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PENGARUH UMUR TERHADAP KOMPOSISI KIMIA KAYU Gmelina arborea Roxb. Rena M Siagian; Sri Komarayati
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 15, No 6 (1998): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.1998.15.6.395-404

Gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) merupakan salah satu pohon cepat tumbuh. Di Indonesia jenis pohon ini tidak tumbuh secara alami, tetapi akhir-akhir ini banyak ditanam dalam rangka pembangunan hutan tanaman industri.Dalam rangka pemanfaatan kayu gmelina untuk bahan baku pulp, telah dilakukan penelitian sifat kayu dan analisis kimia kayu gmelina dari berbagai tingkat umur.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur kayu gmelina terhadap bobot jenis, kadar kulit, derajat keasaman dan komposisi kimia kayu. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap kayu gmelina umur 6 tahun, 8 tahun, 10 tahun dan 12 tahun asal Jawa Barat dan umur 4 tahun serta 6 tahun asal Kalimantan Timur.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur kayu tidak memberikan perbedaan yang nyata terhadap semua aspek yang diteliti, tetapi lokasi tempat tumbuh memberikan perbedaan. Rata- rata bobot jenis kayu gmelina berkisar antara 0, 49 - 0,55 g/cm3, kadar kulit kayu 9,31 - 12, 05% dan derajat keasaman 7,11 - 7,31 termasuk netral. Kadar selulosa antara 53,07 - 57,55 % termasuk tinggi, pentosan 16,09 - 16,92 % termasuk rendah, lignin 29,50 - 32,12 % termasuk sedang, kadar abu 0,73 - 1,47 % dan kadar silika 0,24 - 0,73 %. Kelarutan dalam alkohol benzena 2,94 - 6,93 %, NaOH 1 % 12,40 - 17,26 %, air dingin 2,53 - 4,71 % dan air panas 3,30 - 9,62 %.Berdasarkan bobot jenis, komposisi kimia dan klasifikasi komponen kimia kayu Indonesia untuk kayu daun lebar, maka kayu gmelina baik digunakan sebagai bahan baku pulp.

PENGARUH UMUR POHON MELINA (Gmelina arborea Roxb) DAN PENAMBAHAN ADITIF PADA PROSES SULFAT TERHADAP SIFAT PULP Rena M Siagian
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 20, No 4 (2002): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2002.20.4.259-269

The investigation was aimed at assessing the influence of tree level of maturity and the amount of additive used in the sulphate cooking process on the properties of the corresponding resulting pulp. The trees selected in this regard were Gmelina arborea Roxb., consisting of four levels of maturities, i.e. 6, 8, 10 and 12 years. The additives used in the process were polysulfide (PS) and anthraqinone. The anthraquinone (AQ) was added 0.1 percent, without PS, and in the other cooking PS at 4.0 percent, without AQ. Meanwhile, this modified sulphate process was also conducted with any additive 4.0 percent PS and 0. 1 percent AQ. As a control. the sulphate cooking without both was carried out as well. Other cooking conditions were kept constant, i.e. active alkali 16 percent, sulphidity 25 percent, wood to liquor ratio 1 : 4, maximum temperature 170 °C. and total cooking durations 4 hours.The results revealed that the increase in tree maturity up to 10 years produced pulp with the highest yield. However. the pulp yield decreased when the maturity reached 12 years, which was the case when the pulp was obtained from the 6-years wood material. The use of 0.1 percent AQ additive did not improve the pulp yield but decreased the kappa number. The highest yield was obtained at 4. 0 percent PS additive, followed by the one using the combination of 4. 0 percent PS and 0.1 percent AQ.Melina wood from the corresponding 6 year old trees appeared technically suitable as raw material for pulp, since it strength was fairly high to meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for the one from long-fibered softwood. Besides that. the use of additive improved the strength of pulp.

SIFAT PAPAN SERAT DARI DELAPAN JENIS KAYU INDONESIA BAGIAN TIMUR (Fibreboard Properfies from Eight East Indonesian Wood Species) Setyani B Lestari; Rena M Siagian
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 11, No 5 (1993): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.1993.11.5.171-173

This paper deals with on experiment of fibreboard from eight East Indonesian wood species. Wood pulp was cooked by semi chemical process with hot caustic soda. The cooking conditions were concentration of alkali 35 g/l, wood to liquor ratio 1 : 8 and temperature at 100°C for 2 hours. Sheet was formed by wet felting technique using deckle box, followed by cold pressing at the pressure Of 10,kg/cm2 for 5 minutes. Wet fibreboard sheet then hot pressed at the pressure of 25 kg/cm2 for 10 minutes 170°C.The results shows. that the fibreboard density and modulus. of rupture from seven wood species meet the requirements of FAO standard. only fibreboard from one wood species which meet FAO standard for modulus of elasticity Fibreboard from three wood species meet the standard for tensile strength. Fibreboard from eight wood species don't meet FAO standard for water absorption and thicknessling swelling.

Pemanfaatan Campuran Limbah Sludge. Kertas Koran Bekas dan Serat Abaka sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Pulp/Kertas Han Roliadi; Rena M Siagian
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 23, No 5 (2005): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2005.23.5.417-430

Industri pulp/kertas Indonesia kebanyakan masih tergantung pada kayu konvensional. Salah satu mengurangi ketergantungan ini adalah mencari ligno selulosa lain yang dapat dimanfaatkan seperti limbah sludge, kertas koran bekas, dan serat abaka (Musa textile Nee), sebagaimana dilakukan dalam percobaan ini menjadi pulp atau kertas karton. Mula-mula, sludge dibersihkan sehingga bebas dari bahan asing berukuran relatif besar, kertas bekas dibuang tintanya dan diolah menjadi pulp dan kulit batang abaka diolah menjadi pulp dengan proses semi-kimia soda panas. Selanjutnya, bubur serat disiapkan dengan variasi komposisi campuran sludge bersih (0-30 persen), pulp koran bekas (55-100 persen), dan pulp abaka (0-15 persen). Pada tiap komposisi tersebut, ditambhakan bahan aditif (alum pengikat dan perekat pati, masing-masing 1,5 persen). Selanjutnya, lembaran pulp dibentuk secara manual bertarget gramatur 125 gram per m2 dan diuji sifat kekuatan dan derajat kecerahannya.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa menurunnya porsi sludge, dan meningkatnya pulp kertas koran bekas ataupun pulp abaka meningkatkan kekuatan lembaran pulp. Derajat kecerahan lembaran pulp juga mengalami hal serupa, tetapi menurun dengan meningkatnya porsi pulp abaka. Kualitas lembaran pulp campuran dari 0-10 persen sludge berseral pendek, 75-100 persen kertas koran bekas, dan 0-15 persen pulp abaka dapat menyamai kertas karton komersial bergramatur 125 gram per m2. Penggunaan sludge lebih dari 10 persen masib mungkin dengan pemakaian lebih banyak bahan pengikat/perekat (pati, dekstrin, dan resin).

SIFAT PULP ACETOSOLV YANG DIPUCATKAN DARI KAYU LEDA (Eucalyptus deglupta Bl.) Rena M Siagian
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 15, No 1 (1997): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.1997.15.1.18-28

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari peranan suhu pemasakan dan konsentrasi HCI sebagai katalis dalam larutan pemasak terhadap sifat pulp acetosolv kayu Leda (Eucalyptus deglupta Bl.) yang dipucatkan. Pembuatan pulp dilakukan melalui proses acetosolv dengan menggunakan larutan pemasak asam asetat dan katalis HCI, dipucatkan dengan bahan pemucat peroksida (P) dun klordioksida (D) dalam tahapan pemucatan PDPD.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu pemasakan mempengaruhi rendemen pulp, bilangan kappa dan sifat fisis-mekanis pulp. Konsentrasi HCI sebagai katalis secara nyata mempengaruhi rendemen setelah pencucian dengan aseton 50% dan derajat kecerahan.Kenaikan suhu pemasakan dan konsentrasi katalis cenderung menurunkan rendemen pulp mentah yang tidak lolos saringan. Proses delignifikasi cenderung meningkat dengan naiknya suhu pemasakan dan konsentrasi katalis, tetapi juga menyebabkan bertambahnya lignin terkondensasi. Penggunaan katalis HCl sebanyak 1 % pada suhu pemasakan pulp 160°C dan 170°C cenderung memberikan sifat fisis pulp yang lebih baik. Suhu pemasakan 170°C juga menaikkan padatan terlarut dalam aseton limbah. Pembuatan pulp acetosolv dari kayu leda yang menghasilkan rendemen dan sifat pulp yang terbaik diperoleh dari pemasakan pada suhu l60°C dan konsentrasi HCl I%. Untuk meningkatkan derajat kecerahan pulp acetosolv yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan, masih perlu dikaji teknik pemucatan lebin lanjut.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PEMBALAKAN UNTUK PEMBUATAN MDF (PAPAN SERAT BERKERAPATAN SEDANG) Rena M Siagian; Kayano Purba; Han Roliadi; M Yusuf Noorhajiyanto
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 17, No 3 (2000): Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2000.17.3.123-133

Limbah pembalakan merupakan bahan baku potensial bagi industri pengolahan kayu. Meskipun terdapat dalam jumlah yang besar, namun pemanfaatannya masih terbatas. Salah satu pemanfaatannya adalah sebagai bahan baku MDF {Medium Density Fibreboard = papan serat berkerapatan sedang), suatu komoditi yang mempunyai nilai tambah tinggi. Untuk mencapai tingkat pcngolahan yang optimal dilakukan teknik pengolahan campuran bahan baku dengan pengelompokan berat jenis, yaitu : berat jenis rendah (0,31-0,45); sedang (0,46-0,60); tinggi (0,61-0,75); dan campuran kelompok berat jenis rendah, sedang, dan tinggi dengan proporsi berat 25%: 50%:25%.Pembuatan pulp sebagai bahan MDF dilakukan dengan metoda panas-mekanis (Thermomechanical Pulping =TMP) dengan perlakuan: pemberian uap panas selama 15 menit, tekanan 3 kg/cm2, suhu 120-135ºC dan penggilingan serpih selama 10 menit. Pembentukan lembaran dengan menggunakan proses kering. Perlakuan kempa dingin menggunakan tekanan 5 kg/cm2 pada suhu kamar selama 5 menit dan dilanjutkan kempa panas dengan tekanan 10 kg/cm2 selama 10 menit pada suhu 170ºC.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen pulp dipengaruhi oleh pengelompokan berat jenis kayu dengan nilai rendemen yang semakin menurun dengan meningkatnya berat jenis kayu.Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa pengelompokan berat jenis kayu tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap kerapatan, kadar air, daya serap air. pengembangan tebal, pengembangan volume, dan kuat internal. Berat jenis berpengaruh terhadap sifat kuat tarik sejajar permukaan, keteguhan lentur, keteguhan patah, kuat pegang sekrup muka dan kuat pegang sekrup samping panil MDF. Nilai kekuatan MDF semakin rendah dengan meningkatnya berat jenis, kecuali sifat keteguhan lentur. Keteguhan lentur terbaik dihasilkan oleh kelompok berat jenis sedang dan nilai terendah dihasilkan oleh kelompok berat jenis tinggi.Sifat fisis mekanis MDF hasil perlakuan yang memenuhi persyaratan FAO (1966) adalah kerapatan, keteguhan lentur, keteguhan patah, dan kuat internal. Namun menurut persyaratan USDC (1980) hanya keteguhan patah panil MDF yang memenuhi syarat, yaitu yang terbuat dari kayu kelompok berat jenis rendah dan sedang.

PERCOBAAN PEMBUATAN PULP SULFAT DARI KAYU MAKADAMIA (MACADAMIA HILDEBRANDII VAN STEEN) Rena M Siagian; Toga Silitonga
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 5, No 4 (1988): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Macadamia hildebrandii van Steen, commonly known as makadamia, belongs to the family Proteaceae. Until recently, this wood has not been widely used and only grown sporadically in several places in Indonesia mainly used for non commercial purposes. The wood material used in the. experiment was obtained from Sipangan Bolon, North Sumatra for both pulping trials and chemical analyses.The chemical constituents of the wood are typically of those tropical wood containing 46.6% cellulose, 24.6% of lignin, and relatively low 14.4% pentosan. The average specific gravity was 0.61 and the fibre length of 1.76 mm. The pulping experiment was conducted in laboratory digester employing 20% active alkali, 170°C maximum temperature wich was maintained for 120 minutes. The cooking sulfidity was made at 2 levels i.e. 25% and 30%.The makadamia pulp yield ranged from 32.4 to 34. 7% with low Permangante number 2.15 to 2. 64. The pulp strength was fair and comparable to those of the commercial types. By adding of anthraquinone catalyst at 0,1percent by weight of the wood material to cooking, a significant improvement in pulp strength was commenced. This is particular noticed when using 25% sulfidity during the pulping.

SIFAT PULP SULFAT KAYU KURANG DIKENAL ASAL JAWA BARAT Rena M Siagian; Setyani B Lestari; Yoswita Yoswita
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 22, No 2 (2004): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

This paper deals with the results of a laboratory-scale manufacture of sulphate pulp from lesser known wood species from West Java in the possible utilization as a raw material for pulp with the emphasizes on yield, pulp processing properties and physical properties. There arefive wood species experimented, i.e. marasi (Hymenaea courbaril L.), asam jawa (Tamarindus indica L.), balobo (Diplodiscus (?), kundang (Ficus variegata Bl.) and kendal (Ehretia acuminata R.Br.).The results revealed that marasi, asam jawa, kundang, and kendal wood species could produce pulp with the yield commonly in the range as obtained from sulphate process, i.e. 40 - 55 percent. The lowest pulp yield (less than 40 percent), however, was obtained by balobo species. The favorable delignification with the low Kappa number in the resulting sulphate pulp only occurred to asam jawa wood species. Meanwhile, the other four wood species in the sulphate process proceeded with less favorable delignification and concurrently produced pulp with high Kappa number.When viewed from the pulp yield, Kappa number, and active alkali consumption, only asam jawa wood species seemed suitable for producing bleached pulp. Conversely, the other four species appeared to be unsuitable for bleached pulp. To acquire their suitability, hence, those four species should be cooked in the sulphate process under a more enhanced condition.The properties of the unbleached pulp from those five wood species were in the ranges of 42 -61 Nm/g for tensile index, 6.52 - 12.38 Nm2/kg for tear index, 2.47 - 3.20 KPa.m2/g for burst index, and 3.64 - 8.16 df for folding endurance.Viewed from physical properties that covered tensile, burst, and tear index, it turned out that balobo-wood (Diplodiscus (?)) pulp afforded the highest physical properties followed by those of kundang (Ficus variegata Bl.) and marasi (Hymenaea courbaril L.) wood species. Meanwhile, the lowest physical properties of the pulp sheet were obtained from asam jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) and kendal (Ehretia acuminata R.Br.) woods.

PENGARUH PRAHIDROLISIS TERHADAP KUALITAS PULP RAYON ACACIA MANGIUM WILLD Rena M Siagian; Jefri R S; Bedyaman T; Kayano Purba
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 6, No 4 (1989): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

Rayon grade pulping trials from Acacia mangium Willd have been studied with variation in pH and prehydrolysis time.Sulphuric. abid, water and sodium hydroxide were used as prehydrolysing agent at pH 4, 7, and 10 each were prehydrolized.for 30,and 60 minutes at 160°C. Following the prehydrolysis, the suphate pulping was conducted by using the active alkali 16%, sulphydity 25%. The maximum temperature was 170°C maintained for 90 minutes. The resulting pulps were bleached by C-E-H-E-H bleaching system and finally acidified with hydrochloric acid.The yield of unbleach pulp ranging from 37- 43% and permanganate number from 8.5 to 10.4.The increase of the prehydrolysing pH from 4 to 10 will decrease alpha cellulose content and viscosity while the beta, gamma cellulose content and alkali solubility tend to increase.The pulping trials under prehydrolysis pH 4 for 60 minutes of Acacia mangium gave the best alpha cellulose yield and lowest hemicellulose and ash content.

SIFAT PULP SODA ANTRAKINON KAYU AKASIA (ACACIA MANG/UM WILLD.) DAN AGATHIS (AGATHIS DAMMARA RICH) Kayano Purba; Putritjatur Budilistyani; Surdiding Ruhendi; Rena M Siagian
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Vol 6, No 3 (1989): Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan

The anthraquinone soda pulping trials have been conducted by using Acacia mangium Willd. and Agathis dammara Rich woods to investigate the effect of anthraquinone and its optimum usage on the pulp properties. The pulping trials have been conducted individually in a. rotary digester using soda process, with 16% of active alkali, wood to liquor ratio 1 : 4, maximum temperature 170°C and keeping the maximum temperature for two hours The anthraquinone catalyst was given in five levels, namely 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% of the weight of oven dry basis wood.The result of the investigation showed that the variation in anthraquinone used had a significant effect on the pulp yield, tear strength, tear index, stretch and permanganate number of the pulp from Acacia mangium wood. By adding the same catalyst in the pulping trials of Agathis dammara wood it was found that such treatment had a significant effect on the pulp yield, tear strength, tear index, tensile strength, tensile index, breaking length, folding endurance, and bursting strength.It was found that the addition of anthraquinone catalyst tended to increase of the pulp yield of Acacia mangium and Agathis dammara, and to decrease the permanganate number of the pulp of Acacia mangium. In general, the addition of anthraquinone catalyst is increasing the physical properties of both wood species, but decreasing the bursting strength of the Agathis dammara putp.Compared to the classification of hardwoods. from tropical forest according to Misra, based on the pulp yield, alkali consumption, permanganate number, and stretch, the Acacia mangium pulp could be categorized as the first quality class, based on the breaking length as the second quality class, and based on the folding endurance it could be categorized as the third or fourth quality class. The optimum cooking condition of Acaciamangium was obtained by add- ing of 0.05% of anthraquinone catalyst. The optimum cooking condition of Agathis dammara was obtained with 0.10% anthraquinone catalyst. Based on the Indonesia Industrial Standard (Sll.08030-83), at this level. the resulting pulp can subsitute the unbleached sulphate pulp from conifer wood.

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