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All Journal Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian Jurnal Matematika & Sains INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR) Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi Indonesia
Ilma Nugrahani
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Pancasila Jakarta
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Pembentukan Padatan Semi Kristalin dan Ko-kristal Parasetamol Okky Dwichandra Putra; Ilma Nugrahani; Slamet Ibrahim; Hidehiro Uekusa
Jurnal Matematika & Sains Vol 17, No 2 (2012)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Penyusunan ulang susunan molekul dalam ruang kisi 3 dimensinya seperti modifikasi bentuk kristal dan ko-kristalisasi diketahui dapat meningkatkan  sifat fisiko kimia dari suatu bahan seperti kelarutan. Parasetamol, antipiretik yang umum digunakan, memiliki sifat agak sukar larut dalam air. Di sisi lain, asam oksalat merupakan bahan yang larut dalam air yang dilaporkan mampu meningkatkan kelarutan senyawa yang sukar larut melalui pembentukan ko-kristal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi profil kristalinitas parasetamol dan asam oksalat setelah peleburan dan pengaruhnya terhadap kelarutan parasetamol. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan terbentuknya puncak endotermik baru di 109,5o dan 152,2o pada Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)/ Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA); perubahan spektrum di antara 2,680-2,710 cm-1 dan  835 cm-1 pada Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), puncak baru pada suhu 2θ = 28o dan 17o pada difraktogram Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD) yang secara keseluruhan mengindikasikan pembentukan ko-kristal. Selain itu, pengurangan intensitas pada puncak-puncak difraktogram mengindikasikan pembentukan semi kristalin dari parasetamol. Kedua fenomena tersebut menunjukkan peningkatan kelarutan parasetamol dari 12,98 ± 0,03 mg/mL menjadi 130,30 ± 0,03 mg/mL. Kata kunci : Parasetamol, Asam oksalat, Semi kristalin, Ko-kristal.   Semi Chrystaline and Cocrystal  of Paracetamol Formation Abstract Three dimensional of molecular lattice rearrangement such as crystal modification and co-crystallization are known can improve physicochemical properties such as solubility. Paracetamol, a widely used anti pyretic, is slightly soluble in water. In other hand, oxalic acid is a water soluble substance which was reported able to improve the solubility of an insoluble compounds through co-crystal formation. The aim of this research is to characterize the crystallinity profile of paracetamol and oxalic acid after melting and its influence to the solubility of paracetamol. The experiment results showed the appearance of endothermic peaks at 109.5o and 152.2o Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)/ Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA); changing of spectra between 2.680-2.710 cm-1 and  835 cm-1 through Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR); and new peaks at 2θ = 28o and 17o Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD) indicated co-crystal formation. Then, the decreasing of intensity on peaks of diffractogram also indicated the formation of semi crystalline of paracetamol. These phenomena showed improvement of paracetamol solubility from 12,98 ± 0,03 mg/mL to 130,30 ± 0,03 mg/mL. Keywords : Paracetamol, Oxalic acid, Semi crystalline, Co-crystal.
Kristal Biru 2,3 dimetil-N-fenilalanin (DNF) Hasil Interaksi Kimia Padatan Asam Mefenamat dengan Asam Oksalat Ilma Nugrahani; Slamet Ibrahim; Dea Dwi Puspita
Jurnal Matematika & Sains Vol 17, No 3 (2012)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki sifat fisikokimia suatu bahan aktif farmasi adalah dengan memanfaatkan reaksi kimia, seperti penggaraman dan pembentukan kompleks, atau interaksi fisika, seperti pembuatan dispersi padat yang memanfaatkan campuran eutektikum dan peritektikum, atau pembentukan persenyawaan molekular yang biasa dikenal dengan istilah ko-kristal. Asam mefenamat, suatu obat anti inflamasi non-steroid turunan N-fenil asam antranilat memiliki sifat praktis tidak larut dalam air. Kelarutan dan ketersediaan hayati obat tersebut rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati interaksi fisika antara asam mefenamat dengan asam oksalat. Kedua senyawa tersebut memiliki gugus-gugus sinton yang dapat mendasari ikatan hidrogen dan diharapkan dapat membentuk suatu interaksi fisika dan meningkatkan kelarutan dari asam mefenamat. Fenomena interaksi diamati dengan teknik analisis termal Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC),  teknik difraksi dengan sinar X serbuk/Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD), dan analisis kristal tunggal menggunakan difraksi sinar X kristal tunggal/Single Crystal X-Ray Diffractometer (SCXRD). Analisis dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi/High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) digunakan untuk melengkapi data identifikasi dan karakterisasi kemungkinan terbentuknya suatu struktur kimia yang baru. Termogram leburan asam mefenamat : asam oksalat dengan perbandingan molar (3:7) menunjukkan puncak endotermik yang berbeda dari campuran fisiknya. Pengamatan organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa rekristalisasi dari leburan pada perbandingan tersebut menghasilkan suatu habit kristal baru berbentuk jarum dengan warna biru. Perubahan termogram DSC dari hasil leburan mengindikasikan terjadinya interaksi pada campuran tersebut. Difraktogram PXRD hasil leburan menunjukkan puncak-puncak difraksi baru pada 2θ : 7,5; 12,5; 17,5; 19, and 24ᵒ. Analisis struktur menggunakan SCXRD mengindikasikan terbentuknya struktur molekul senyawa padatan baru. Senyawa tersebut merupakan suatu struktur asam mefenamat yang kehilangan gugus karboksilat dengan rumus kimia C14H15N dengan nama kimia 2,3 dimetil-N-fenilalanin (DNF). Analisis HPLC menggunakan fase diam ODS C-18 dan fase gerak methanol:aquabidest:asetonitril (11:6:3) dan detektor UV 279 nm menunjukkan bahwa senyawa baru tersebut memiliki sifat kurang polar dengan puncak waktu retensi pada 9,59 menit dibandingkan dengan asam mefenamat yang memiliki puncak waktu retensi 7,56 menit. Dari keseluruhan hasil analisis, disimpulkan bahwa telah terjadi reaksi kimia dalam keadaan padat antara asam mefenamat dengan asam oksalat setelah peleburan. Pada pembentukan DNF, asam oksalat diperkirakan bertindak sebagai katalis pelepasan gugus karboksilat asam mefenamat yang terjadi setelah kedua senyawa dilebur bersama. Kata kunci : Asam mefenamat, Asam oksalat, Interaksi kimia padatan, 2,3 dimetil-N-fenilalanin (DNF).   Blue Crystal 2,3 dimethyl-N-phenylalanin (DNP) as Solid Chemical Interaction of Mefenamic Acid with Oxalic Acid Abstract One of technique to improve physicochemical properties of a solid active pharmaceutical ingredient is to utilize the chemical reaction ie salt formation and complexation; and physical interaction phenomena, ie solid dispersion base on eutecticum or periteticum solid mixture, or molecular compounds formation commonly known as the co-crystal. Mefenamic acid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug N-phenyl derivative antranilic acid, is insoluble in water. This active ingredient has low solubility in water and low bioavailability. The purpose of this research is to study physical interaction between mefenamic acid with oxalic acid, both of which have alleged xynthone which cold form hydrogen bonds as the basic for the physical interaction. The interaction was observed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), diffractometry  with Powder X-Ray Diffractometer (PXRD), single crystal analyzed using Single Crystal X-Ray Diffractometer (SCXRD), and detection of new entity with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experimental results showed that the fusion melted of mefenamic acid: oxalic acid in the molar ratio (3:7) resulted in a blue needle crystal, same residues of mefenamic acid and oxalic acid. DSC analysis showed the changes of the thermogram which indicated the interaction between the fusioned mixture. Next, PXRD analysis results showed new diffraction peaks at 2θ : 7,5; 12,5; 17,5; 19, and 24ᵒ.  Further analysis of the single crystal structure using SCXRD identified that blue crystal consists a new chemical and crystal  structure similar to the loss of mefenamic acid carboxylate groups. The compound is C14H15N with a chemical name of 2.3 dimethyl-N-phenylalanine (DNP). HPLC analysis using ODS stationary phase C-18 and a mobile phase of methanol: aquabidest: acetonitrile (11:6:3) and a 279 nm UV detector showed that the new compounds is less polar with the retention time of 9.59 minutes compared to mefenamic acid with peak retention at  7.56 minutes. All of the results proved that chemical interaction occured between the solid phases after co-melting. During the DNP formation, oxalic acid might has function as a catalyst for the release of mefenamic acid carboxylate groups after the melting fusion. Keywords: Mefenamic acid, Oxalic acid, Solids chemical interaction, 2,3 dimethyl-N-phenylalanine (DNP).
Studi Transformasi Hidrat Sefadroksil Monohidrat dan Sefaleksin Monohidrat dengan FTIR Ilma Nugrahani; Slamet Ibrahim; Rachmat Mauludin; Pusparani Krisnamurthi
Jurnal Matematika & Sains Vol 18, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Analisis Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) biasanya digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan hidrat dalam padatan kristal secara kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan metode  FTIR untuk menganalisis keberadaan dan perubahan jumlah/transformasi hidrat sefaleksin monohidrat dan sefadroksil monohidrat baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Hasil analisis FTIR dikonfirmasi dengan DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) dan PXRD (Powder Xray Diffractometer) sebagai metode standard analisis padatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa puncak hidrat dari sefaleksin terlihat pada bilangan gelombang 3386-3586 cm-1, sedangkan puncak hidrat dari sefadroksil terlihat pada bilangan gelombang 3471-3650 cm-1. Pendekatan kuantitatif dilakukan dengan mengukur Area Under Curve (AUC) dari derivat puncak hidrat pada spektra FTIR; kemudian membuat kurva kalibrasi antara AUC dengan kadar padatan dalam pelat KBr. Kurva kalibrasi menghasilkan nilai R=0,9996, sedangkan sefadroksil monohidrat R=0,9995. Selanjutnya transformasi hidrat dari kedua antibiotika dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel terhadap padatan yang digerus selama 180 menit dan dicuplik setiap 30 menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa sefadroksil monohidrat mengalami kehilangan spektra hidrat pada menit ke-180 sedangkan sefaleksin monohidrat pada menit ke-150. Padatan antibiotika hasil penggerusan tersebut kemudian dipaparkan terhadap lembab di dalam desikator dengan kelembaban  RH 71% dan RH 99%, pada suhu 25°C. Hasil analisis FTIR dikonfirmasi dengan DSC dan PXRD menunjukkan bahwa hidrat tidak kembali pada jumlah dan bentuk semula. Keseluruhan data membuktikan bahwa FTIR dapat menganalisis transformasi hidrat sefadroksil monohidrat dan sefaleksin monohidrat dengan ketelitian yang baik. Dengan demikian, FTIR layak menjadi metode alternatif maupun pelengkap untuk menganalisis hidrat dan transformasinya.  Kata kunci : Sefaleksin monohidrat, Sefadroksil monohidrat, Transformasi hidrat, FTIR.   Study of Hydrate Transformation of Cepadroxil Monohydrate and Cepalexin Monohydrate Using FTIR Abstract Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) generally is used as a qualitative method to detect hydrate in a crystal solid form. The purpose of this research was to develop FTIR method to analyze hydrate and its transformation in cephalexin monohydrate and cefadroxil monohydrate qualitative and quantitatively. Data of FTIR analysis were confirmed with DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) and PXRD (Powder Xray Diffractometer) which have known as standard methods of solid analysis.  The results of this experiment showed that hydrate of cephadroxil spectra was founded at 3386-3586 cm-1 wavenumber, while cephalexin monohydrate at 3471-3650 cm-1. Quantification approach of FTIR’s was performed by measure the AUC (Area under Curve) of the derivative of hydrate spectra and made the calibration curve between AUC versus sample concentration in the KBr plate. The calibration curves showed cephalexin monohydrate linearity value : R=0.9996, while cefadroxil monohydrate had R=0.9995. Hydrate transformation were observed by grinding of APIs for 180 minutes and sample is taken for every 30 minutes for evaluate its hydrate transformation with FTIR. Cefadroxil monohydrate lost its hydrate after 180 minutes and cephalexin monohydrate after 150 minutes of grinding. After that, the grinding samples were exposed to humidity in  desicators with RH: 71 and 99%, at the temperature 25°C. FTIR spectra confirmed by DSC and PXRD showed that both samples cannot rehydrate back to its original amount and form. All of data proved that FTIR can be used as an adequate methods to analyze hydrate transformation of cephadroxil and cephalexin. Finally, FTIR  considered as a proper alternative or complementary analysis instrument for solid state analysis, especially the hydrate and its transformation. Keywords : Cefadroxil monohydrate, Cephalexin monohydrate, Hydrate transformation, FTIR.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Madu Pahit Terhadap Bakteri Gram Negatif dan Gram Positif Serta Potensinya Dibandingkan Terhadap Antibiotik Kloramfenikol, Oksitetrasiklin dan Gentamisin Astrini, Dwie; Wibowo, Marlia Singgih; Nugrahani, Ilma
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 39, No 3 & 4 (2014)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Terdapat beberapa jenis madu pahit tersedia di perdagangan, namun informasi ilmiah mengenai khasiat madu pahit belum banyak diketahui. Secara tradisional madu pahit diduga memiliki efek antibakteri dan dapat menyembuhkan penyakit infeksi, sehingga madu sering digunakan saat pengobatan infeksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri madu pahit terhadap bakteri uji Gram negatif dan Gram positif serta mengetahui kesetaraan potensinya terhadap antibiotik kloramfenikol, gentamisin dan oksitetrasiklin. Uji yang dilakukan meliputi analisis fisikokimia (pH, keasaman, kadar air dan konduktivitas elektrik) dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan terhadap 3 bakteri Gram negatif yaitu Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa serta 5 bakteri Gram positif yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, dan Listeria monocytogenes. Sampel madu yang digunakan terdiri dari 7 sampel madu pahit (A, B, C, D, E, F, dan G) dan 2 sampel madu manis (H dan I). Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Kadar Bakterisid Minimum (KBM) diuji dengan menggunakan metode dilusi cair (Broth Dilution Method) dengan 10 konsentrasi (madu tanpa pengenceran, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, dan 10% b/v). Madu pahit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling baik kemudian dibandingkan potensinya terhadap antibiotik kloramfenikol, oksitetrasiklin, dan gentamisin menggunakan metode difusi agar. Ketujuh sampel madu pahit menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri lebih tinggi terhadap bakteri uji Gram negatif dibandingkan terhadap Gram positif. Diameter hambat terhadap bakteri Gram negatif Salmonella typhimurium dan Escherichia coli masing-masing adalah antara 25,0 sampai 35,9 mm dan 26,2 sampai 35,0 mm. Kadar hambat minimum madu pahit terhadap bakteri uji berada dalam rentang 30-60% b/v sedangkan kadar bakterisid minimum berada dalam rentang 30-80% b/v. Dari hasil uji banding terhadap antibiotik diperoleh hasil bahwa 1 mL madu pahit C dan D masing-masing setara dengan 2,187 dan 1,838 mg kloramfenikol, 0,037 dan 0,032 mg oksitetrasiklin serta 0,013 dan 0,013 mg gentamisin.Kata Kunci: madu pahit, efek antibakteri, kadar hambat minimum (KHM), kadar bakterisid minimum (KBM), antibiotikAbstractThere are several types of "bitter honey" available in the market, however the scientific information about the efficacy of "bitter honey" is not widely known yet. Traditionally, "bitter honey" is known has antibacterial effects and can be used to support treatment of infection disease. Because of that, honey can be used during cure infection disease. The aim of this research are to determine the antibacterial activity of several bitter honey against some Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and to evaluate the potency of the honey compared to antibiotics i.e chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and gentamycin. The analysis consist of physicochemical analysis (pH, acidity, water content, and electric conductivity) and antibacterial activity test. The antibacterial activity was analysed using three Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and five Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes). Samples of honey used in this research consist of seven samples of bitter honey (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) and two samples of sweet honey (H and I). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) have been tested using broth dilution method with 10 concentrations (honey without dilution, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10% w/v). The "bitter honey" that showed the best antibacterial activity then tested for their potential activity against chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and gentamicin. Seven samples of bitter honey showed higher level of activity against Gram negative than Gram positive bacteria tested. The diameter of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli were 25.0-35.9 mm and 26.2- 35.0 mm. The MIC of bitter honey against the tested bacteria were varies between 30-60% w/v and the MBC between 30- 80% b/v. Based on the result of comparative study to antibiotics, 1 mL of bitter honey C and D are equal to 2.187 and 1.838 mg of chloramphenicol, 0.037 and 0.032 mg of oxytetracycline and 0.013 and 0.013 mg of gentamycin.Keywords: "bitter honey", antibacterial effect, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antibiotics
Karakterisasi Padatan Mikrosfer Metformin HCl / Alginat-Ca2+ Paut Silang Nugrahani, Ilma; Asyarie, Sukmadjaja; Nurmeyna, Belda
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 38, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Telah dilakukan karakterisasi padatan metformin HCl - natrium alginat-Ca2+ paut silang untuk memprediksi kemampuannya menahan pelepasan bahan aktif dikaitkan dengan sifat kristalinitas dan higroskopisitasnya. Karakterisasi mikrosfer dilakukan dengan membandingkan mikrosfer berisi metformin HCl (MDM) dengan persen penjeratan bahan aktif tertinggi yang diperoleh dari optimasi formulasi sebelumnya, mikrosfer tanpa metformin HCl (MTM), dan campuran fisik dari natrium alginat dengan metformin HCl (CF). Selanjutnya setiap sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang disimpan pada desikator dengan RH 75% dan kelompok yang disimpan pada RH 85% selama 72 jam. Karakteristik kristalinitas padatan mikrosfer dikarakterisasi dengan Powder X-Ray Diffractometry (PXRD). Deteksi adanya perubahan struktur dan perubahan gugus hidrat dilakukan dengan Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Sedangkan interaksi metformin HCl dengan matriks dan higroskopisitasnya dievaluasi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dan Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Hasil karakterisasi dengan PXRD menunjukkan MDM memiliki sifat amorf setelah pemautan silang. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan struktur setelah pemautan silang dan kandungan hidrat yang semakin bertambah setelah penyimpanan MDM pada RH 85%. Hasil DSC mengindikasikan terjadinya interaksi higroskopisitas antara metformin HCl dengan matriksnya pada MDM. Kecuali itu ditunjukkan juga higroskopisitas MDM yang tinggi, didukung data TGA yang menunjukkan bahwa MDM sebelum penyimpanan mengandung hidrat sebesar 9,98% sedangkan setelah penyimpanan selama 72 jam pada RH 85% sebesar 54,31%. Dari keseluruhan karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa MDM memiliki sifat amorf dan higroskopisitas tinggi; yang diduga dapat menyebabkan pelepasan metformin HCl secara cepat dan menyebabkan stabilitas fisik yang kurang baik. Maka, sistem metformin HCl - natrium alginat-Ca2+ paut silang disarankan untuk tidak digunakan sebagai sediaan controlled release.Kata kunci: mikrosfer, natrium alginat, metformin HCl, analisis padatan. AbstractSolid characterization of metformin hydrochloride - sodium alginate cross linked to predict the ability to withstand the release of active ingredients related with crystallinity and hygroscopicity by solid analysis has been done. The characterization was performed by comparing microspheres containing metformin HCl (MDM) that the initial formulation of the study showed the highest percent of active ingredient trapping, microspheres without metformin HCl (MTM) and a physical mixture of sodium alginate and metformin HCl (CF). Subsequently each sample was divided into two groups: the group that is stored in a desicator with RH 75% and 85% RH for 72 hours. Characteristics of the crystallinity of the solid microspheres were characterized by X-Ray Powder Diffractometry (PXRD). Detection of structural and water crystal changes detected by Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Then physical interaction with the matrix of metformin hydrochloride and its higroscopicity was detected by Differential Scanning Calorimetry evaluated (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Characterization with PXRD results showed MDM has an amorphous nature after the cross linked. FTIR results indicate the spectra changes indicate interaction has after the cross linked and increment of the hydrate content after storage at RH 85% MDM. DSC results showed possibility of interaction between metformin HCl with the matrix on the MDM and its high hygroscopicity that is supported by TGA data showed that the MDM before storage contained hydrate 9.98%; then contained 54.31% after storage for 72 hours at 85%. Overall yields of characterization showed that MDM has an amorphous form and has an high hygroscopicity which causing the rapid release of metformin HCl and decreasing its physical stability. Thus, MDM should not be recommended as a controlled release dosage.Keywords: microsphere, sodium alginate, metformin HCl, solid analysis.
The performance of derivate FTIR spectrophotometry method compared to colorimetry for tranexamic acid tablet content determination Nugrahani, Ilma; Aulia, Winni Nur
Pharmaciana Vol 8, No 1 (2018): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

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Abstract

Recently, FTIR reported has been established as a direct content determination for some tablet dosage forms. In the method, infrared transmittance spectra was converted into the derivated absorbance form. In this present research, the method’s performance was investigated to quantified tranexamic acid in its tablet dosage form directly. The result then was compared to the colorimetry, which has been developed by another researcher. Correlations between the two methods were analyzed using t-test. The good linearity was shown at concentration range of 0.5 - 1.75% w/w at the wave number of NH group. Furthermore, the recovery, intra- and inter-day precision also fulfilled the validation requirement. Meanwhile, LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0531%w/w and 0.1770%w/w. These methods were compared with colorimetry has been established before. Afterwards, the t-test proved no significant difference of content determination yielded, between these two methods. In conclusion, FTIR can be used for quantify the content of tranexamic tablet, more accurately than colorimetry, which has been developed before. Moreover, FTIR method also has advantages such as easier, simpler, faster and cheaper than the colorimetry method.  
Studi Pembentukan Kompleks Nikel-Kloramfenikol dengan Pengaturan pH dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Aktivitas Antimikroba pada Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) dan Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Nugrahani, Ilma; Ningsih, Listia
Jurnal Matematika dan Sains Vol 19 No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Abstrak Kloramfenikol merupakan antibiotik dengan spektrum luas, namun karena toksisitas yang tinggi dan masalah resistensi, kloramfenikol sudah jarang digunakan. Beberapa penelitian akhir-akhir ini melaporkan bahwa kloramfenikol dapat meningkat aktivitasnya jika dikompleks dengan logam menggunakan berbagai metode. Telah dilakukan pembuatan kompleks nikel-kloramfenikol menggunakan metode yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya, yaitu dengan pengaturan pH dari bahan awal kloramfenikol base dan nikel-(II)-klorida. Kompleks yang diperoleh dievaluasi strukturnya menggunakan FTIR dan H-NMR, serta diuji aktivitas antimikrobanya terhadap bakteri non-resisten Gram-positif Staphylococcus aureus, bakteri non-resisten Gram-negatif Eschericia coli, serta bakteri resisten MRSA dan VRE, menggunakan metode difusi agar. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kompleks nikel-kloramfenikol yang terbentuk berwarna hijau kekuningan, dengan data spektra FTIR dan H-NMR mengindikasikan bahwa ikatan dengan metal terjadi pada NH (amina) dari gugus dikloroasetamida. Pengujian aktivitas kompleks nikel-kloramfenikol tersebut menunjukkan, bahwa aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri non-resisten Gram positif Staphylococcus aureus lebih tinggi secara bermakna (p0,05). Kata kunci : Kloramfenikol, Kompleks, Nikel-(II)-klorida, Struktur, Uji potensi.   Study of Complex Formation Nickel-chloramphenicol by Setting the pH and Its Influence on the Microbial Activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)   Abstract Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic, but due to its high toxicity and resistance cases, recently this drug  is rarely used. Previous studies have reported that chloramphenicol can increase its activity when complexed with a metal with a variety of methods. The arrangement of nickel-chloramphenicol complex using pH adjustment method which has not been reported previously, from the starting material chloramphenicol base and nickel-(II)-chloride, has been performed. The complex obtained was evaluated using FTIR and H-NMR, and also evaluated its antimicrobial activity. Testing the antimicrobial activity of the nickel complex-chloramphenicol performed against Gram-positive non-resistant bacteria, e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative non-resistant, e.g. Escherichia coli, and resistant bacteria, e.g. MRSA and VRE, using agar diffusion method. The experimental results showed that nickel-chloramphenicol complex formed has a yellowish-green color, with FTIR data H-NMR data, supported indicated that a metal bonding occured at NH (amine) of dichloroacetamide  moeity. The activity test of this nickel-chloramphenicol complex showed that the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (p 0.05). Keywords: Chloramphenicol, Complex, Nickel-(II)-chloride, Structure, Potency Test.
STUDI PADATAN DENGAN DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY DAN SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PADA MIKROSFER PAUTAN SILANG ALGINAT YANG MENGANDUNG METFORMIN HCL Nugrahani, Ilma; Asyarie, Sukmadjaja; Utami, Ratna A.; Putra, Okky D.
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 36, No 3 & 4 (2011)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Abstract

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari interaksi fisika antara alginat dan metformin HCl dalam bentuk mikrosfer. Interaksi fisika diamati dengan menggunakan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) dan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mikrosfer dengan efisiensi penjeratan optimum ditentukan jenis interaksinya dengan DSC yang didukung dengan analisis morfologi mikrosfer yang dihasilkan oleh SEM. Termogram DSC menunjukkan interaksi fisika metformin HCl-matriks alginat yang ditunjukkan dengan perubahan profil kurva endotermik pada suhu 228-230°C dan 265-35°C. Hasil SEM mikrosfer menunjukan bahwa metformin berada dalam bentuk kristal sedangkan alginat hasil pautan silang dalam bentuk amorf. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa interaksi fisika yang terjadi adalah ikatan hidrogen yang kuat antara metformin HCl dengan alginat yang berefek pada meningkatnya efisiensi penjeratan.
The performance of derivate FTIR spectrophotometry method compared to colorimetry for tranexamic acid tablet content determination Ilma Nugrahani; Winni Nur Aulia
Pharmaciana Vol 8, No 1 (2018): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (470.896 KB) | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v8i1.8227

Abstract

Recently, FTIR reported has been established as a direct content determination for some tablet dosage forms. In the method, infrared transmittance spectra was converted into the derivated absorbance form. In this present research, the method’s performance was investigated to quantified tranexamic acid in its tablet dosage form directly. The result then was compared to the colorimetry, which has been developed by another researcher. Correlations between the two methods were analyzed using t-test. The good linearity was shown at concentration range of 0.5 - 1.75% w/w at the wave number of NH group. Furthermore, the recovery, intra- and inter-day precision also fulfilled the validation requirement. Meanwhile, LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0531%w/w and 0.1770%w/w. These methods were compared with colorimetry has been established before. Afterwards, the t-test proved no significant difference of content determination yielded, between these two methods. In conclusion, FTIR can be used for quantify the content of tranexamic tablet, more accurately than colorimetry, which has been developed before. Moreover, FTIR method also has advantages such as easier, simpler, faster and cheaper than the colorimetry method.  
The impact of hot melt granulation method on propranolol hydrochloride physicochemical properties Ilma Nugrahani; Hasan Rahmat; Joshita Djajadisastra
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 16 No 3, 2005
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (164.272 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp167-172

Abstract

Hot melt granulation is based on agglomeration by use of thermoplastic binder material that is solid at room temperature and softens and melts at higher temperature. By selecting a binder that is insoluble in water, melt granulation is a way of producing modified release granules, i.e. lipids/waxes to exhange the release of soluble drugs. The critical problem of this method is drugs instability because of heating. It has been studied the impact of hot melt granulation method on propranolol hydrochloride physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties were evaluated including : water content titration – Karl Fischer, chemical structure analysis by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), and thermodynamic analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that hot melt granulation did not change the propranolol hydrochloride physicochemical structure but it changed anhydrate ß lactose to anhydrate a lactose. Key words : carnauba wax ; hot melt granulation; propranolol hydrochloride; physicochemical properties.
Co-Authors Abdillah, Muhammad Nur Aditya Aditya Andreanus Andaja Soemardji Andy Susbandiyah Ifada Astrini, Dwie Asyarie, Sukmadjaja Belda Nurmeyna Benny Permana Cintya Nurul Apsari Dea Dwi Puspita Debora Ronauli Dwie Astrini Hasan Rahmat Hasan Rahmat, Hasan Hidehiro Uekusa Humairoh, Rosnaini Irda Fidriany Joshita Djajadisastra Joshita Djajadisastra, Joshita Kartawinata, Tutus Gusdinar Marlia Singgih Wibowo Melvia Sundalian N.S, Sundani Ningsih, Listia Nurmeyna, Belda Okky D. Putra Okky Dwichandra Putra Pusparani Krisnamurthi Putra, Okky D. Rachmat Mauludin Ratna A. Utami Rozana Oktaviary Slamet Ibrahim Slamet Ibrahim Slamet Ibrahim Slamet Ibrahim Slamet Ibrahim Surantaatmadja Sukmadjaja Asyarie Sukmadjaja Asyarie Sukmadjaja Asyarie Sukmadjaja Asyarie Sukmadjaja Asyarie Sundani Noerono Soewandhi Sundani Nurono Soewandhi Sundani Nurono Soewandhi Triyadi Hendra Wijaya Tutus Gusdinar Kartawinata Utami, Ratna A. Wibowo, Marlia Singgih Winni Nur Auli