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The Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Indonesia: The Importance of Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) Vol 1, No 2 (2014): PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran University

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AbstractThis article aims to analyse how the Indonesian government complies with obligations enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Furthermore, this study will assess how the national law provides justiciability as well as redress if the violations of socio-economic rights occur. The protection of socio-economic rights in Indonesia is enshrined in the Constitution, the Human Rights Law Act, and other thematic acts; such as the Children Protection Act, Labour Act, etc. However, some violations have occurred these days both by commission and omission of the government, such as in the Lapindo and Mesuji case. These two cases show that the rights to adequate housing, work, health, healthy environment, and rights to land have been severely violated. In the case of Lapindo, the decision of the court regarding the violations of socio-economic rights was unreasonable; they did not even put the element of tort into consideration for their decision concerning the human rights norm. For the second case, the process of legal settlement is still ongoing. Thus, the government has to establish a comprehensive policy to redress the violation of the socio-economic rights as these rights are not justiciable before the national law. If national law does not provide enforcing element, citizens will have no place to file a complaint for the violation of socio-economic rights. The Optional Protocol to the (OP to the ICESCR) provides individual communication to the Committee (CESCR). Reflecting from the cases of Lapindo and Mesuji, this paper will elaborate how the OP to the ICESCR guarantees the justiciability of socio-economic rights.Keywords: individual communication, justiciability, economic and social rights, state obligation, Committee CESCR.Â Justisiabilitas Hak-hak Ekonomi dan Sosial di Indonesia: Pentingnya Meratifikasi Protokol Tambahan Kovenan Internasional Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (KIHESB)AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kepatuhan pemerintah Indonesia terhadap kewajiban memenuhi hak ekonomi, sosial dan budaya (ekosob). Selain itu artikel ini akan menguji bagaimana hukum nasional menyediakan justisiabilitas termasuk ganti rugi jika pelanggaran terjadi. Perlindungan hak ekosob di Indonesia terdapat dalam berbagai hukum nasional, seperti Undang-undang Dasar Tahun 1945, Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia, serta undang-undang tematik lainnya (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak, Perburuhan dan lain-lain). Meskipun demikian pelanggaran hak bidang ekosob masih sering terjadi baik secara sengaja maupun lalai, antara lain kasus lumpur Lapindo dan kasus Mesuji. Pemerintah harus mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bersifat komprehensif untuk penegakan hukum dalam hal terjadi pelanggaran hak ekosob, karena hak-hak ini tidak dapat diadili dalam hukum nasional. Jika hukum nasional memiliki unsur penegak hukum tersebut, maka warga negara tidak dapat mengajukan komplain atas pelanggaran. Protokol Tambahan atas Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya (OP) menyediakan komunikasi individual kepada Komite Ekosob (CESCR). Berkaca dari kasus lumpur Lapindo dan Mesuji, maka artikel ini akan memperinci bagaimana Protokol Tambahan akan menjamin justisiabilitas hak ekosob warga negara.Kata Kunci: komunikasi individual, justisiabilitas, hak-hak ekonomi dan sosial, kewajiban negara, komite CESCR.Â DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v1n2.a8

MESUJI CASE: IS THERE A VIOLATION OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS? THE AVAILABILITY OF JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT MECHANISM ON THE VIOLATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS IN INDONESIA Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Kusumo, Ayub Torry Satriyo; Sasmini, Sasmini
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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This article focuses on the factors triggering the Mesuji conflict and the similar cases happening in Indonesia. In addition, this paper seeks to find the available settlement alternatives which can be used to solve the conflict. The study will take a long, hard look on state practices (South Africa and India) concerning on the settlement of the economic and social (socio-economic) rights. The conclusion drawn is that a conflict involving society’s rights and interests should be solved in a comprehensive way. It cannot be solved only by litigation or non-litigation procedures. The Government should establish a policy concerning the regulation on the land expropriation. Also the government should monitor the implementation of the regulation in order to prevent from the abuses carried out by third parties (companies). Thus, the government will protect the socio-economic rights of the society

Between Public and Communal Interests: A Legality Issue Forced Evictions Occuring in Jakarta Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
Indonesia Law Review
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Forced evictions are considered as a “global epidemic” since they occur in several countries regardless of the states’ development level. The private ownership issues and the development issues are examples of rationales behind forced evictions. Under the human rights regime, states are obliged to refrain from any eviction, moreover, the states are required to adopt measures preventing forced evictions from happening or provide the victims with legal mechanisms to challenge the policies if evictions occur. International law prohibits forced evictions and offers a guideline for forced eviction triggered by development. This paper will investigate the legality of forced evictions happening in Jakarta, Indonesia and critically examine the reason of “public interest” proffered by the authorities as to whether the forced evictions are in contrary to the international obligations to which Indonesia has subscribed or whether it can be justified by the wider public interests reasoning. The author argues that in the name of development, a conflict of interests between a larger public interest and the interest of the evicted community may occur. Since forced evictions are associated with violations of human rights, especially the right to adequate housing, therefore the interests of both public and community should be given more attention particularly if forced evictions cannot be avoided.

Meningkatkan Daya Ikat Hukum Internasional: Kajian Filosofis -, Sasmini -; Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Rahayu, Sri Lestari; Latifah, Emmy -; Adiastuti, Anugrah
Simbur Cahaya Volume 29 Nomor 1, Juni 2022
Publisher : Universitas Sriwijaya

Daya ikat hukum internasional banyak mendapatkan tantangan dengan berbagai pelanggaran atas hukum internasional yang penyelesaiannya masih sarat dengan kepentingan politik negara. Tulisan ini mengkaji dua pertanyaan fundamental dalam hukum internasional, yaitu apa dasar atau landasan filosofis daya ikat Hukum Internasional bagi negara?; dan bagaimana negara-negara terikat dan patuh pada norma-norma Hukum Internasional dalam praktek masyarakat internasional kontemporer?. Hasil analisis menyimpulkan bahwa walaupun hukum internasional sebagai suatu sistem hukum diakui dan dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat internasional, namun demikian masih terdapat kelemahan utamanya dalam hal kekuatan mengikatnya. Realitanya, hukum internasional tetap ada dan semakin diperlukan untuk mengatur hubungan-hubungan internasional yang semakin kompleks dan itulah yang menjadi dasar mengikat HI bagi masyarakat internasional. Dalam rangka meningkatkan lagi legitimasi hukum internasional, maka sistem hukum internasional harus memberikan lebih banyak kesempatan kepada negara-negara berkembang dan NGO untuk mengekspresikan sudut pandang mereka dalam negosiasi di tingkat internasional serta prosedur pengambilan keputusan dari organisasi internasional.

The Legal Protection of the Digital Platform Workers in Indonesia Aminuddin, Nur Afifah; Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
Indonesian Journal of Law and Society Vol 4 No 2 (2023): Environmental Justice, Gig Economy, and Human Rights In Contemporary Society
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Jember, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/ijls.v4i2.41915

This study analyzes labor law arrangements in Indonesia, Germany and United Kingdom, mainly how several countries protect digital platform workers. Furthermore, this research evaluates the implementation of such a law to advance labor law in Indonesia in protecting digital platforms workers. This research used normative legal analysis, employing a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach with Germany and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that the dynamics of new employment status or partnership working relationships and workers’ flexibility in the gig economy phenomenon are not only found in Indonesia. Several countries, for example, Germany and United Kingdom, have found strategies to tackle this phenomenon. The government can address the above employment problems in two approaches: via court decisions and amending or revising relevant legislation. Classifying the status of employment relationships in this new phenomenon is crucial for implementation in Indonesia. In the future, such classification can be used as a reference in developing Indonesian Labor Law. The government should consider the necessary substantive protections for workers, from flexible working arrangements to creating new standards more responsive to the structure of growing organizations and the emergence of algorithmic management.

PEMENUHAN HAK AKSES ATAS INFORMASI VAKSIN COVID-19 BAGI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS Firdausy, Adriana Grahani; Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Sasmini, Sasmini
Masalah-Masalah Hukum Vol 53, No 1 (2024): MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/mmh.53.1.2024.12-22

Sampai pada tahun 2023, Jumlah penyandang disabilitas yang telah menerima vaksin Covid-19 masih dapat dikatakan rendah. Kurangnya akses terkait dengan informasi atas vaksin Covid 19 mungkin merupakan salah satu penyebab rendahnya jumlah vaksinasi terhadap kelompok ini. Penelitian ini akan mengevaluasi bagaimana pemerintah Indonesia menjamin dan memenuhi hak akses vaksin Covid-19 bagi penyandang disabilitas, dengan menganalisis penyelenggaraan program vaksinasi pada empat wilayah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sosio-legal dengan pendekatan interdisipliner. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah telah menjamin hak akses atas informasi penyandang disabilitas melalui peraturan perundang-undangan baik di tingkat pusat maupun daerah. Beberapa kendala yang ditemukan antara lain kepastian ketersediaan data penyandang disabilitas dan persebaran hoaks dalam komunitas penyandang disabilitas.

Achieving Fair and Equal Access to Vaccination for Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia: A Lesson Learned from the Vaccination Programme in the COVID-19 Outbreak Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Sasmini, Sasmini; Firdausy, Adriana Grahani
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jseahr.v8i2.35534

The World Health Organisation has recommended that its member states conduct national vaccination programs based on fair and equal access principles. COVID-19 has had more severe impacts on persons with disabilities (PwDs). This article focuses on how the provisions of international human rights instruments obligate countries to provide vaccination for PwDs. Further, these provisions will be used to analyse the law and policy adopted by the Indonesian government related to the vaccination program designed for this group. This article used both normative/doctrinal and empirical legal research methods. Based on international human rights law, access to vaccines and medical technology are elements of the right to health under the AAAQ principles. Member states should consider groups’ vulnerabilities, risks, and needs when designing the vaccination program. Some groups risk experiencing a more significant burden from the pandemic due to underlying social, geographic, or biomedical factors. PwDs are people coming from diverse backgrounds. Thus, the challenges they face will vary according to age diversity, gender, types of disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and migration status. The results show that Indonesia, during the first vaccine rollout, did not explicitly mention disability as a priority. PwDs have experienced barriers in accessing vaccination due to a few persistent problems. In the future, national vaccination programs should include measures to overcome such barriers and ensure that PwDs have equal access to the vaccine and other healthcare services. Such access will enable the fulfilment of the right to health of the PwDs as guaranteed both under international human rights law and domestic law. In addition, future healthcare policy should put PwDs at the centre and address the unique needs and preferences of disabled people, including their cultural and language requirements. Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccine, Persons with Disability, Equal Access, Indonesia

The Impact of a Legally Flawed Court Decision on a Good and Healthy Environment for the Awyu Tribe (Study of Decision Number 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN.JPR) Pangastuti, Dimas; Kusumawati, Erna Dyah
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 5 No. 4 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v5i4.1697

The 5th rank held by Indonesia regarding the number of children with stunted growth is a reflection of the unfulfilled right to a good and healthy environment for the community, healthy and cheap food and adequate nutrition for pregnant women. The State's obligation to guarantee the fundamental rights of Indonesian citizens as mandated by the constitution Article 28 H Paragraph 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia tends not to be felt, especially by people living in remote lands of Indonesia, especially Papua. This article will analyze whether in substance the environmental impact analysis document of PT. Is Indo Asiana Lestari in line with the laws and regulations in Indonesia? In addition, the Potential Impact of the Legitimacy of the Environmental Impact Analysis Document on Substance Defects through Decision Number 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN. JPR? In the discussion section, it will be examined in depth regarding the alignment between the substance of the AMDAL of PT. Indo Asiana Lestari with environmental regulations in Indonesia and how the potential impack of the Jaya Pura PTUN decision Number 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN. JPR for the right to a healthy environment of the Awyu Tribe. This research is a normative research using the library research method to examine legal materials, legal principles to answer the legal issues faced. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. The research approach used is a statute approach to study and study all laws and regulations related to legal issues regarding the harmonization of environmental impact analysis documents of PT. Indo Asiana Lestari with environmental regulations in Indonesia and the potential impact of the Legitimacy of the Substance Defect Environmental Impact Analysis Document through Decision Number 6/G/LH/2023/PTUN. JPR

YURISDIKSI INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) PADA KEKERASAN TERHADAP ETNIS UIGHUR DI XINJIANG, CHINA Naila, Anindita Radya; Kusumawati, Erna Dyah; Sasmini, Sasmini
Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Sosial, dan Humaniora Vol. 2 No. 9 (2024): Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Sosial, dan Humaniora
Publisher : Kultura: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Sosial, dan Humaniora

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.572349/kultura.v2i9.2495

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan membuktikan kejadian terhadap etnis Uighur di Xinjiang termasuk yurisdiki material International Criminal Court dan untuk menganalisis agar ICC dapat mengadili kekerasan yang dihadapi etnis Uighur di Xinjiang oleh Cina sebagai non-state parties ICC. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif atau doktrinal dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conseptual approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis silogisme dengan metode deduktif. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, kejadian terjadap etnis Uighur di Xinjiang terbukti termasuk dalam yurisdiksi material ICC menurut analisis dengan menggunakan Statuta Roma 1998. Terdapat cara agar ICC dapat mengadili kekerasan dan pelanggaran berat HAM yang terjadi terhadap etnis Uighur di Xinjiang walaupun Pemerintah Cina tidak meratifikasi Statuta Roma 1998.

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