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The Ricardian Equivalence in Times of Covid-19: A Case of Indonesia and Malaysia Mohammad Bintang Pamuncak; Diva Azka Karimah; Ihsanul Ikhwan
Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan Vol 8, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jdep.8.1.51-65

Abstract

This study aims to seek the validity of Ricardian equivalence in Indonesia and Malaysia using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). This study finds the invalidity of Ricardian equivalence in the long-term and short-term in both countries. For Indonesia case, during the last three financial crisis happens in 1998, 2008, and 2020 caused by COVID-19, Ricardian equivalence happens only in 1998. More interestingly, this study finds that there is a different relationship between household savings and household expenditure in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study is expected to contribute to the development of body of knowledge, particularly with the case of Ricardian equivalence and Keynes approaches on expansionary fiscal policy as well as practical public policy, particularly related to government budget in crisis and household saving and expenditure.
Strategies for Managing Non-Performing Financing in Islamic Microfinance Institutions: A Literature Review Bella Aulia Setiadi Putri; Serlitha Desy Rismawati; Diva Azka Karimah
Indonesia Economic Journal Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): JULI-DESEMBER
Publisher : Indo Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/erxvkv81

Abstract

Islamic Microfinance Institutions (IMFIs) play a strategic role in promoting financial inclusion and empowering micro-enterprises through the implementation of Sharia principles. However, the increasing risk of Non-Performing Financing (NPF) poses a significant challenge that may undermine the financial stability and operational sustainability of these institutions. This study aims to analyze the factors contributing to problematic financing and identify effective Sharia-based strategies for its resolution. The study employs a qualitative descriptive literature review by analyzing relevant scholarly articles, books, and policy documents concerning the management of non-performing financing in Islamic microfinance institutions. The findings indicate that the causes of NPF can be classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors include weak financing feasibility assessment, inadequate monitoring, and limited human resource capacity, whereas external factors comprise the instability of customers' business conditions, low levels of financial literacy, and changing economic conditions. The literature further suggests that effective resolution strategies primarily involve financing restructuring through rescheduling, reconditioning, and restructuring, complemented by preventive measures such as comprehensive financing appraisal and Sharia-based approaches emphasizing justice, deliberation (islah), and dispute resolution mechanisms, including rahn (pledge) and tahkim (arbitration). The study concludes that integrating risk management practices with Sharia principles is effective not only in mitigating the risk of non-performing financing but also in strengthening public trust and supporting the long-term sustainability of Islamic Microfinance Institutions.
Strategi Mitigasi Risiko Pembiayaan untuk Keberlanjutan BMT Al-Fath Neysa Sabita Maheswari; Rafilah Eka Nanda; Siti Nur Alimah; Diva Azka Karimah
Veteran Economics, Management, & Accounting Review Vol 4 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59664/vemar.v4i2.15525

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of applying the 5C principles (Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral, Condition) and its impact on the financial sustainability of Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) Al-Fath Ikmi, Kedaung Branch. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a field case study approach. The discussion results indicate that BMT Al-Fath Ikmi emphasizes risk mitigation on the character aspect (through BI checking and social track records), capacity (using a specific Repayment Capacity formulation of 35% of the margin between income and expenses), and collateral through asset valuation, while capital and condition aspects are evaluated adaptively according to customer segmentation. The implementation of these customized 5C principles has proven effective in maintaining cash flow stability and portfolio quality, although mitigation in the condition aspect has not been optimally integrated to face macroeconomic fluctuations. This research contributes by providing a practical framework for Islamic microfinance institutions regarding the effectiveness of customized risk mitigation. The novelty of this study lies in the discovery of a 5C principle adjustment model incorporating local operational wisdom at the micro-level, demonstrating that regulatory adaptation to specific customer characteristics can strengthen institutional sustainability amidst the challenges of non-performing financing. Keywords: 5C Analysis, Baitul Maal wat Tamwil, Financial Sustainability, Islamic Microfinance, Risk Management.   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas penerapan prinsip 5C (Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral, Condition) dan dampaknya terhadap keberlanjutan keuangan di Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) Al-Fath Ikmi Cabang Kedaung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus lapangan. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa BMT Al-Fath Ikmi menitikberatkan mitigasi risiko pada aspek karakter (melalui BI checking dan rekam jejak sosial), kapasitas (menggunakan formulasi Repayment Capacity spesifik sebesar 35% dari selisih pendapatan dan pengeluaran), serta jaminan melalui taksasi nilai aset, sementara aspek modal dan kondisi dievaluasi secara adaptif menyesuaikan segmentasi nasabah. Penerapan prinsip 5C yang dikustomisasi ini terbukti efektif menjaga stabilitas arus kas dan mempertahankan kualitas portofolio, meskipun mitigasi pada aspek kondisi (Condition) belum terintegrasi secara optimal untuk menghadapi fluktuasi makro. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam memberikan kerangka kerja praktis bagi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah terkait efektivitas kustomisasi mitigasi risiko. Adapun kebaruan (novelty) dari penelitian ini terletak pada temuan model penyesuaian prinsip 5C dengan kearifan operasional lokal pada level mikro, yang membuktikan bahwa adaptasi regulasi terhadap karakteristik spesifik nasabah mampu memperkuat keberlanjutan lembaga di tengah tantangan pembiayaan bermasalah. Kata Kunci: Analisis 5C, Baitul Maal wat Tamwil, Keberlanjutan Finansial, Keuangan Mikro Syariah, Manajemen Risiko.