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Wacana Islam Nusantara dan Islam Hadhari dalam Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia dan Malaysia Hadza Min Fadhli Robby
Tashwirul Afkar Vol. 40 No. 2 (2021): December 2021
Publisher : Lembaga Kajian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia

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This research investigates the discourse of Islam Nusantara and Islam Hadhari that were developed in the foreign policies of Indonesia and Malayasia, respectively. These two discourses have certain similarities, such as the focus of both discourses to mainstream the issue of moderation and progressivism in Islamic religious life based upon the interpretation of the local wisdom. It is important to highlight that both of these discourses were coming into being through two different contexts. Islam Nusantara was constructed at the era when Muslim world were facing the residues from the failures of Arab Springs: the rise of ISIS as transnational terrorist movement, the rise of Islamophobia politics, and the heightened conflict between Sunni and Shiite. Islam Hadhari came into being at a very different context, where initially Islam Hadhari was proposed as a solution to face the challenge in democratizing Malaysian society amid the rising radicalism and terrorism in global political arena. This research would like to investigate both discourses using international political theology approach as developed by Vendulka Kubálková (2000), which focuses on analyzing the dialectics between religious texts and international political contexts. This research would also use the concept of macroscopical map of relations between religion and foreign policy that were developed by Warner & Walker (2011) to know how islam Nusantara and Islam Hadhari would be eventually adopted as part of Indonesian and Malaysian foreign policy discourses.

POSITIONING UMMAH IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: A SOUTH-SOUTH PERSPECTIVE Hadza Min Fadhli Robby
Al-Tsaqafa : Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam Vol 17, No 1 (2020): Al-Tsaqafa: Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam
Publisher : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/al-tsaqafa.v17i1.8973

This research would like to discuss the reconceptualization of Ummah in the context of contemporary international politics. Ummah, as a concept, has been implemented since the era of Prophet Muhammad. Since the advent of the modern era, the concept of Ummah has been deemed as irrelevant due to the existence of modern nation-state. However, newly independent countries that are having a majority of Muslim populations tried to rebuild the new consciousness among Muslim communities by establishing organizations that resemble Ummah. There are at least three endeavors noted throughout history: Asian-African Islamic Conference, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and Developing-8 (D-8). Only two endeavors successfully emerged as an active international organization representing the Muslim community's interest in world politics. Using the English School and South-South perspective, this research tried to decipher the reason behind the creation of those organizations.

Humanitarian Crisis and the Arduous Path to Principled Pluralism: A Politico-Theological Analysis on Indian and Turkish Foreign Policies (2014-2019) Hadza min Fadhli Robby
Journal of Islamic World and Politics Vol 5, No 2 (2021): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

This research aims to analyze the influence of political theology in the foreign policy of Indian and Turkish from 2014 to 2019. India and Turkey used political theology as one of the essential considerations for the conduct of foreign policies during the humanitarian crisis. Both countries were trying to conduct “politics of salvation” to protect their fellow faithful from the oppression in the neighboring regions. While conducting its politics of salvation in their foreign policies, India and Turkey were trying to protect their fellow faithful from the oppression from the constructed others. This research argues that the politics of salvation in its foreign policy will influence both countries’ religious freedom and secularism. This research would like to utilize the concept of “politics of principled pluralism” that Robert Joustra developed. In its analysis, this research engages with several articles from news outlets and research journals to construct arguments on the conduct of the foreign policy of India and Turkey in times of humanitarian crisis. This research found that India and Turkey had tried to implement their version of “politics of salvation” that deteriorate religious freedom and inclusive democracy.

AN ANALYSIS ON THE ISLAMOPHOBIC ACTS IN FRANCE POST-ARAB SPRING Hadza Min Fadhli Robby; Aathifah Amrad
Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif Vol 15, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/jsr.v15i2.2085

The discourse of Islamophobia in Europe has become increasingly popular after the endless war in the Middle East. The instability that hit the Middle East after Arab Spring and the civil war in Syria has forced some of its population to migrate to European countries, including France. The large number of immigrants who have entered France has also been accompanied by rampant acts of attacks and terrorism, thereby revives the feelings of Islamophobia among the native white French. Meanwhile, Front National as an ultranationalist party known for its racist anti-immigrant policies has gained more influences in France by using Islamophobic narratives. In its political campaign, Front National uses the concepts of Laicite to corner French Muslim in the public sphere. The presence of French Muslim community is considered as a threat toward secular values and Christian civilization. In this study, the author will analyze the increase of Islamophobia which has been triggered by the immigrant crisis and the influence of the right-wing movement. The concept of race by W. Thomas Schmid will serve as a theoretical framework to answer the increasing Islamophobia in France. To conduct the research, the author uses the qualitative method to analyze texts and narratives related to the Islamophobia acts in France. This research concluded with a statement that Islamophobia in France post-Arab Spring generally occurs in three aspect: cognitive, motivational and behavioral aspects. A tendency of certain groups in the French society which looks Islam as a racial problem becomes one of the main roots of the rise of Islamophobia in France. Wacana Islamofobia di Eropa berkembang pesat, didorong oleh intensitas konflik di Timur Tengah yang tidak berkesudahan. Instabilitas yang melanda kawasan Timur Tengah pasca Arab Spring dan perang saudara di Suriah mendorong sebagian besar penduduknya untuk melakukan imigrasi ke berbagai wilayah di Eropa, termasuk Perancis. Hal ini membangkitkan kembali perasaan Islamofobia di beberapa kalangan penduduk Perancis yang berkulit putih. Dalam kondisi ini, Front National sebagai partai ultra-nasionalis menjadikan narasi-narasi Islamofobia untuk merebut pengaruh dalam politik Perancis. Front National juga menggunakan konsep Laicite untuk menyudutkan masyarakat Muslim di ranah publik. Kehadiran kelompok Muslim di tengah-tengah penduduk Perancis dianggap dapat mengancam nilai-nilai sekuler dan peradaban Kristen. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis akan menganalisis mengapa terjadi peningkatan Islamofobia yang dipicu akibat krisis imigran serta pengaruh gerakan sayap kanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep Ras yang dikembangkan oleh W. Thomas Schmid. Dalam melakukan riset, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengkaji teks serta naskah-naskah yang terkait dengan tindakan Islamofobia di Perancis. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa Islamofobia di Perancis setelah Arab Spring terjadi dalam 3 aspek, yakni aspek kognitif, motivasional, dan behavioral. Adanya kecenderungan sebagian masyarakat Perancis memandang Islam sebagai masalah rasial menjadi akar penting yang menyebabkan berkembangnya Islamofobia di Perancis.

Contemporary Narratives of Leftist Islam Movements in Indonesia and Turkey: A Comparative Analysis Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli; Maulidan, Muhammad; Rizky, Zuliyan M.
Muslim Politics Review Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia (UIII)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56529/mpr.v1i2.59

This research analyses the contemporary narratives of leftist Islam movements being developed as a counter-narrative to dominant Islamic discourse in Indonesia and Turkey. These leftist Islam movements were introduced under different circumstances in the two countries. In Indonesia, leftist Islam was initially promoted by Islamic scholars who were interacting with Marxist references. This was shown in the cases of Haji Misbach, who was one of Indonesia’s – and the world’s – first leftist Muslim figures. In the case of Turkey, some leftist Islamic movements were inspired by the modern Turkish Marxist movement, which emerged in the middle of the twentieth century and was eventually combined with Islamic elements. This research argues that as both Indonesian and Turkish governments are consolidating their modes of authoritarian neoliberal governance, combined with increasing religiosity, the narratives of leftist Islam are re-emerging as a way to provide socio-political criticisms and to formulate alternative ideas on the role of Islam in improving the livelihood of Muslims in Indonesia and Turkey. This research engages with several cases of leftist Islamic movements in Indonesia and Turkey. In Indonesia, this research takes the examples of FNKSDA (Nahdliyyin Front for Natural Resource Sovereignty) and its media outlet Islam Bergerak (Islam on the Move) which have had an important role in organising leftist Islamic movement in Indonesia during the 2010s. In the case of Turkey, we examine the role of Antikapitalist Müslümanlar (Anti-Capitalist Muslims), also known as Kapitalizmle Mücadele Derneği (Association for Fight against Capitalism). This research identifies the socio-political origins, main ideas, goals, and strategies of the contemporary leftist Islam movements in Indonesia and Turkey.

CONSTRUCTING FOREIGN POLICY THROUGH DEMOCRATIC DISCOURSES: Insights from Indonesia and Turkiye Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli
Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Islam Vol 25, No 1 (2024): Islamic Politics and Society
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ua.v25i1.26542

This research explores how Indonesia and Türkiye construct their foreign policies. This research uses Lene Hansen’s discourse analysis model to closely observe how critical events in global politics, especially after 9/11, influence foreign policymakers throughout the world, especially foreign policymakers in Indonesia and Türkiye. Even though Indonesia and Türkiye had positioned themselves in different positions throughout the Cold War, both countries tried to form new doctrines for their foreign policies as they democratize themselves. To examine this construction, this study will focus on analyzing discourse as one of the instruments used in shaping foreign policy. Using official speeches and statements as primary sources for the discourse analysis, this research shows that one of the discourses that were frequently emphasized in Indonesian and Turkish foreign policy during the 2000s is the discourse of ‘democracy’. From the perspective of Indonesian and Turkish foreign policymakers, the discourse of ‘democracy’ has been placed as one of the core discourses in the process of foreign policy formation of both countries. This discourse has also played a crucial role in determining the regional and global politics of both countries.

Seeking The Middle Ground in Precarious Democracy: Interfaith Engagement in Contemporary Indonesian and Turkish Societies Within The Context of Declaration of Human Fraternity Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli
Journal of Asian Orientation in Theology Vol 6, No 02 (2024): Journal Asian Orientation in Theology
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/jaot.v6i02.7871

As the two most populous Muslim nations carrying the status of precarious democracy, Indonesia and Turkey are still trying to be committed to their credentials as nations that hold dear their multireligious community. While Indonesia follows the value of Pancasila to keep interfaith and intercultural solidarity, Turkey still considers the value of secularism as a core concept to equally treat diverse religious and cultural communities of Turkey. Interestingly, while interfaith engagement in the context of Indonesia is much stronger and visible, discussions about interfaith engagements in Turkey have been refrained due to several reasons. This paper will explore the dynamics of interfaith engagements in Indonesia and Turkey, especially between Muslims and Christians (particularly in the case of Catholics) after the Declaration of Human Fraternity between the Vatican and al-Azhar through the theory of interfaith engagement and the theory of democratic citizenship.

India’s Relations with Muslim Countries during the Implementation of CAA/NRC: India-Indonesia and India-Malaysia Relations Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli
Nation State: Journal of International Studies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): Nationalism and the Current International Relations in Asia
Publisher : Faculty of Economics and Social Science, Department of International Relations, Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24076/nsjis.v5i2.879

In 2005, Imtiaz Ahmad wrote an article on the relations between India and the Muslim World. Ahmad argued that the ties between India and the Muslim World would be determined mainly by two factors: (1) the diverse and multiple identities of Indian Muslims and (2) the “relative moderation” driven by the Indian model of secularism. In the wake of the current Indian government led by the Hindu nationalist BJP, it is essential to review Ahmad’s argument. Although BJP is known as a party that strives to strengthen the Hindu nationalists’ agenda in Indian polity, it is vital to note that BJP maintains good relations with most Muslim countries. As BJP furthers its plan to scrap the special status of Kashmir and amend the Citizenship Act, there are worries that India’s stature in the Muslim World will worsen. This article would like to investigate whether the Hindu nationalist outlook in contemporary Indian politics and the standing of the current government towards Indian Muslims will eventually affect India’s relations with the Muslim World, especially in the case of India-Indonesia and India-Malaysia Relations.

Arab Nationalism: Past, Present, and Future Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli
Journal of Integrative International Relations Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020): May
Publisher : Center for Integrative International Studies Laboratory, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/jiir.2020.5.1.1-32

This article would like to discuss the development of Arab Nationalism throughout history. Arab Nationalism is discussed initially as a part of the resistance against Turkish and Ottoman power. The construction of enmity between Arab and Turkish nations became one of the most important features of Arab Nationalism. However, the enmity against the Turkish nation was not the only factor contributing to Arab Nationalism. The existence of the Arab nationalist movement and the rise of Arab intellectuals gave the momentum for Arab nationalism to obtain a prominent place. As Arab nations declared their independence, there are aspirations that seek Arab nations to be united into one country. One such idea was brought up by Gamal Abdel Nasser, previously the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Arab Nationalism experienced its hey-day during these days, but soon after, it loses its charm after the war with Israel. This paper will also discuss the problems and reasons behind the decline of Arab Nationalism.

Political Autocratization and the Decline of Freedom of Religion or Belief in Indonesia and India: A Comparative Analysis 2016–2025 Robby, Hadza Min Fadhli; Mulia, Jalaluddin Rizqi; Shafia, Inas Ainun
AL-ADYAN Vol 21 No 1 (2026): Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/aladyan.v19i2.30656

This research investigates the impact of political autocratization on the protection of freedom of religion or belief within hybrid regimes, specifically focusing on the cases of Indonesia and India. The nature of hybrid regimes—situated between democratic and autocratic systems—makes it difficult to ensure the implementation of human rights norms, particularly those regarding religious freedom. Typically, these protections deteriorate significantly as a result of political autocratization. In the case of Indonesia, a persistent culture of intolerance and a decline in the protection of religious freedom are the consequences of a weakening commitment to a democratic way of life. The existence of elite patronage toward intolerant civil society organizations in several regions, combined with the use of “moderation” discourse as a tool for political control, has left religious freedom increasingly at risk. Furthermore, an autocratic, state- -centered interpretation of Pancasila creates an environment where the state ideology cannot effectively be utilized to guarantee Indonesia’s religious diversity. In India, democracy has faced significant setbacks due to the growing influence of Hindutva ideology across the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. While India officially upholds secularism as a state principle, the reinterpretation of this concept under the current regime has sidelined secular norms in favor of a more dominant role for religion in Indian politics.

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