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Validasi Metode Analisis Beberapa Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder pada Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber officinale var. rubrum, dan Nigella sativa sebagai Terapi COVID-19: Sebuah Review Farendina Suarantika; Nabila Hadiah Akbar
Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento Vol 8 No 1 (2022): Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v8i1.3355

Several Indonesian plants contain active compounds that can limit infection and replication of SAR-CoV-2 based on their activity against relevant therapeutic targets. This literature review aims to review validated analytical methods on bitter plants (Andrographis paniculata), red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), and black cumin (Nigella sativa), which has potential therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2. Sources of information used in this literature review were obtained using search engines such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Andrographolide (sambiloto), gingerol (red ginger), and thymoquinone (black cumin) were shown to be specifically capable of inactivating SARS-CoV-2 with good targeting accuracy. The generally validated plant analysis methods used RP-HPLC/HPTLC, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, GC-FID, GC, and UHPLC-DAD.

Tinjauan Pustaka Metode Analisis Senyawa Hidrokuinon dalam Sediaan Krim Shifa Fudjayanti; Bertha Rusdi; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v2i2.4704

Abstract. Whitening creams are in great demand by Indonesian women, but not all whitening creams use safe additives such as hydroquinone. Hydroquinone is an active ingredient that can control uneven pigment production to reduce or inhibit melanin formation. The use of hydroquinone in cosmetics should not exceed 0.02%. This study aims to determine the content and amount of hydroquinone (HQ) in facial whitening cream preparations on the market. Hydroquinone levels were tested using quantitative analytical methods such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry (TLC-D), UV/Vis Spectrophotometry and Voltammetry. . Based on the measurement results, the validation parameters of each method that have been developed can be compared based on the accuracy value of 98.30-100%, precision of 0.81-0.97%, specific, LOD 0.14, LOQ 0.46 and linearity 0.9999, the best method is UVDS. Of all the samples that have been studied all positive contain hydroquinone. Abstrak. Krim pemutih sangat diminati oleh wanita indonesia, tetapi tidak semua krim pemutih menggunakan bahan tambahan yang aman contohnya hidrokuinon. Hidroquinon merupakan bahan aktif yang dapat mengontrol produksi pigmen yang tidak rata untuk mengurangi atau menghambat pembentukan melanin. Penggunaan hidroquinon dalam kosmetik tidak boleh lebih dari 0,02%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan dan jumlah kadar hidrokuinon (HQ) pada sediaan krim pemutih wajah yang beredar di pasaran. Pengujian kadar hidrokuinon dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode analisis kuantitatif seperti Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT), Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Kinerja Tinggi-Densitometri (KLTKT-D), Spektrofotometri UV/Vis dan Voltametri. . Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, parameter validasi dari setiap metode yang sudah dikembangkan dapat dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai akurasi 98.30-100%, presisi 0.81-0.97%, spesifik, LOD 0.14, LOQ 0.46 dan linearitas 0.9999, metode yang paling baik yaitu UVDS. Dari semua sampel yang telah diteliti semuanya positif mengandung hidrokuinon.

Tinjauan Pustaka Metode Analisis Senyawa Hidrokuinon dalam Sediaan Krim Shifa Fudjayanti; Farendina Suarantika
Jurnal Riset Farmasi Volume 2, No. 2, Desember 2022, Jurnal Riset Farmasi (JRF)
Publisher : UPT Publikasi Ilmiah Unisba

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/jrf.v2i2.1483

Abstract. Whitening creams are in great demand by Indonesian women, but not all whitening creams use safe additives such as hydroquinone. Hydroquinone is an active ingredient that can control uneven pigment production to reduce or inhibit melanin formation. The use of hydroquinone in cosmetics should not exceed 0.02%. This study aims to determine the content and amount of hydroquinone (HQ) in facial whitening cream preparations on the market. Hydroquinone levels were tested using quantitative analytical methods such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Densitometry (TLC-D), UV/Vis Spectrophotometry and Voltammetry. . Based on the measurement results, the validation parameters of each method that have been developed can be compared based on the accuracy value of 98.30-100%, precision of 0.81-0.97%, specific, LOD 0.14, LOQ 0.46 and linearity 0.9999, the best method is UVDS. Of all the samples that have been studied all positive contain hydroquinone. Abstrak. Krim pemutih sangat diminati oleh wanita indonesia, tetapi tidak semua krim pemutih menggunakan bahan tambahan yang aman contohnya hidrokuinon. Hidroquinon merupakan bahan aktif yang dapat mengontrol produksi pigmen yang tidak rata untuk mengurangi atau menghambat pembentukan melanin. Penggunaan hidroquinon dalam kosmetik tidak boleh lebih dari 0,02%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan dan jumlah kadar hidrokuinon (HQ) pada sediaan krim pemutih wajah yang beredar di pasaran. Pengujian kadar hidrokuinon dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode analisis kuantitatif seperti Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT), Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Kinerja Tinggi-Densitometri (KLTKT-D), Spektrofotometri UV/Vis dan Voltametri. . Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, parameter validasi dari setiap metode yang sudah dikembangkan dapat dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai akurasi 98.30-100%, presisi 0.81-0.97%, spesifik, LOD 0.14, LOQ 0.46 dan linearitas 0.9999, metode yang paling baik yaitu UVDS. Dari semua sampel yang telah diteliti semuanya positif mengandung hidrokuinon.

Kandungan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Tanaman Waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) Farendina Suarantika; Vinda Maharani Patricia
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research Vol 4 No 1 (2023): February 2023
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi (FKPT)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/jharma.v4i1.3093

The mangrove plant (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is widely cultivated in tropical regions such as Indonesia because almost all parts of plant are believed to provide many benefits. Som of the benefits of the mangrove plant include laxative, treating earache, antibacterial, and antioxidant. The aim of the research is to analyze the content of phytochemical compounds contained in the mangrove plant and its antioxidant activity. This research uses a journal review method based on data collection carried out by inclusion and exclusion obtained from the google scholar, science direct, taylor and francis, garuda, and sage publication data search engine, including textbooks and scientific articles published above year of 2013. The result of the research is the phytochemical compounds found in mangrove plant are anthocyanin compounds, amides, coumarins, phenols, organic acids and flavonoid compounds that identified in the leaves, stems, and bark in mangrove plants uses several of solvents, there are methanol water, chloroform, and ethanol. The part of the plant that has antioxidant activity is the leaves which has strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 86,5 µg/mL).

Optimasi Proses Ekstraksi Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) yang Memiliki Aktivitas Antioksidan Berdasarkan Penggunaan secara Empiris Farendina Suarantika; Vinda Maharani Patricia; Hanifa Rahma
Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento Vol 9 No 1 (2023): Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v9i1.5253

Green betel (Piper betle L.) exhibits various pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant, and contains various chemical compounds such as chavibetol, chavibetol acetate, carvacrol, caryophyllene, allyl pyrocatechol diacetate, campene, chavibetol methyl ether. This research was conducted to optimize green betel leaf processing techniques which were applied empirically by the community, through testing the antioxidant activity using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Processing techniques that are optimized are infusion, fresh brewed, and soaked boiled. The antioxidant activity of fresh brewed green betel leaf extract has an antioxidant capacity of 18.126 mg Trolox/g extract. For green betel leaf extract boiled and soaked, it is 21.848 mg Trolox/g extract, while for infusion green betel leaf extract is 22.809 mg Trolox/gram extract. The highest antioxidant activity was given by green betel leaf infusion extract, 22.809 mg Trolox/gram extract.

STUDI LITERATUR PEPTIDA MARKER UNTUK IDENTIFIKASI DERIVAT BABI PADA BERBAGAI PRODUK PANGAN Jilan Salsabila Auliya Putri; Taufik Muhammad Fakih; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v3i2.7765

Abstract. One of the halal concepts in Islam states that food cannot contain even the smallest pork derivatives. Manufacturers often do not inform consumers about substitution of raw materials or other additives. Thus, it is necessary to verify whether the food circulating in the market contains pork or not. Identification can be carried out using peptide markers from pork derivatives in food products. The method used in this research is SLR (systematic literature review) with reference to articles on peptide markers for identification of swine derivatives. The data used is accessed through Pubmed, Science Direct, Springer, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, Theory and Practice of Meat Processing. The types of samples used are raw pork, processed pork products, and pork gelatin. Potential peptide markers in meat species identification are often obtained from myoglobin (Mb) and myosin (My). Because there are physiological differences in the specific protein content between different types of muscle tissue that can be detected in meat products after food processing is applied. Thus, the most commonly found peptide marker of myoglobin has the amino acid sequence YLEFISEAIIQVLQK and the peptide marker of myosin-1 which is most commonly found has the amino acid sequence SALAHAVQSSR. Most of the methods that can be used to identify peptide markers in pig derivatives are the development of mass spectrophotometry-based methods, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). Abstrak. Salah satu konsep halal dalam Islam menyatakan bahwa bahan pangan tidak boleh mengandung derivat babi yang paling kecil sekalipun. Produsen seringkali tidak menginformasikan kepada konsumen mengenai substitusi bahan baku atau bahan tambahan lainnya. Sehingga, perlu dilakukan verifikasi apakah makanan yang beredar di pasaran mengandung babi atau tidak. Identifikasi dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan peptida marker dari derivate babi pada produk pangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah SLR (systematic literature review) dengan bahan menggunakan referensi artikel mengenai peptida marker untuk identifikasi derivat babi. Data yang digunakan diakses melalui Pubmed, Science Direct, Springer, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, Theory and Practice of Meat Processing. Jenis sampel yang digunakan yaitu berupa daging babi mentah, produk olahan daging babi, serta gelatin babi. Peptida marker potensial dalam identifikasi spesies daging sering didapatkan dari myoglobin (Mb) dan myosin (My). Karena terdapat perbedaan fisiologis dalam isi protein spesifik antara berbagai jenis jaringan otot yang dapat dideteksi pada produk daging setelah pengolahan makanan diterapkan. Dengan demikian, peptida marker dari myoglobin yang paling banyak ditemukan memiliki urutan asam amino YLEFISEAIIQVLQK dan peptide marker dari myosin-1 yang paling banyak ditemukan memiliki urutan asam amino SALAHAVQSSR. Metode yang dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi peptida marker pada derivat babi ini mayoritas dengan pengembangan metode berbasis spektrofotometri massa yaitu liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS).

Analisis Pengawet Metilparaben dan Propilparaben pada Beberapa Sediaan Toner yang Beredar di Toko Online dengan Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis Helen Caterina Simorangkir; Bertha Rusdi; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v3i2.8109

Metil dan propil paraben merupakan pengawet yang banyak digunakan untuk sediaan kosmetik, diantaranya adalah toner. Peraturan BPOM Nomor 23 Tahun 2019 tentang Persyaratan Teknis Bahan Kosmetika, menjelaskan bahwa batas penggunaan metilparaben dan propilparaben sebagai pengawet dalam sediaan kosmetika adalah 0,4% untuk penggunaan tunggal dan 0,8% untuk penggunaan campuran. Maka, pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran kadar metil dan propil paraben dalam toner yang beredar di toko online yang tidak memiliki nomor registrasi BPOM menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis serta menyimpulkan apakah kadar yang didapat memenuhi persyaratan BPOM atau tidak. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima sampel diawali dengan optimasi fase gerak untuk KLT preparatif dilanjutkan dengan validasi metode analisis dan pengukuran kadar metil dan propil paraben dalam sampel toner. Hasil validasi metode analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengukuran dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis baik untuk mengidentifikasi metilparaben karena dari hasil validasi metode menunjukkan nilai linieritas r= 0,9993; spesifisitas= spesifik karena pada spektrum uji tidak menunjukkan adanya puncak lain; LOD= 0,00017 ppm, LOQ= 0,00053 ppm; akurasi= 96,051%, dan presisi= 0,162%. Kadar yang didapat tidak memenuhi persyaratan BPOM yaitu 2,794 % b/v untuk sampel B dan 3,978 % b/v untuk sampel D. Pengawet propilparaben tidak terdeteksi pada semua sampel. Methyl and propyl parabens are preservatives that are widely used for cosmetic preparations, one of which is toner. BPOM Regulation Number 23 of 2019 concerning Technical Requirements for Cosmetic Ingredients, explains that the limit for the use of methylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in cosmetic preparations is 0.4% for single use and 0.8% for mixed use. Therefore, in this study, measurements of methyl and propyl paraben levels in toner circulating in online stores that did not have BPOM registration numbers used the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and concluded whether the levels obtained met BPOM requirements or not. This study used five samples, starting with optimizing the mobile phase for preparative TLC followed by validating the analytical method and measuring the levels of methyl and propyl paraben in the toner samples. The results of the validation of the analytical method showed that measurements with a UV- Vis spectrophotometer were good for identifying methylparaben because the results of the method validation showed a linearity value of r = 0.9993; specificity = specific because the test spectrum does not show any other peaks; LOD= 0.00017 ppm, LOQ= 0.00053 ppm; accuracy = 96.051%, and precision = 0.162%. The levels obtained did not meet BPOM requirements, namely 2.794% w/v for sample B and 3.978% w/v for sample D. The preservative propylparaben was not detected in all samples.

Penelusuran Pustaka Potensi Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Tanaman Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizoma) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli Penyebab Penyakit Diare Fadil Rido Gumelar; Bertha Rusdi; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v3i2.8577

Abstract. Infectious diseases or infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. One of the infectious diseases that often occur in the digestive tract is diarrhea. To overcome infections caused by these bacteria, you can use antibacterials, but lately the use of antibacterial often causes resistance. Therefore, alternatives that have potential antibacterial are sought. One plant that has been proven to have antibacterial activity is red ginger (Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizoma). To determine the content of compounds that act as antibacterial and how their potential for the activity of bacteria that cause diarrhea in the digestive tract, this research was carried out by conducting a literature search of national and international journals in online media. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that red ginger has secondary metabolite compounds including alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Then compounds that have antibacterial potential produced by red ginger are flavonoid and phenol compounds. Abstrak. Penyakit infeksi atau penyakit menular merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme patogen, seperti virus, bakteri, jamur, atau parasit. Salah satu penyakit infeksi yang sering terjadi pada saluran pencernaan yaitu diare. Untuk mengatasi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri tersebut maka dapat menggunakan antibakteri, tetapi akhir – akhir ini penggunaan antibakteri sering menyebabkan resistensi. Oleh karena itu dicari alternatif yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Salah satu tanaman yang sudah terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri yaitu jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum rhizoma). Untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa yang berperan sebagai antibakteri dan bagaimana potensinya terhadap aktivitas bakteri penyebab diare pada saluran pencernaan, maka dilakukan penelitian ini dengan melakukan penelusuran pustaka terhadap jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang berada di media online. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa jahe merah memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder diantaranya alkaloid, polifenol, flavonoid, tanin, saponin, monoterpen dan seskuiterpen. Kemudian senyawa yang memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri yang dihasilkan oleh jahe merah yaitu senyawa flavonoid dan fenol.

Uji Aktivitas Senyawa Aktif Jahe (Zingiber officinale) Sebagai Alternatif Pengobatan Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Pada Reseptor Histamin-2 Nadhifah Mauludia Rinaldie; Farendina Suarantika; Taufik Muhammad Fakih
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

GERD or Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease is a digestive disorder that many people suffer from. Characterized by symptoms of nausea, heartburn, and stomach content rising into esophagus. Most people do not take GERD seriously. The most widely used therapy is the consumption of antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 receptor blockers, and prokinetic drugs. However, long-term use of these drugs can cause serious illnesses such as colon cancer. This study aims to determine the activity of the active compounds of ginger rhizome against GERD and to determine the toxicity of the compounds 6-gingerol, 6-gingesulfonic acid, 6-shogaol, gingerglycolipid A, gingerglycolipid B, and gingerglycolipid C contained in ginger rhizome. The method used is a molecular docking method based on protein-ligand and protein-protein by looking at the binding free energy, inhibition constant, and MM-GBSA value. Research shows that the active compounds of ginger rhizome namely 6-gingesulfonic, 6-gingerol, and gingerglycolipid C can form the best interactions with histamine-2 receptors, interleukin-8, and gastrin receptors, but their stability is not better than that of natural ligands and other compounds. In the other hand, the active compound of ginger rhizome was shown as non toxic compound. So it can be concluded that the active compound of ginger rhizome can be considered as a candidate drug compound Keyword: GERD, ginger, molecular docking, toxicity GERD atau Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease merupakan salah satu gangguan pencernaan yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat. Ditandai dengan naiknya isi lambung ke kerongkongan, rasa panas di dada, dan rasa mual membuat penderita GERD tidak menangani penyakit ini dengan serius. Terapi yang banyak digunakan adalah konsumsi obat-obatan golongan antasida, proton pump inhibitor (PPI), penghambat reseptor H2, dan obat prokinetik. Akan tetapi, penggunaan obat GERD dalam jangka waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan penyakit serius seperti kanker kolon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas senyawa aktif rimpang jahe terhadap GERD dan untuk mengetahui toksisitas dari senyawa 6-gingerol, 6-gingesulfonic acid, 6-shogaol, gingerglycolipid A, gingerglycolipid B, dan gingerglycolipid C yang terdapat dalam rimpang jahe. Metode yang dilakukan adalah metode molecular docking berbasis protein-ligan dan basis protein-protein dengan melihat energi bebas ikatan, konstanta inhibisi, dan nilai MM-GBSA. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa aktif rimpang jahe yaitu 6-gingesulfonic, 6-gingerol, dan gingerglycolipid C dapat membentuk interaksi yang paling baik terhadap reseptor histamin-2, interleukin-8, dan reseptor gastrin, namun kestabilannya tidak lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ligan alami dan senyawa aktif rimpang jahe termasuk ke dalam senyawa yang tidak toksik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa aktif rimpang jahe dapat dipertimbangkan untuk menjadi kandidat senyawa obat. Kata Kunci: GERD, jahe, molecular docking, toksisitas.

STUDI LITERATUR IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA VOLATIL YANG TERKANDUNG PADA PRODUK DAGING BABI Aldhiya Nurshafa Huwaida; Taufik Muhammad Fakih; Farendina Suarantika
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v3i2.8952

Each animal meat has a different aroma. The difference in aroma is influenced by the composition of volatile compounds contained therein. This study aims to provide information about volatile compounds that can be used to identify the presence of pork derivatives in pork products using volatile compounds. The stages of this research include; isolation of volatile compounds using Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) method, and identification of volatile compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Based on the research conducted, it was concluded that raw meat contains many rich compounds as precursors of volatile compounds. Amino acids, reducing sugars, fats, and thiamine are precursors of meat flavors that appear when meat is heat-treated. The average results of volatile compounds found in pork in this study were found to be more than in pork bones and pork oil. The volatile compounds obtained from pork, pork bone, and pork oil were 1824.2396%, 1.0303%, and 9.1457%, respectively. There were 198 volatile compounds from eight different classes separated and identified in the analyzed meat products including alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, sulfur and furans. : Setiap daging hewan memiliki aroma yang berbeda-beda. Perbedaan aroma tersebut dipengaruhi oleh komposisi senyawa volatil yang terkandung didalamnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberi informasi tentang senyawa volatil yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi adanya derivate babi pada produk daging babi dengan menggunakan senyawa volatilnya. Tahapan penelitian ini meliputi; isolasi senyawa volatil menggunakan metode Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME), dan identifikasi senyawa volatil menggunakan metode gas chromatography-mass spectrometri (GC-MS). Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa daging mentah mengandung banyak senyawa yang kaya sebagai prekursor senyawa volatil. Asam amino, gula pereduksi, lemak, dan tiamin adalah prekursor rasa daging yang muncul saat daging diberi perlakuan pemanasan. Hasil rata-rata senyawa volatil yang ditemukan pada daging babi dalam penelitian ini ditemukan lebih banyak dibandingkan pada tulang babi dan minyak babi. Senyawa volatil yang diperoleh dari daging babi, tulang babi, dan minyak babi berturut-turut sebanyak 1824,2396%, 1,0303%, dan 9,1457%. Terdapat 198 senyawa volatil dari delapan golongan yang berbeda dipisahkan dan diidentifikasi dalam produk daging yang di analisis termasuk alkohol, ester, hidrokarbon, aldehid, keton, asam organik, sulfur dan furan.

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