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All Journal e-Journal Pustaka Kesehatan Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian STOMATOGNATIC- Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi JMM (Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri) SELAPARANG: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) Lamahu: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Terintegrasi Kartika : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung: Sains Farmasi dan Kesehatan
Dwi Nurahmanto
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemistry Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Pengaruh Propilen Glikol dalam Patch Dispersi Padat Ketoprofen terhadap Karakteristik Fisika Kimia dan Laju Penetrasinya Lidya Ameliana; Haris Raudhatuzakinah Dwiputri; Dwi Nurahmanto
Pustaka Kesehatan Vol 6 No 2 (2018)
Publisher : UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/pk.v6i2.7572

Abstract

Ketoprofen is a non steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used as analgesic and anti-inflammation. This research had been done by ketoprofen patch preparation and evaluations aiming to enhance its penetration through the skin using propylene glycol as penetration enhancer. Evaluations included homogenity testing and FTIR for ketoprofen solid dispersion and organoleptic, weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, moisture content, and penetration rate assay of ketoprofen patch. Penetration rate was determined by paddle type dissolution and the sample was analyzed by spectrophotometry UV-Vis. The value of moisture content and penetration rate were analyzed by One Way ANOVA with confidence level of 95 %. The value of moisture contents were F0 1.17 ± 0.0551 %; F1 1.27 ± 0.0208 %; F2 1.33 ± 0.08 %; and F3 1.43 ± 0.0208 %. The penetration rates of ketoprofen were F0 0.5258 ± 0.0191 µg/cm2.minute; F1 0.6935 ± 0.0613 µg/cm2.minute; F1 0.6935 ± 0.0613 µg/cm2.minute; and F3 1.1260 ± 0.0850 µg/cm2.minute. It can be concluded that the formula with propylene glycol 150 mg/patch can deliver the best penetration rate and moisture content that were fullfill the requirements. Keywords: ketoprofen, patch, propilen glikol, penetratio enhancer, solid dispersion
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAKDAUN BENALU NANGKA (Macrosolencochinchinensis (Lour.) van Tiegh) DALAM MENCEGAH PERTUMBUHAN TUMOR PARU MENCIT BETINA Dwi Nurahmanto; Edy Meiyanto
STOMATOGNATIC - Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Vol 10 No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Jember

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Abstract

Cancer was ranked first as the cause of death in all over the world. Chemopreventive sought from traditional preparations for example, various types of plant parasites. This study aims to determine the chemopreventive activity of aqueous extract of leaves of parasites jackfruit ( Macrosolen cochinchinensis ( Lour. ) van Tiegh ) on the growth of lung tumors of mice ( Mus musculus ) female strain Balb / c induced benzo [a ] pyrene . This research was conducted using the method Newborn Mice. Test animals used female mice (Mus musculus) strain BALB / c and benzo [ a] pyrene as carcinogenic compounds. Female mice were divided into 5 groups. Cancer control group were injected with B [ a] P were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide ( DMSO ) . Solvent control group was given the same volume of DMSO in the control of cancer. The treatment group was divided into three dose groups are a dose of 250, 500, and 750 mg / kg . Extract made after female mice induced B [a] P. Chemopreventive intensity expressed as percentage inhibition of tumors in each group by counting the number of tumor nodules on average per lung in each mouse organs within each group. Statistical analysis used is the analysis of Test homogenity of variances and continued with Mann- Whitney Test. Parasite jackfruit leaf aqueous extract (Macrosolencochincinensis (Lour.) van Tiegh) dose of I, II, and III were able to inhibit development into lung of female mice with the percentage inhibition respectively 50 %, 36.87 %, and 84.57 % .
DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK OLAHAN TANAMAN BERKHASIAT OBAT GUNA MENDUKUNG TERWUJUDNYA DESA SENTRA HERBAL Iqbal Erdiansyah; Eliyatiningsih Eliyatiningsih; Dwi Nurahmanto; Vega Kartika Sari
JMM (Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri) Vol 5, No 5 (2021): Oktober
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (460.047 KB) | DOI: 10.31764/jmm.v5i5.5316

Abstract

Abstrak: Kecamatan Silo merupakan penghasil jahe terbesar di Kabupaten Jember. Pembuatan produk olahan herbal berpotensi dikembangkan sejalan dengan berkembangnya kesadaran hidup sehat. Animo masyarakat terhadap produk olahan herbal dapat ditingkatkan dengan adanya variasi produk dari berbagai komoditi herbal. Permasalahan dalam pengembangan produk herbal di Desa Pace, Silo, Jember antara lain pengetahuan yang terbatas dalam mengolah herbal sesuai standar dan perlunya menambah variasi produk. Kemampuan ibu-ibu anggota KWT Srikandi dalam melakukan manajemen pemasaran juga perlu ditingkatkan. Pelatihan pengolahan herbal bertujuan agar anggota KWT dapat memproduksi olahan herbal terstandar dan meningkatkan omzet penjualan. Kegiatan pelatihan dilakukan dengan cara sosialisasi dan praktek. Mitra yang terlibat pada kegiatan ini yaitu anggota KWT Srikandi sebanyak 25 orang. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan cara memantau secara berkala kualitas produk dan hasil penjualan secara offline maupun online. Hasil dari pelatihan menunjukkan peningkatan keterampilan dalam pembuatan produk olahan sebesar 28,6%, peningkatan keterampilan dalam menajemen pemasaran sebesar 37,6%, dan peningkatan omzet penjualan sirup herbal sebasar 875.000/ bulan. Abstract: Silo District is the largest producer of ginger in Jember Regency. Herbal products has the potential to be developed in line with the development of awareness of healthy living. The public's interest in herbal products can be increased by the variety of products from various herbal commodities. Problems in the development herbal products in Pace Village, Silo, Jember include limited knowledge in processing herbs according to standards and increasing product variety. The ability of the members of KWT Srikandi in marketing management also needs to be improved. This training aims to enable KWT members to produce standardized herbal and increase sales revenue. Training activities are carried out by means of socialization and practice. Partners involved were 25 members. Monitoring is carried out periodically on product quality and sales results both offline and online. The results showed an increase in product processing skills by 28.6%, marketing management by 37.6%, and sales revenue of herbal syrup by 875,000/month.
PEMBIBITAN TANAMAN HERBAL DI DESA PACE KECAMATAN SILO KABUPATEN JEMBER GUNA MENUJU DESA SENTRA HERBAL Iqbal Erdiansyah; Eliyatiningsih Eliyatiningsih; Dwi Nurahmanto; Vega Kartika Sari
SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan Vol 4, No 1 (2020): November
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (110.545 KB) | DOI: 10.31764/jpmb.v4i1.2869

Abstract

ABSTRAKKecamatan Silo merupakan penghasil jahe terbesar di Kabupaten Jember pada Tahun 2017. Anggota Gapoktan di Desa Pace pernah sukses memproduksi kunyit hingga 10 ton. Cabe jawa telah dibudidayakan seluas 10 ha. Temulawak dan kencur juga dibudidayakan pada luasan yang lebih rendah. Hal tersebut menunjukkan Desa Pace berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sentra herbal di Kabupaten Jember. Di Desa Pace terdapat Gabungan Kelompok Tani (Gapoktan) Suka Maju yang beranggotan 9 kelompok tani dan satu kelompok wanita tani yang hingga kini aktif mendukung berkembangnya pertanian setempat melalui budidaya kopi dan berbagai komoditi herbal. Permasalahan dalam pengembangan dan produksi herbal di Desa Pace antara lain masih terbatasnya petani yang membudidayakan herbal sesuai GAP, sehingga tanaman herbal masih sebagai komoditi sampingan. Kegiatan diawali dari survei lahan dan pembangunan Rumah Pembibitan, dilanjutkan sosialisasi dan pendampingan budidaya aneka herbal sesuai GAP, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas produksi agar produk yang dihasilkan terstandar. Peserta berjumlah 25 orang perwakilan dari tiap kelompok tani dan mendapatkan buku saku berisi SOP budidaya herbal, 2 paket polibag, dan bibit aneka tanaman herbal. Hasil kegiatan ini ialah anggota gapoktan memahami cara membudidayakan aneka tanaman herbal sesuai GAP dan dari hasil evaluasi 80% anggota gapoktan telah mempraktekkan di pekarangan rumah masing-masing. Kata kunci: pembibitan; tanaman herbal; desa pace; sentra herbal. ABSTRACTSilo District is the largest ginger producer in Jember Regency on 2017. The Gapoktan members in Pace had successfully produced up to 10 tons of turmeric. Chilies have been cultivated at 10 hectare. Temulawak and kencur are also cultivated at a lower area. This shows that Pace Village has the potential to be developed as an herbal center in Jember Regency. In Pace Village, there is the Association of Farmer Groups (Gapoktan) Suka Maju that has been actively supporting the development of local agriculture through the cultivation of coffee and various herbal commodities. Problems in the development and production of herbs in Pace Village include the limited number of farmers who cultivate herbs and comply with GAP, so that herbal plants are still a side commodity. The activity begins with a land survey and the construction of a nursery, continued with socialization and assistance for herbal cultivation according to GAP, which aims to increase the quantity and quality of production so that the products produced are standardized. Participants from each farmer group received a pocket book containing SOP for herbal cultivation, 2 polybag packages, and seeds of various herbal plants. The results of this activity is that Gapoktan members understand how to cultivate various herbal plants according to GAP and from the evaluation results of 80% Gapoktan members have practiced them in their respective yards. Keywords: nurseries; herbal plants; pace village; herbal center.
FORMULASI TABLET HISAP ANTIHIPERKOLESTEROL EKSTRAK DAUN Guazuma ulmifolia L. DAN EKSTRAK BUNGA Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Dwi Nurahmanto; Nuri Nuri; Ika Puspita Sari
PHARMACY: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia (Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia) Jurnal Pharmacy, Vol. 13 No. 02 Desember 2016
Publisher : Pharmacy Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

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Abstract

Daun Jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia L.) dan bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) telah digunakan secara tradisional untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol yang tinggi (hiperkolesterolemia). Kedua herbal ini mengandung senyawa yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol, dengan mekanisme yang mungkin berbeda. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi dari ekstrak daun Jati belanda dan bunga rosella mampu mengurangi konsentrasi plasma kolesterol, trigliserida, LDL, meningkatkan konsentrasi plasma HDL, dan menurunkan berat tubuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi kedua ekstrak yang diformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet hisap. Ekstrak dibuat granul dengan metode granulasi basah dalam tiga formula, yaitu F1, F2, dan F3 dengan komposisi bahan pengisi yang berbeda. Pengisi F1 hanya digunakan laktosa, F2 terdiri dari laktosa dan sukrosa sama banyak dan F3 hanya digunakan sukrosa. Hasil evaluasi granul menunjukkan bahwa semua formula memenuhi persyaratan sifat aliran dan kelembaban. Hasil evaluasi tablet menunjukkan bahwa semua formula memenuhi persyaratan kekerasan, hanya F2 yang memenuhi persyaratan kerapuhan, dan F2 yang paling disukai oleh para relawan. Jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia L.) leaves and rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) flowers have been used traditionally for lowering high levels of cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia). Both of these herbs contain compounds that can decrease high levels cholesterol, possibly by different mechanisms. The results of previous studies showed that combinations of Jati belanda leaves and rosella flowers extracts were able to reduce plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, increased the plasma concentration of HDL, and lowering body weight. In this study, combination of both extract were formulated into antihypercholesterolemia lozenges. First, extracts were made granules by wet granulation method in three formulas, namely F1, F2, and F3 with different filler composition. The filler of F1 was lactose, F2 filler of consisted of lactose and sucrose in the same ratio, and F3 only used sucrose as filler. The result of granule evaluation showed that all formulas comply the requirements of flow properties and humidity. The result of tablets evaluation indicated that all formulas comply the requirements of hardness, but only the F2 comply the requirements of fragility, and F2 is most preferred by volunteers.
Optimasi Jumlah Etil Selulosa dan Kecepatan Pengadukan dalam Preparasi Hollow Microspheres Kaptopril Eka Deddy Irawan; Taffana Windy Hananta; Dwi Nurahmanto
Pustaka Kesehatan Vol 10 No 1 (2022): Volume 10 No.1, 2022
Publisher : UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/pk.v10i1.11912

Abstract

Captopril is an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor (ACE Inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension. It has been reported that the duration of antihypertensive action after a single oral dose of captopril is only 6–8 h, specific absorption in the stomach, stable at acidic pH and degraded at high pH. These indicate a promising potential of the captopril hollow microspheres system as an alternative to the conventional dosage form. The preparation method used in this study is non-aqueous solvent evaporation. This study aims to determine the amount of ethyl cellulose (EC) and stirring speed to produce hollow microspheres having entrapment efficiency (EE), buoyancy and particle size maximum. Determination of the optimum hollow formula microspheres captopril uses a design factorial of two factors at two levels. The factors used in this study were the amount of EC and stirring speed, while the observed response was EE, buoyancy and particle size. The chosen optimum formula will be verified and characterized (yield, SEM, FT-IR). Formula AB was the optimum formula with EE 90.68%, buoyancy 81.52% and particle size 267.10µm. The verification obtained results in accordance with the prediction of the Design-Expert software. The characterization results obtained a yield value of 98.33%, with a spherical shape, uneven surface morphology, and hollow core. The results of FT-IR analysis showed that there was no interaction between the drug and polymer used in the formulation.
Optimasi Hidroksipropil Metilselulosa K-4M dan Carbopol® 940 pada Sediaan Patch Dispersi Padat Piroksikam Dwi Nurahmanto; Nurul Shalikha; Lidya Ameliana
Kartika : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Vol 5 No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26874/kjif.v5i2.121

Abstract

Abstrak Piroksikam merupakan anti inflamasi non steroid (AINS) turunan oksikam yang berkhasiat sebagai analgesik dan antiinflamasi digunakan untuk pengobatan rheumatoid arthritis dan osteoarthritis. Piroksikam menyebabkan masalah pada saluran cerna dan first pass metabolism yang dapat dihindari dengan cara pemberian transdermal patch. Salah satu komponen patch yaitu polimer yang berfungsi untuk mengontrol kecepatan pelepasan obat dari sediaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan komposisi terbaik dari kombinasi polimer hidroksipropil metilselulosa (HPMC) dan Carbopol terhadap % moisture content (MC) dan flux pelepasan sediaan transdermal patch dispersi padat piroksikam dengan rancangan formula Simplex Lattice Design. Piroksikam dibuat dalam bentuk dispersi padat dengan pembawa PEG 4000 untuk meningkatkan kelarutannya. Rancangan formula patch dispersi padat piroksikam dibuat dengan menggunakan tiga polimer Etil selulosa:HPMC:carbopol dimana yang divariasikan adalah perbandingan HPMC : Carbopol yaitu 1 : 0 ; 0,5 : 0,5 ; 0 : 1. Hasil uji menunjukkan ketiga formula memenuhi persyaratan keseragaman kadar dengan rentang keseragaman 3,735 – 97,349 %. Hasil juga menunjukkan formula 3 menghasilkan patch yang lebih tebal, pH permukaan patch lebih rendah, nilai % moisture content lebih besar dan nilai flux lebih tinggi dibandingkan formula 2 dan formula 3, Formula 3 mempunyai nilai % moisture content yang memenuhi persyaratan sebesar 6,613% dan nilai flux pelepasa yang paling bagus sebesar 32,562 µg/cm2.menit1/2. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan formula 1 memiliki keseragaman bobot lebih baik dibandingkan formula 2 dan formula 3. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi optimum dari kombinasi polimer HPMC dan Carbopol pada sediaan patch dispersi padat piroksikam yaitu formula dengan komposisi polimer HPMC sebanyak 0 mg dan Carbopol sebanyak 75 mg. Kata kunci:     Dispersi padat, patch piroksikam, HPMC, Carbopol Optimization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose K-4M and  Carbopol® 940 in Solid Dispersion Piroxicam Patch Abstract Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSA) oxysmic derivative as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Piroxicam causes problems in the gastrointestinal tract and first pass metabolism that can be avoided by giving transdermal patches. One of the patch components is a polymer that serves to control the speed of drug release from the preparation. The present study was conducted to determine the best composition of the combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol polymers against% moisture content (MC) and fluxes release of the pyroxicam dispersion transdermal patch dispersion with the design of the Simplex Lattice Design formula. Piroxicam is prepared in the form of a solid dispersion with a PEG 4000 carrier to increase its solubility. The design of a pyroxicam solid dispersion patch formulation was prepared using three ethyl cellulose polymers: HPMC: carbopol wherein the HPMC ratio is computed: Carbopol is 1: 0; 0.5: 0.5; 0: 1. The test results show the three formulas meet the requirements of uniformity of the content with a uniformity range of 3.735 - 97.349%. the results also show formula 3 resulting in thicker patches, lower patch pH surfaces, greater moisture content values and higher flux values than formula 2 and formula 3, Formula 3 has a moisture content value of 6.613% the finest fl ux flux of 32,562 μg / cm2.menit1 / 2. The results also show that formula 1 has better weight uniformity than formula 2 and formula 3. It can be concluded that the optimum composition of HPMC and Carbopol polymer combinations in the preparation of piroxicam solid dispersion patch is a formula with HPMC polymer composition as 0 mg and Carbopol as much as 75 mg.. Key words:      solid dispersion, piroxicam patch, HPMC, Carbopol
Optimasi Polyvinilpyrolidone K-30 dan Sodium Starch Glycolate pada Tablet Likuisolid Simvastatin dengan Desain Faktorial Nursatriya, Agne Yuliana; Sari, Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala; Nurahmanto, Dwi
Pustaka Kesehatan Vol 11 No 3 (2023): Volume 11 No.3, 2023
Publisher : UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/pk.v11i3.18320

Abstract

The liquisolid technique is one way to increase the drug dissolution rate, which has low solubility in water and can improve drug flow properties. This research aims to determine the optimum composition of a combination of polymer PVP K-30 and SSG on a liquisolid simvastatin tablet with a factorial design. The factorial design method is used to determine the effect of the concentration of two factors, namely PVP K-30 and SSG, on the response of hardness, friability, disintegration time, and dissolution. PVP K-30 acts as a binder, and SSG works as a disintegration, determines the optimum formula using expert design software version 1. The result showed that all formulas meet the requirements of hardness values (4-8 kg), friability (<1%), disintegration time of no more than 15 minutes, and dissolution in 30 minutes. The use of PVP K-30 concentration of 6 mg and SSG 24 mg indicated the optimum formula with a desirability value of 0,806.
Optimasi Tween 80 dan PEG 400 dalam Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Antibakteri dari Minyak Daun Kemangi Andriyani, Novia; Nurahmanto, Dwi; Kumala Sari, Lusia Oktora Ruma
Pustaka Kesehatan Vol 12 No 2 (2024): Volume 10 No.2, 2024
Publisher : UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/pk.v12i2.22583

Abstract

Basil has antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi with essential oils as active compounds. However, its volatile and hydrophobic nature makes it difficult to dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract so a self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is needed. The study aimed to determine the effect of changes in the concentration and interaction of Tween 80 and PEG 400 on the percent transmittance response and emulsification time in SNEDDS of basil leaf oil. This research optimized of Tween 80 and PEG 400 using basil leaf oil as the oil phase with the percent transmittance response and emulsification time, then verified, characterized the organoleptic, pH, particle size, size distribution, and antibacterial activity. The concentration of Tween 80 and of PEG 400 would increase the percent transmittance and decrease the emulsification time. The interaction between two substances can decrease the percent transmittance and increase the emulsification time. The prediction software design expert 11 SNEDDS optimum formula namely Tween 80 2.05 ml and PEG 400 1.35 ml. The characteristics of the optimum formula produced were clear yellow with a distinctive basil aroma, pH 6.93±0.02, particle size 183.3±0.21 nm, and PI 0.341±0.02. SNEDDS of basil leaf oil inhibits S. typhi with an inhibition zone of 19.22 ± 0.01 mm.
PENGARUH PERBEDAAN CHEMICAL PENETRATION ENHANCER PADA PENETRASI TRANSDERMAL PATCH PROMETAZIN HCL Dwi Nurahmanto
Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung Vol 2 No 2 (2016): Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung
Publisher : jurnal ilmiah manuntung sekolah tinggi ilmu kesehatan samarinda

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51352/jim.v2i2.68

Abstract

This research aims is to create a promethazine HCl patch transdermal drug delivery systems with the most excellent penetration. Transdermal drug delivery can be efficiently used for the active agents which undergo rapid first pass metabolism and oral absorption is often disrupted by nausea and vomiting, hence the transdermal patches of promethazine HCl were prepared by using different penetration enhancers,  propylene glycol, oleic acid and isopropyl alcohol. The prepared formulations were evaluated for thickness, weight variation, moisture content, drug content, morphology, and in vitro permeation studies. The patch morphology studies were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The amount of promethazine HCl transfered by propylene glycol  25.77 ± 3.0396 ug, isopropil alcohol 25.758 ± 2.9022 ug and oleic acid 25.017 ± 8.1300 ug. The penetration of promethazine HCl patch with oleic acid enhancer, produce the highest penetration than isopropil alcohol and propylene glycol. there was no difference in penetration using propylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol. Oleic acid is the best enhancer for preparations patch containing promethazine HCl although the amount of promethazine HCl contained is the least. The whole formulations comply with the  patch dosage requirements
Co-Authors A., Mohammad Zulfikhar Ali Djamhuri Ameliana, Lidya Andriyani, Novia Arafika, Whendy Waliya Aslyni Putri Suranina Barus Azis, Rani Firda Nur Imaniah Azis, Rani Firda Nur Imaniah Baiq Wahyudyati Karnia Qisti Budipratiwi Wisudiyaningsih Dessy Dwi Risky Ayuningtias desy diana sari Edy Meiyanto Edy Meiyanto Eka Deddy Irawan Eliyatiningsih, Eliyatiningsih Evi Umayah Ulfa Feny Dhea Camelia Friska Wira Sabrina Gazzali, Amirah Mohd Haris Raudhatuzakinah Dwiputri Ifa Rosi Mahrifah Ika Puspitasari Kristine Dwi Puspitasari Kumala Sari, Lusia Oktora Ruma Lina Winarti Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala Sari Maharani Dwi Pratiwi Mahrifah, Ifa Rosi Mahrifah, Ifa Rosi Nofia Elisa Putri Nuri Nuri Nursatriya, Agne Yuliana Nurul Shalikha Paramayuda, Farukh R.K.S., Lusia Oktora Rani Firda Nur Imaniah Azis Sabrina, Friska Wira Sabrina, Friska Wira Shalikha, Nurul Taffana Windy Hananta Vega Kartika Sari Viddy Agustian Rosyidi