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Infectious Bronchitis (IB) Disease and its Control in Chicken Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 2 (1999)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickenâs caracterized by tracheal rallies, coughing, sneezing and nasal discharge in young chicks. In addition, the disease may affect kidhney, and in laying flock there is usually a drop in egg production and quality. IB is a major negative economic importance in poultry industry because the disease causes poor weight gain and feed efficiency, mortality in young chicks, reduction in egg production and egg quality in laying flock. IB is distributed worldwide and has been reported to be present in Indonesia. IB is caused by virus of a member of Coronaviridae under genera of Coronavirus. Spreading of IB virus among chickens usually by inhalation. Diagnosis of the disease can be based on the isolation and identification of the virus using embryonated chicken eggs and trachea organ culture. There is no treatment available for IB, so the control of the disease is mainly by vaccination. The existence of multiple serotipes of IB virus requires vaccines which are represent the antigenic spectrum of field isolates. To ensure the results of vaccination program, monitoring antibody titers following vaccination is recommended. The most widely used serological test for antibody monitoring is an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Haemaglutination Inhibition (HI) test. Â Key words: IB, virus, chicken, control

The isolation of Gurnbiro virus from larvae and darkling Ivelles (Carcinops pumilin) Parede, Lies; Indriani, Risa; ., Sukarsih
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 1 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Gumboro (infectious bursal disease, IBD) virus was isolated from darkling beetles (Carrinaps pumilin) and their larvae in a commercial pulletchicken farm with repeated outbreaks incidence of Gumboro disease in Tangertng, West Java. In addition, these over populated beetles and their larvae were suspected to be infected and then shed the virus or acted as vectors. Isolation was done by repeated passages of virus using chicken embryo fibroblast cells as prime media, which then showed the evidence of cylop: ihic effecis. The isolation was followed by antigen detection by means of ELISA test. Â Key words: Gumboro disease, infectious bursal disease, darkling beetle, Carcinops punulin Â

Serotype variation among infectious bronchitis viral isolates taken from several areas of Java Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 5, No 4 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of poultry caused by virus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae. The virus consist of many serotypes with low level of cross-protectivity among serotypes. Field data showed that the outbreaks of IB were frequently reported in chicken flocks, although vaccinations against the disease have been practiced. Hence, the study on serotype relationship among isolates of the viruses is essentially required. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize IB viruses from chicken flocks in some areas of Java. Isolation of the virus was carried out in nine-day old embrionated chicken eggs and identified by means of agar gel precipitation (AGP) tests against standard antisera to IB virus. The serotypes of the IB viral isolates were determined by cross-neutralization tests in nine day old embryonated chicken eggs using r value derived from homologous and heterologous serum titres as criteria. This study obtained 12 IB viral isolates which were identified on the basis of the ability to cause lesions in chicken embryos and positive to agar gel presipitation test against standard positive antiserum to the virus. Based on the cross-neutralization tests in embryonated chicken eggs, isolate I.9 was formed to have relationship closed to Mass-41 serotype, while I.2, I. 3, and I.7 isolates were closely to the serotype of Con-46. Virus isolates (I.5, I.14, I.24, and I.25) were decided to have no serotype relationships to either Mass-41 or Con-46 serotype. Since the I.5, I.14, I.24 and I.25 isolates were not neutralized by antisera against the previous identified local infectious bronchitis viral isolates, and that were considered to be distinct serotype to the previously identified local IB viral isolates. Â Key words: Infectious bronchitis, virus, embryonated egg, cross neutralization test.

Antibody response and protection of inactivated-local isolate vaccine for infectious bronchitis in laying chicken Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 2 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of poultry caused by Coronavirus. IBV infection consists of many serotypes and can only be controlled by vaccination. An effective IB vaccine should be prepared from local isolates, due to the antigenic variation among serotypes. The aims of this research were to develop inactivated IB vaccine derived from IBV local isolate and to determine the efficacy of that vaccine in layer flocks. Five layer chicken groups were used in this experiments, group I was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine thrice, group II was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with inactivated local IBV isolate twice, group III was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with commercial inactivated twice, group IV was vaccinated with IBV live vaccine once, and group V was not vaccinated. After the chickens reached at a stable egg production they were challenged with IBV local isolates. Antibody responses were examined by means of haemagglutination hibitition (HI) test and HI titres were expressed as log2 of the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum causing inhibition of a log2 HA titre of 2. The mean titres of antibody responses of chicken in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 4.9 Â± 0.87, 6.8 Â± 0.97, 7.7 Â± 0.46, 2.9 Â± 0.94, and 2.0 Â± 1.67 respectively. The levels of protection against challenges were determined by viral isolation, this in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 63, 73, 60, 50, and 0% respectively. Clinical symptom of egg quality was slightly reduced in group I, IV, and V and it were unchanged in group II and III. Group II gave better in number of egg Â production than the other groups. The results indicated that the IBV inactivated localisolate vaccine gave high titres of Â antibody and higher protection rates than that of commercial IBV inactivated vaccine. Inaddition, IBV local isolate vaccinated group prevented from declining egg production after challenged with IBV local isolate. Â Key words: Infectious bronchitis, layer, antibody titre, vaccine, challenge virus

Antibody response and protection of inactivated-local isolate vaccine for infectious bronchitis in laying chicken Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 6, No 2 (2001)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of poultry caused by Coronavirus. IBV infection consists of many serotypes and can only be controlled by vaccination. An effective IB vaccine should be prepared from local isolates, due to the antigenic variation among serotypes. The aims of this research were to develop inactivated IB vaccine derived from IBV local isolate and to determine the efficacy of that vaccine in layer flocks. Five layer chicken groups were used in this experiments, group I was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine thrice, group II was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with inactivated local IBV isolate twice, group III was vaccinated with commercial IBV live vaccine once and repeated with commercial inactivated twice, group IV was vaccinated with IBV live vaccine once, and group V was not vaccinated. After the chickens reached at a stable egg production they were challenged with IBV local isolates. Antibody responses were examined by means of haemagglutination hibitition (HI) test and HI titres were expressed as log2 of the reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum causing inhibition of a log2 HA titre of 2. The mean titres of antibody responses of chicken in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 4.9 Â± 0.87, 6.8 Â± 0.97, 7.7 Â± 0.46, 2.9 Â± 0.94, and 2.0 Â± 1.67 respectively. The levels of protection against challenges were determined by viral isolation, this in group I, II, III, IV, and V was 63, 73, 60, 50, and 0% respectively. Clinical symptom of egg quality was slightly reduced in group I, IV, and V and it were unchanged in group II and III. Group II gave better in number of egg Â production than the other groups. The results indicated that the IBV inactivated localisolate vaccine gave high titres of Â antibody and higher protection rates than that of commercial IBV inactivated vaccine. Inaddition, IBV local isolate vaccinated group prevented from declining egg production after challenged with IBV local isolate. Â Key words: Infectious bronchitis, layer, antibody titre, vaccine, challenge virus

The development of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for detecting Injectious laryngotrachitis viral antibodies in chicken serum Indriani, Risa; Adjid, R.M Abdul; ., Darminto; Hamid, Helmy
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 7, No 2 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The aim of this study was to develop an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibody against gallid herpes virus, the causal agent of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in chicken. Its application in experimental chicken under laboratory condition was also evaluated. Results showed that ELISA for ILT was developed successfully with sensitivity and specificity was 98% and 97,14% respectively. The ELISA was able to determine the dynamic of antibodies respond in experimental chickens following vaccination and artificial infection with ILT virus. It was concluded that this ELISA offers a simple, sensitive and specific antibody assay for detection of antibodies against ILT virus in chickens arising from vaccination or infection. Â Key words: ELISA, antibody, chicken, Infectious laryngotrachitis

Comparison of sequences of hypervariable region (HVR) subunit S-1 gene of field isolate I-37 infectious bronchitis virus with Connecticut serotype Dharmayanti, N.L.P Indi; Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 8, No 2 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious Bronchitis is a contagious and acute respiratory disease in chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).Antigenic differences in IBV are associated with changes in the sequence of the spike glycoprotein (S). The subunit S1 which demonstrates more sequence variability than S-2 have been identified as hypervariable region (HVR-1 and 2). There were several IB virus field isolates included I-37 have been identified in Indonesia by serum neutralization method. However, gene sequence variation in HVR subunit S-1 had not yet been identified. Isolate I-37 was close to the serotype Connecticut 46 (Conn 46). The aim of this study is to identify sequence variation of HVR subunit S-1 gene of isolate I-37 produced by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Several procedures were carried out in the study including virus titration, propagation and was concentrated from the allantoic fluid infected with IBV. Then, RNA was extracted for RTPCR. urther the product was sequnced and its homology with IBV references from GenBank was compared by GenMac version 8.0. Result showed that isolate I-37 produced 515 bp of amplification product. Isolate I-37 and Conn 46 are same serotype, yet their HVR subunit S-1 nucleotides and amino acids (protein) differ by 6.9% and 15.6% respectively. It might be concluded that isolate I-37 was variant of Conn 46. Â Key words: Sequences variation, IBV, I-37 field isolate, HVR subunit S-1 gene

Detection of antibody responses by using haemagglutination inhibiton test and the protection titer of avian influenza virus H5N1 subtype Indriani, Risa; Dharmayanti, N.L.P.I; Wiyono, A; ., Darminto; Parede, L
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 3 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Study on the detection of antibody responses using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the protection titer to Avian influenza (AI) virus H5N1 subtype local isolate has been conducted at the Research Institute for Veterinary Science (RIVS). A total number of 50 village chicken (10 chicken served as un-injected controls) and 30 quail were injected intramuscularly with inactivated virus of AI H5N1 subtype local isolate. Serum samples were collected 3 weeks after injection and were tested using haemagglutination inhibition tests. The correlation between antibody titer and its protection to AI virus H5N1 local isolate were measured by challenging the birds with AI virus H5N1 local isolate The HI test was then used to determine field serum samples. A total number of 48 village chicken from three (3) Districts (Bekasi, Tangerang and Bogor) and 96 quails from two (2) farms in District of Sukabumi which were all vaccinated with commercial AI adjuvant vaccine were sampled. The study revealed that village chicken and quails showed antibody responses after 3 weeks vaccination and that titer of â¥ 3 log 2 was able to protect chicken and quails when they were challenged with local isolate virus. Based on this result, village chicken field samples from Districts of Tangerang, Bekasi and Bogor showed antibody titer which will protect 50, 100 and 85% of the flocks respectively. While quail field samples from Farm I and Farm II in District of Sukabumi showed antibody titer which will protect 60-100% and 0-80% of the flocks respectively. It is concluded that the study has successfully measured antibody titer to AI virus H5N1 subtype which protect village chicken and quails from local isolate virus challenge so that the results will be used to analyze field serum samples after vaccination program to eradicate AI from Indonesia. Â Key words: Antibody responses, haemagglutination inhibition test, protection titer, AI virus H5N1subtype

Pathogenicity and immunogenicity local isolat infectious laryngo tracheitis virus Indriani, Risa; Hamid, Helmy; Adjid, R.M Abdul; Saepulloh, Muharam
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 9, No 2 (2004)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute and contagious respiratory diseases of chicken. The virus is Gallid herpes and belong to family herpesviridae. Two local strains of ILT virus those were BGR-6 and BKS-3 were isolated and their pathogenicity and immunogenicity were further observed after five time pareses on coris allantoic of specific pathogenic free embryonated eggs. The pathogenicity of both isolates to be possible for use as seed vaccine were detected based on pathogenicity indices and antibody response. Experimental specific pathogenic free chicken in isolator cages were infected by the isolates using103EID50. ILT virus per dose. Clinical syndromes, pathological anatomic lesions, and immunological response were observed in the infected chickens and another group at uninfected chickens as a control. Results showed that either BGR-6 or BKS-3 caused clinical signs with ITPI scores of 0,05 and 0,03 respectively and there were no mortality of infected chickens. The top antibody responces of BGR-6 and BKS-3 were observed at OD 0.90 and 0.44 respectively. It can be concluded that BGR-6 and BBS-3 had low ITPI scores, but BGR-6 gave higher antibody response and can be used as a candidate for seed vaccine. Â Key words: Infectious laryngotracheitis, ILT, BGR-6, BKS-3, pathogenicity, immunogenicity

Characterisation of enzymatic activities of H5N1 influenza virus Tarigan, Simson; Indriani, Risa; ., Darminto
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 2 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

One of the two glycoproteins projected from the surface of the influenza virus is identified as neuraminidase. This enzyme enables the virus to spread in the host, and therefore it plays vital roles in the viral pathogenicity. From the viewpoint of disease control, neuraminidase is used as the target for the development of anti-flu drugs, and for the development of diagnostic test to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Since the roles of the enzyme are very important, information regarding the characteristics and the procedure to measure its activity, which is the purpose of this study, is essential. The optimum incubation time of the neuraminidase-substrate (fetuin) reaction and the optimum pH of the buffer were determined. The stability of the enzyme against heating, supplementation or chelating of calcium ion, and b-propiolactone treatment were analysed. This study showed that neuraminidase from H5N1-influenza virus was, in regards to the characteristics investigated in this study, was comparable to that from Clostridium perfringens. The optimum incubation time for the viral and Clostridial neuraminidases were 60 and 30 minutes, respectively; whereas, the optimum pH for both neuraminidase was 6-7. At pH 8, both neuraminidase were inactive. Supplementation of calcium ion tended to increase activity but chelating of the cation did not have any observable effects. Treatment with 0.2% b-propiolactone for 6 hours reduced the activity, whereas heating at 60Â°C for 60 minutes abolished all activity. Since inactivation by b-propiolactone is partially only, neuraminidase assay could be performed safely in ordinary laboratories using b-propiolactone-treated-influenza virus, rather than the life virus. The thermolabile nature of the enzyme will complicate any attempt to purify the enzyme. Key Words: H5N1, Neuraminidase, Stability, Thiobarbituric Assay

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