying the concentrations of sodium alginate and xanthan gum across nine formulations, which were then evaluated. Formula 4 (3% sodium alginate, 0.5% xanthan gum) was identified as the optimum formulation. The hydrogel mask containing 5% sembung leaf ethanol extract yielded satisfactory results across all parameters: round shape, green color, characteristic odor, uniform homogeneity, pH 6.13-6.71, and an elasticity value of 39.36%. Antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH method revealed an IC50 value of 331.558 ± 4.178 ppm, classified as very weak antioxidant activity. Abstrak. Penuaan dini merupakan permasalahan kulit yang dipicu oleh peningkatan stres oksidatif akibat paparan radikal bebas, khususnya sinar ultraviolet, yang dapat merusak struktur kolagen dan menurunkan elastisitas kulit. Daun sembung (Blumea balsamifera L.) diketahui mengandung senyawa flavonoid dengan aktivitas antioksidan yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif dalam sediaan kosmetik topikal. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh formula optimum masker hidrogel yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daun sembung berdasarkan hasil evaluasi dan mengetahui aktivitas antioksidannya berdasarkan nilai IC50. Simplisia daun sembung diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70% dan diperoleh rendemen sebesar 17,708%. Optimasi basis masker hidrogel dilakukan melalui variasi konsentrasi natrium alginat dan xanthan gum pada sembilan formula, kemudian dievaluasi secara organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya elastisitas, dan penyusutan masker. Formula optimum yang terpilih adalah Formula 4 dengan komposisi natrium alginat 3% dan xanthan gum 0,5%. Evaluasi sediaan masker hidrogel yang mengandung ekstrak etanol daun sembung 5% menunjukkan hasil yang memenuhi persyaratan, yaitu berbentuk bulat, berwarna hijau, berbau khas, homogen, pH berkisar antara 6,13-6,71, dan daya elastisitas 39,36%. Uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH menunjukkan nilai IC50 sediaan masker hidrogel ekstrak etanol daun sembung sebesar 331,558 ± 4,178 ppm yang tergolong dalam kategori sangat lemah.

Optimasi Formulasi Gel Topikal Ekstrak Daun Binahong Menggunakan Factorial Design Muhammad Akram Athallah; Budi Prabowo Soewondo; Hanifa Rahma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 365 - 374
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24923

Abstract. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract has potential as a topical active ingredient due to its flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, tannin, and terpenoid contents, which support skin tissue regeneration. The quality of topical gel preparations is strongly influenced by the composition of the gel base; therefore, formulation optimization is required to obtain acceptable physical characteristics. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of binahong leaf extract topical gel using a factorial design approach by evaluating the effects of Carbomer 940 and propylene glycol concentrations on the physical properties of the gel. Binahong leaves were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening. Optimization was performed by varying the concentrations of Carbomer 940 and propylene glycol, with pH, viscosity, and spreadability as the response variables. The optimum formulation was obtained at a combination of 1.8% Carbomer 940 and 20% propylene glycol with a desirability value of 0.38451. The formulation produced a pH of 5.94, a spreadability of 6.44 cm, and a viscosity of 23,719 cP, meeting the required physical quality parameters for topical gel preparations. These findings indicate that the optimized formulation has suitable physical characteristics and may serve as a basis for the further development of binahong topical gel. Abstrak. Ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia) berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif sediaan topikal karena mengandung flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, tanin, dan terpenoid yang mendukung regenerasi jaringan kulit. Mutu sediaan gel sangat dipengaruhi oleh komposisi basis, sehingga diperlukan optimasi formulasi untuk memperoleh karakteristik fisik yang memenuhi persyaratan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimasi formulasi gel topikal ekstrak daun binahong menggunakan metode factorial design melalui evaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi Carbomer 940 dan propilen glikol terhadap sifat fisik sediaan. Ekstrak diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% dan dilanjutkan dengan penapisan fitokimia. Optimasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi Carbomer 940 dan propilen glikol menggunakan respon pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar. Formula optimum diperoleh pada kombinasi Carbomer 940 1,8% dan propilen glikol 20% dengan nilai desirability 0,38451. Formula tersebut menghasilkan pH 5,94, daya sebar 6,44 cm, dan viskositas 23.719 cP yang memenuhi persyaratan mutu fisik sediaan gel topikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formulasi optimum memiliki karakteristik fisik yang baik dan berpotensi menjadi dasar pengembangan sediaan gel topikal ekstrak daun binahong.

Karakterisasi Asam Salisilat dan Minyak Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Cici Dita Maryam; Hanifa Rahma; Purwaeni Purwaeni
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 375 - 382
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.24927

Abstract. Salicylic acid is a compound widely used in topical formulations due to its keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory activities, while lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) contains bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to characterize salicylic acid and lavender oil. The characterization of salicylic acid included organoleptic evaluation, determination of the maximum wavelength using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization of lavender oil included organoleptic evaluation, determination of refractive index and specific gravity, and compound identification using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that salicylic acid was a white crystalline powder, odorless, with a maximum absorption wavelength of 301 nm and functional groups consistent with its chemical structure. Lavender oil was a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic lavender odor, a refractive index of 1,454 ± 0,000, a specific gravity of 0,885 ± 0,009, and contains the compoundslinalool (31,19%), linalyl acetate (12,44%), terpinen-4-ol (2,82%), β-ocimene (3,51%), α-terpineol (1.42%), camphor (2,72%), 1,8-cineole (4,92%), geranyl acetate (5,74%), neryl acetate (2,31%), and limonene (8,81%). Abstrak. Asam salisilat merupakan senyawa yang banyak digunakan dalam sediaan topikal karena memiliki aktivitas keratolitik, komedolitik, dan antiinflamasi, sedangkan minyak lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) mengandung senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik asam salisilat dan minyak lavender. Karakteristik asam salisilat meliputi organoleptik, penentuan panjang gelombang maksimum menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis, dan analisis gugus fungsi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Karakterisasi minyak lavender meliputi organoleptik, penentuan indeks bias, bobot jenis, dan analisis kandungan senyawa menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa asam salisilat berbentuk serbuk hablur putih, tidak berbau dengan panjang gelombang maksimum 301 nm dan gugus fungsi yang sesuai dengan struktur kimianya. Minyak lavender berbentuk cairan jernih, tidak berwarna, berbau khas lavender dengan indeks bias 1,454±0,000, bobot jenis 0,885±0,009, serta mengandung senyawa linalool (31,19%), linalil asetat (12,44%), terpinen-4-ol (2,82%), β-ocimene (3,51%), α-terpineol (1,42%), camphor (2,72%), 1,8-cineole (4,92%), geranyl asetat (5,74%), neryl asetat (2,31%), limonene (8,81%).

Formulasi In Situ Gel Oral Ekstrak Brokoli dan Aktivitas Antibakterinya Halfi Zahra Azkiya; Dina Mulyanti; Hanifa Rahma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 449 - 458
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25083

Abstract. Dental caries remains a prevalent oral health problem, with Streptococcus mutans playing an important role through acid production and biofilm formation. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) extract against S. mutans and developed a pharmaceutically stable oral in situ gel. Broccoli was extracted by maceration with 70% ethanol. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening, qualitative sulforaphane identification by HPLC, and agar well diffusion testing at concentrations of 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, 40, and 50%. The oral in situ gel was optimized using poloxamer 407 and carbomer 940 and evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, density, viscosity, gelation temperature, gelation time, and thermodynamic stability. The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids, with an HPLC peak at 5.19 min indicating sulforaphane. Antibacterial activity appeared at 40% (1.85 mm) and reached 7.3 mm at 50%. Formula F2 containing 15% poloxamer 407 and 0.1% carbomer 940 showed suitable physical properties and remained stable during heating-cooling and freeze-thaw tests. The results support broccoli extract as a potential natural active ingredient for oral in situ gel development. Abstrak. Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan Streptococcus mutans sebagai salah satu bakteri utama melalui produksi asam dan pembentukan biofilm. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak brokoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) terhadap S. mutans serta mengembangkan formulasi in situ gel oral yang stabil secara farmasetika. Brokoli diekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%, dilanjutkan skrining fitokimia, identifikasi kualitatif sulforaphane dengan HPLC, dan uji antibakteri metode difusi sumuran pada konsentrasi 3,75; 7,5; 15; 30; 40; dan 50%. Sediaan dioptimasi menggunakan poloxamer 407 dan carbomer 940, kemudian dievaluasi secara fisik dan stabilitas termodinamika. Ekstrak mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, tanin, saponin, dan steroid serta menunjukkan puncak HPLC pada waktu retensi 5,19 menit yang mengindikasikan sulforaphane. Aktivitas antibakteri mulai tampak pada konsentrasi 40% dengan zona hambat 1,85 mm dan mencapai 7,3 mm pada konsentrasi 50%. Formula F2 dengan poloxamer 407 15% dan carbomer 940 0,1% menunjukkan karakteristik fisik yang sesuai serta stabil pada uji heating-cooling dan freeze-thaw. Ekstrak brokoli berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif alami dalam sediaan in situ gel oral.

Kajian Metode Top Down dalam Pembuatan Nanokristal Obat Antidiabetika Oral Nina Renata; Fitrianti Darusman; Hanifa Rahma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 501 - 508
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25145

Abstract. Type 2 diabetes mellitus remains one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, and most first-line oral antidiabetic agents such as glibenclamide, glimepiride, and gliclazide belong to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II, characterized by poor aqueous solubility and consequently limited and variable oral bioavailability. Nanocrystal technology has emerged as a practical formulation strategy to overcome this limitation by reducing drug particle size to the nanometer range, thereby increasing the surface area available for dissolution. This article aims to review top-down methods used to produce nanocrystals of oral antidiabetic drugs through a literature review approach. Sources were obtained from international scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI, focusing on publications from the last ten years. The review shows that wet media milling and high-pressure homogenization are the most widely applied top-down techniques, either alone or combined with cocrystallization to form nano-cocrystals. Each method has distinct mechanisms, critical process parameters, and stabilizer requirements that determine the final particle size and dissolution performance. Overall, top-down nanocrystallization offers a scalable and solvent-minimal approach for improving the solubility, dissolution rate, and potential bioavailability of poorly soluble oral antidiabetic drugs. Abstract. Type 2 diabetes mellitus remains one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, and most first-line oral antidiabetic agents such as glibenclamide, glimepiride, and gliclazide belong to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II, characterized by poor aqueous solubility and consequently limited and variable oral bioavailability. Nanocrystal technology has emerged as a practical formulation strategy to overcome this limitation by reducing drug particle size to the nanometer range, thereby increasing the surface area available for dissolution. This article aims to review top-down methods used to produce nanocrystals of oral antidiabetic drugs through a literature review approach. Sources were obtained from international scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI, focusing on publications from the last ten years. The review shows that wet media milling and high-pressure homogenization are the most widely applied top-down techniques, either alone or combined with cocrystallization to form nano-cocrystals. Each method has distinct mechanisms, critical process parameters, and stabilizer requirements that determine the final particle size and dissolution performance. Overall, top-down nanocrystallization offers a scalable and solvent-minimal approach for improving the solubility, dissolution rate, and potential bioavailability of poorly soluble oral antidiabetic drugs. Abstrak. . Diabetes melitus tipe 2 masih menjadi salah satu penyakit tidak menular dengan prevalensi tertinggi di Indonesia, dan sebagian besar obat antidiabetika oral lini pertama seperti glibenklamid, glimepirid, dan gliklazid termasuk ke dalam Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) kelas II yang memiliki kelarutan dalam air rendah sehingga bioavailabilitas oralnya terbatas dan bervariasi. Teknologi nanokristal menjadi salah satu strategi formulasi yang banyak dikembangkan untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut dengan mengecilkan ukuran partikel obat hingga skala nanometer sehingga luas permukaan yang tersedia untuk disolusi meningkat. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji metode-metode top-down yang digunakan dalam pembuatan nanokristal obat antidiabetika oral melalui pendekatan studi literatur. Sumber pustaka diperoleh dari basis data ilmiah internasional seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan MDPI dengan fokus pada publikasi sepuluh tahun terakhir. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa wet media milling dan high pressure homogenization merupakan teknik top-down yang paling banyak diterapkan, baik secara tunggal maupun dikombinasikan dengan pendekatan kokristalisasi untuk membentuk nano-kokristal. Setiap metode memiliki mekanisme, parameter proses kritis, dan kebutuhan stabilizer yang berbeda, yang menentukan ukuran partikel akhir serta kinerja disolusinya. Secara keseluruhan, nanokristalisasi top-down menawarkan pendekatan yang scalable dan minim pelarut untuk meningkatkan kelarutan, laju disolusi, dan potensi bioavailabilitas obat antidiabetika oral yang sukar larut.

Kajian Metode Bottom-Up pada Pembuatan Nanokristal Obat Antidiabetika Oral BCS Kelas II Santy Juliarti; Fitrianti Darusman; Hanifa Rahma
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 527 - 534
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25164

Abstract. Oral antidiabetic drugs included in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II have high permeability but low solubility, thus limiting the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. One approach developed to overcome this problem is nanocrystal technology using the bottom-up method. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the bottom-up method in the manufacture of nanocrystals of oral antidiabetic drugs BCS class II in improving physicochemical characteristics. This study was conducted using a literature review method of scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other scientific sources. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in narrative form. The results of the study indicate that the bottom-up method is able to produce nanocrystals measuring less than 1000 nm, thereby increasing the specific surface area of the particles, which has an impact on increasing solubility, dissolution rate, and potentially increasing oral bioavailability. The sonication-precipitation method is the most widely used method because it produces smaller particle sizes, a more homogeneous size distribution, and better stability. The success of this method is influenced by the selection of solvents, antisolvents, stabilizers, and process parameters. Thus, the bottom-up method is an effective approach in the development of BCS class II oral antidiabetic drug nanocrystals. Abstract. Oral antidiabetic drugs included in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II have high permeability but low solubility, thus limiting the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. One approach developed to overcome this problem is nanocrystal technology using the bottom-up method. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the bottom-up method in the manufacture of nanocrystals of oral antidiabetic drugs BCS class II in improving physicochemical characteristics. This study was conducted using a literature review method of scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other scientific sources. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in narrative form. The results of the study indicate that the bottom-up method is able to produce nanocrystals measuring less than 1000 nm, thereby increasing the specific surface area of the particles, which has an impact on increasing solubility, dissolution rate, and potentially increasing oral bioavailability. The sonication-precipitation method is the most widely used method because it produces smaller particle sizes, a more homogeneous size distribution, and better stability. The success of this method is influenced by the selection of solvents, antisolvents, stabilizers, and process parameters. Thus, the bottom-up method is an effective approach in the development of BCS class II oral antidiabetic drug nanocrystals. Abstrak. Obat antidiabetika oral yang termasuk dalam Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) kelas II yang memiliki permeabilitas tinggi, namun kelarutan rendah sehingga membatasi laju disolusi dan bioavailabilitas oral. Salah satu pendekatan yang dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah teknologi nanokristal menggunakan metode bottom-up. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektivitas metode bottom-up dalam pembuatan nanokristal obat antidiabetika oral BCS kelas II terhadap peningkatan karakteristik fisikokimia. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode literature review terhadap artikel ilmiah yang diperoleh melalui Google Scholar, ResearchGate, serta sumber ilmiah lainnya. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk naratif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa metode bottom-up mampu menghasilkan nanokristal berukuran kurang dari 1000 nm sehingga mampu meningkatkan luas permukaan spesifik partikel, yang berdampak pada peningkatan kelarutan, laju disolusi, dan berpotensi meningkatkan bioavailabilitas oral. Metode sonikasi–presipitasi merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan karena menghasilkan ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil, distribusi ukuran yang lebih homogen, serta stabilitas yang lebih baik. Keberhasilan metode ini dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan pelarut, antisolvent, stabilizer, dan parameter proses. Dengan demikian, metode bottom-up merupakan pendekatan yang efektif dalam pengembangan nanokristal obat antidiabetika oral BCS kelas II.

Uji Kelarutan Tretinoin pada Kandidat Minyak Sabrina Nur Diana; Hanifa Rahma; Ratih Aryani
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 535 - 542
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25179

Abstract. Describe Tretinoin is a topical retinoid widely used for the treatment of photoaging; however, its poor aqueous solubility and high susceptibility to light-induced degradation require an appropriate drug delivery system. One of the critical factors in nanoemulsion development is the selection of an oil phase with high drug solubilization capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the solubility of tretinoin in five candidate oils, namely grape seed oil, olive oil, argan oil, virgin coconut oil, and soybean oil, in order to determine the most suitable oil phase for nanoemulsion formulation. An experimental laboratory study was conducted using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The maximum absorption wavelength of tretinoin in methanol was determined, followed by the preparation of a calibration curve at concentrations ranging from 2 to 6 µg/mL. Solubility testing was performed by incubating tretinoin in each candidate oil, followed by centrifugation and quantitative analysis of the dissolved drug using UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The maximum absorption wavelength of tretinoin was found to be 348.5 nm, while the calibration curve yielded the regression equation y = 0.0798x + 0.3766 with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9455. The highest solubility was observed in grape seed oil (9.656 mg/mL), followed by virgin coconut oil (9.086 mg/mL), olive oil (8.895 mg/mL), soybean oil (6.880 mg/mL), and argan oil (6.154 mg/mL). These findings indicate that grape seed oil is the most suitable candidate oil phase for the development of tretinoin nanoemulsion formulations. Abstrak. Tretinoin merupakan retinoid topikal yang banyak digunakan dalam terapi photoaging, namun memiliki kelarutan yang rendah dalam air serta mudah mengalami degradasi akibat cahaya sehingga memerlukan sistem penghantaran yang sesuai. Salah satu faktor penting dalam pengembangan formulasi nanoemulsi adalah pemilihan fase minyak yang memiliki kemampuan melarutkan zat aktif secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelarutan tretinoin pada lima kandidat fase minyak, yaitu minyak biji anggur, minyak zaitun, minyak argan, minyak kelapa murni (virgin coconut oil), dan minyak kedelai, sehingga diperoleh fase minyak yang paling sesuai untuk pengembangan formulasi nanoemulsi. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Penentuan panjang gelombang maksimum dilakukan pada larutan tretinoin dalam metanol, kemudian dibuat kurva kalibrasi pada rentang konsentrasi 2–6 µg/mL. Uji kelarutan dilakukan dengan menginkubasi tretinoin dalam masing-masing kandidat minyak, diikuti proses sentrifugasi dan penetapan kadar tretinoin terlarut menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan panjang gelombang maksimum tretinoin sebesar 348,5 nm dengan persamaan regresi kurva kalibrasi y = 0,0798x + 0,3766 dan koefisien korelasi (R²) sebesar 0,9455. Nilai kelarutan tertinggi diperoleh pada minyak biji anggur (9,656 mg/mL), diikuti minyak kelapa murni (9,086 mg/mL), minyak zaitun (8,895 mg/mL), minyak kedelai (6,880 mg/mL), dan minyak argan (6,154 mg/mL). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, minyak biji anggur dipilih sebagai kandidat fase minyak yang paling potensial untuk pengembangan formulasi nanoemulsi tretinoin.

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