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All Journal Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya MUDRA Jurnal Seni Budaya Berkala Arkeologi Borobudur Estoria: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Proceeding ISETH (International Summit on Science, Technology, and Humanity) Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia International Review of Humanities Studies Purbawidya: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Amerta Berkala Arkeologi Multikultura MANUSKRIPTA
Agus Aris Munandar
University Of Indonesia
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Social Sciences Other

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PENATAAN WILAYAH PADA MASA KERAJAAN SUNDA Munandar, Agus Aris
Berkala Arkeologi Vol. 14 No. 2 (1994)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30883/jba.v14i2.706

Abstract

The Kingdom of Sunda is one of the kingdoms during the Hindu-Buddhist period located in West Java. Unlike the history of other kingdoms that have grown and developed on the island of Java (Mataram, Kadiri, Singhasari, Majapahit), the history of the Kingdom of Sunda is still not widely discovered by scholar. It is mainly because the historical sources related to the kingdom are very limited. There are also not too many archaeological remains. Even if the remains are visible, it is in a damaged condition. However, historians and archaeologists certainly still hope that in the future more historical sources will be found. It can help to reveal the history of the Kingdom of Sunda. This study deliberately discusses the final phase of the kingdom based on the data availability.
Underwater Archaeological Museum: Utilization of Karimunjawa Sites Putranto, St. Prabawa Dwi; Munandar, Agus Aris
Proceeding ISETH (International Summit on Science, Technology, and Humanity) 2016: Proceeding ISETH (International Conference on Science, Technology, and Humanity)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/iseth.2352

Abstract

Indonesia is located in a strategic location between Indian and Pacific Ocean. Indonesia has water territory more than land territory with approximately 3:2 in ratio. In that vast area, there are many cultural heritages from old history, both in land and underwater. Cultural heritages found in both locations have a connection. Until recently, the government has attempted to reveal the past from underwater cultural heritage through survey and exploration. Many invaluable cargoes were salvaged from the underwater wreckages. Exploration and salvage are done by private company with the permit from the National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of the Valuable Object of the Sunken Ship (PANNAS BMKT). However, illegal exploration and salvage persists in the practice. Conservation efforts that include protection, development and utilization to the underwater cultural heritage had not been maximal; therefore, salvage, pilferage, and vandalism still occur. This paper would try to give an alternative for the utilization of underwater cultural heritage through a maritime museum in its natural state (in-site conservation). Museum is one institution that protects, develops and utilizes cultural heritages, and communicates them to the visitor.
Praktik Hidup Sehat Pemukim di Kawasan Percandian Muarajambi Pada Abad ke-7 Hingga 11 M.: Praktik Hidup Sehat Pemukim Percandian Muarajambi pada Abad Ke-7 Hingga Abad ke-11 M Sadzali, Asyhadi Mufsi; Agus Aris Munandar; Retno Purwanti; ali akbar; Wahyu Rizky Andhifani
Berkala Arkeologi Vol. 45 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : BRIN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/jba.2025.9189

Abstract

Archaeological research in the Muarajambi temple area has indicated its past function as a place for learning Buddhist teachings, inhabited by settlers between the 7th and 12th centuries AD. Its location near the Batanghari River and tropical forests made the settlers vulnerable to health disturbances. Starting with this phenomenon, the question arises: what was the picture of healthy living practices of the settlers in the Muarajambi Temple Complex between the 7th and 12th centuries AD? This research uses K. Dark's archaeological method with Ian Hodder's entanglement theory analysis to examine the relationship between excavation data from Candi Koto Mahligai and Kedaton, I-Tsing's records, and the surrounding environment. There is a possibility that 1) the implementation of the Mahavihara Muarajambi settlers' regulations not only trained spirituality but also physical and mental health; 2) from the pollen data of medicinal plants, it is possible that the students developed medical knowledge; 3) pollen data and the analysis of the functions of medicinal plants provide an overview of the types of diseases suffered by the settlers; and 4) the discovery of artifacts and features at the Muarajambi Temple strengthens the similarity of hypotesa with the narrative of healthy living practices in the I-Tsing text.
CANDI PERWARA PADA PERCANDIAN IJO, PLAOSAN LOR, DAN PLAOSAN KIDUL: SEBUAH KAJIAN ARSITEKTUR DAN TINJAUAN INSKRIPSI Widyahastuti, Dwi Ratna Sylvia; Munandar, Agus Aris
Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya Vol. 16, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Temple or Candi are sacred Hindu and Buddhist buildings constructed in accordance with the prescriptions of the Vāstuśāstra, including subsidiary temple or candi perwara. This study examines the candi perwara of the Ijo, Plaosan Lor, and Plaosan Kidul Temple Complex to analyze their technical aspects, religious functions, and chronological positions within their respective temple complexes. Employing a descriptive-comparative method and a historical-archaeological approach supported by epigraphical review, the research identifies similarities in the roof forms and ornamental reliefs. Differences are observed in ground plans, stone materials, construction systems, vestibule, base forms, body variations, cella, and decorative motifs. The findings suggest that the architecture of these candi perwara represents variations in architectural form and function of candi perwara between the 8th—10th Century. This diversity reflects the intellectual concepts of their builders and the religious life of the Mataram Kuno Kingdom during that period.
KONEKTIVITAS KEBUDAYAAN INDIA DAN JAWA ABAD PERTAMA HINGGA KE-10 MASEHI Ridwan, Sinta; Winardi, Donny; Sunaryo, Hary; Munandar, Agus Aris
Multikultura Vol. 5, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This article analyses the cultural connectivity between India and Java from the first century to the tenth century CE. The primary method employed is chronological synchronisation, namely the alignment of political events in India with the emergence and development of kingdoms in Java, combined with a multidisciplinary approach drawing on epigraphic, archaeological, and historical data. The analysis identifies four stages of connectivity. The earliest stage, spanning the first to the third century CE, is marked by maritime trade and early encounters between Austronesian sailors and Indian traders, evidenced by Indian Rouletted Ware pottery found in the Buni cultural complex and at Sembiran. The next stage, from the fourth to the sixth century CE, corresponds to the decline of the Gupta Empire following Hūṇa invasions and the rise of the Tārumānagara Kingdom in western Java under King Pūrṇawarman. The following stage, from the seventh to the eighth century CE, is characterised by the Pallava-Cālukya rivalry in South India alongside the growth of the Holing Kingdom and religious architecture on the Dieng Plateau and its surroundings. The culminating stage, from the ninth to the tenth century CE, demonstrates reciprocal relations between the Pala Dynasty in Bengal and the Sailendra Dynasty in Java, evidenced by the Nālandā Copper-Plate that records the construction of a Buddhist monastery by Maharaja Balaputradeva in the Nālandā complex with the support of King Devapaladeva. This study argues that political dynamics on the Indian subcontinent constituted a push factor for elite migration to Java, while local communities played an active role as both recipients and developers of Indian cultural elements. At its peak, the India-Java relationship evolved into a reversed flow in the form of religious patronage from Java to India, demonstrating that this connectivity was not a one-way relationship but rather a mutually enriching dialogue of cultures.
Relief Astadikpalaka Candi Siwa Prambanan: Materialisasi Astabrata Penguasa Mataram Kuno Luthfan Nur Rochman; Agus Aris Munandar
PURBAWIDYA Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026): Vol. 15(1) Juni 2026
Publisher : Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/purbawidya.2026.15004

Abstract

This study examines the Astadikpalaka reliefs (the eight guardian deities of the cardinal directions) at the Siwa Temple of Prambanan as the materialization of the Astabrata political ideology during the reign of Rakai Pikatan (9th century CE). By applying Anthony Giddens' structuration theory as adapted in archaeology by Andreas G. Orphanides, this research analyzes the reliefs not as passive objects but as active components in the reproduction of power structures. Using a qualitative-interpretative approach, data were collected from iconographic studies, the Siwagrha inscription (856 CE), and Astabrata texts. The findings indicate that the Astadikpalaka reliefs represent the eight ideal kingly virtues of Astabrata while also functioning as a legitimizing medium that naturalizes Rakai Pikatan's authority through cosmic symbolism. This study concludes that Prambanan Temple served not only as a sacred site but also as a political instrument that reinforced the hegemony of the Ancient Mataram rulers.
Tiga Candi Era Rakai Panangkaran: Interpretasi Konsep Tantrayāna Berdasarkan Prasasti dan Mitologi Bodhisattva Harriyadi; Agus Aris Munandar
AMERTA Vol. 44 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN (BRIN Publishing)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55981/amt.2026.13432

Abstract

 Abstract. Three Temples from the Era of Rakai Panangkaran: an Interpretation of the Tantrayāna Concept Based on Inscriptions and Bodhisattva Mythology. Rakai Panangkaran, a king of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom, commissioned three monumental Buddhist structures: Kalasan Temple, Sewu Temple, and the Ratu Boko Site. Based on their inscriptions, these monuments were dedicated to the worship of Bodhisattvas, presenting a contrast to the Buddhist complexes in the Borobudur area, which were primarily intended for Dhyāni Buddha worship. This study aims to examine the religious background and conceptual foundations behind the construction of these three temples, focusing on the underlying Tantrayāna ideology that shaped their symbolism and function. A qualitative approach was employed through contextual analysis of archaeological data, inscriptions, and literature on Bodhisattva mythology. The data sources include the Kalasan Temple and Kalasan Inscription, Sewu Temple along with the Mañjuśrīgrha and Kelurak Inscriptions, and the Ratu Boko Site with the Abhyagiri Vihara Inscription. The study of literature centers on Buddhist mythology and worship concepts, particularly in relation to Bodhisattva veneration within Tantric Buddhism.The findings reveal that the construction of the three temples reflects distinct mythological and spiritual meanings. Kalasan Temple is associated with the goddess Tārā, representing compassion and guidance for humanity to escape the cycle of samsāra. Sewu Temple relates to Mañjuśrī, the embodiment of wisdom who dispels ignorance and enables moral discernment. Meanwhile, the elevated position of the Ratu Boko Site aligns with the mythology of Avalokiteśvara, symbolizing the highest stage of spiritual liberation. Keywords: Rakai Panangkaran, Kalasan Temple, Sewu Temple, Ratu Boko Site, Bodhisattva, Tantrayāna   Abstrak. Rakai Panangkaran adalah raja Kerajaan Mataram Kuno yang membangun tiga bangunan monumental bercorak Buddha yaitu Candi Kalasan, Candi Sewu, dan Situs Ratu Boko. Berdasarkan prasastinya, ketiga candi tersebut didirikan untuk pemujaan Bodhisattva dan cukup kontras apabila dibandingkan dengan candi Buddha di Kawasan Borobudur yang lebih ditujukan untuk Dhyāni Buddha. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji latar belakang dan konsepsi religi yang melatari pembangunan ketiga candi tersebut. Permasalahan pada penelitian ini adalah apakah konsep religi yang melatarbelakangi pemujaan terhadap tiga Bodhisattva pada bangunan candi tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis kontekstual terhadap data arkeologi, prasasti, dan literatur tentang mitologi Bodhisattva. Pengumpulan data difokuskan pada tiga candi dan prasasti era Rakai Panangkaran yaitu Candi Kalasan dan Prasasti Kalasan, Candi Sewu dan Prasasti Mañjuśrīgrha serta Kelurak, dan Situs Ratu Boko dengan Prasasti Abhyagirivihara. Studi literatur difokuskan pada mitologi dan konsep pemujaan dalam agama Buddha. Analisis dilakukan secara kontekstual dengan cara menghubungkan makna mitologi dewa-dewi Buddha dan praktik pemujaan dalam agama Buddha pada ketiga candi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pembangunan ketiga candi memiliki keterkaitan dengan mitologi masing-masing Bodhisattva. Candi Kalasan berkaitan dengan makna mitologi Dewi Tārā yaitu navigasi manusia agar selamat dari lingkaran samsara sekaligus pada tahap awal belajar mengenai welas asih, Candi Sewu berhubungan dengan mitologi Mañjuśrī sebagai pemutus ketidaktahuan dan kebijaksanaan tertinggi sehingga manusia dapat membedakan baik dan buruk. Penempatan Situs Ratu Boko yang berada pada bukit sejalan dengan mitologi Avalokiteśvara yang merupakan simbol dari jalan tertinggi dalam pembebasan spiritual. Kata kunci: Rakai Panangkaran, Candi Kalasan, Candi Sewu, dan Situs Ratu Boko, Bodhisattva, Tantrayāna
Menafsirkan Ulang Riwayat Ken Angrok dan Ken Děděs dalam Kitab Pararaton Agus Aris Munandar
Manuskripta Vol 1 No 1 (2011): Manuskripta
Publisher : Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33656/manuskripta.v1i1.230

Abstract

The Pararaton is an anonymous work written in Middle Javanese. The book outlines the life of Ken Angrok as well as the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit. This article attempts to explain the background behind why the story of Ken Angrok receives a larger portion compared to the stories of other kings' lives. Through a textual examination of the Pararaton and an analysis of related archaeological evidence, it is revealed that the story of Ken Angrok in the text symbolizes the unification of two major religions practiced by the Ancient Javanese society: Shaiva Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. The symbolization of Shaiva Hinduism is evident in the description of Ken Angrok as the incarnation of three gods: Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu, while the symbolization of Mahayana Buddhism is seen in the description of Ken Angrok's wife, Ken Děděs, as the only daughter of Mpu Purwa, a Mahayana Buddhist priest. As an implication of this unification of two major religions, several temples carrying the spirit of unification, known as Shiva-Buddha temples, were built during the Singhasari Kingdom era. The design of these temples was clearly unimaginable prior to the Singhasari era. === Kitab Pararaton merupakan karya anonim yang ditulis dalam bahasa Jawa tengahan. Kitab tersebut menguraikan kehidupan Ken Angrok serta raja-raja Singhasari dan Majapahit. Tulisan ini berusaha menjelaskan latar belakang mengapa cerita mengenai Ken Angrok itu mendapat porsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan cerita mengenai kehidupan raja-raja yang lain. Melalui telaah tekstual terhadap Kitab Pararaton dan telaah terhadap bukti-bukti arkeologis terkait, terlihat bahwa cerita Ken Angrok dalam kitab tersebut merupakan simbol penyatuan dua agama besar yang dianut oleh masyarakat Jawa Kuno: Hindu Saiwa dan Budha Mahayana. Simbolisasi Agama Hindu-Saiwa itu terlihat dari uraian mengenai sosok Ken Angrok sebagai penjelmaan dari tiga dewa: Brahma, Siwa, dan Wisnu, sementara simbolisasi agama Budha Mahayana itu terlihat dari uraian mengenai sosok isteri Ken Angrok, yaitu Ken Děděs, sebagai putri tunggal Mpu Purwa, seorang pendeta Budha Mahayana. Sebagai implikasi dari penyatuan dua agama besar, beberapa candi yang mengandung semangat penyatuan tersebut, yang dikenal dengan candi Syiwa-Budha, dibangun pada masa Kerajaan Singhasari. Bentuk candi tersebut jelas tidak pernah terbayangkan ada sebelum masa Singhasari.
Co-Authors Ali Akbar Alnoza, Muhamad Deny Yudo Wahyudi Evan Gavriel Harazaki Harazaki, Evan Gavriel Harriyadi Lee, So Tju Shinta Lily Tjahjandari Luthfan Nur Rochman Muhamad Alnoza Nabila Mega Permata Permata, Nabila Mega Putranto, St. Prabawa Dwi Sadzali, Asyhadi Mufsi Sihombing, Yohann Marshel Firstman Sinta Ridwan So Tju Shinta Lee Sunaryo, Hary Suzen Tobing Tommy Christomy Turita Indah Setyani Wahyu Rizky Andhifani Widyahastuti, Dwi Ratna Sylvia Winardi, Donny