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Natural Gas as Petroleum Fuel Substitution: Analysis of Supply-Demand Projections, Infrastructures, Investments and End-User Prices Tjandranegara, Abdul Qoyum; Arsegianto, Arsegianto; Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 15, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The petroleum fuels (PF) subsidy has long burdens the government spending, and discourages less expensive energy usage such as natural gas (NG). Exporting NG and importing the more expensive PF products cause financial losses to Indonesia. The lack of NG infrastructure is the main hurdle in maximizing domestic NG usage and so does the perception of its high investment costs burdening government spending and pushing the NG transportation cost up. This study calculates the required NG infrastructure and its investments for several levels of PF substitutions up to 2030. To balance the NG demands, the supply from each field and its corresponding infrastructures needed was calculated and optimized using non-linear programming with generalized reduced gradient method to calculate the lowest transportation cost for the consumers. The study shows with a favorable return on investments attractive to private investors, the NG prices can still be put much lower than PF prices, allowing subsidy, import and production cost savings in many sectors. Furthermore, the highest level of substitution scenario needs only US$ 2.07 billion a year investment, very low compare to the current US$ 14.17 billion a year PF and electricity subsidy.

Production Optimization for Plan of Gas Field Development Using Marginal Cost Analysis Soemardan, Suprapto; Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu; Arsegianto, Arsegianto
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 17, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Gas production rate is one of the most important variables affecting the feasibility plan of gas field development. It take into account reservoir characteristics, gas reserves, number of wells, production facilities, government take and market conditions. In this research, a mathematical model of gas production optimization has been developed using marginal cost analysis in determining the optimum gas production rate for economic profit, by employing the case study of Matindok Field. The results show that the optimum gas production rate is mainly affected by gas price duration and time of gas delivery. When the price of gas increases, the optimum gas production rate will increase, and then it will become closer to the maximum production rate of the reservoir. Increasing the duration time of gas delivery will reduce the optimum gas production rate and increase maximum profit non-linearly.

Application of Fiscal Incentives for Development of East Natuna Gas Field for Long-Term National Natural Gas Demand Batubara, Marwan; Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu; Fauzi, Akhmad
Makara Journal of Technology Vol. 19, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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East Natuna gas field, which has proven reserves of 46 trillion cubic feet, is projected to meet long-term natural gas needs. However, CO2-content of the gas reserves reaches 71%, leading to expensive development costs. This research investigates the feasibility of the field based on several fiscal incentives. Firstly, gas supply-demand until year 2040 was analyzed. Then, based on the analysis, the field was developed using high CO2 gas separation technology to produce gas of 1300 MMSCFD in 2023, 2600 MMSCFD in 2031, and 3900 MMSCFD in 2039. Finally, the economic feasibility was assessed using cash flow analysis in accordance with Indonesia’s production sharing contract scheme. The results show that the supply-demand gap continues to increase and thus the development is urgently needed. The development cost is estimated around US$ 27.59 billion. The gas selling prices are assumed at US$ 8/MMBTU for wellhead, US$ 11/MMBTU for pipelines, and US$ 11/MMBTU for LNG. To achieve minimum IRR value of 12%, the government needs to offer incentives of 30-year contract period, profit sharing of 55%: 45%, first tranche petroleum to 10%, and tax holiday of 10 years. Toll fee for Natuna-Cirebon pipeline is US$ 2.3/MMBTU at IRR of 12.6%.

Computational prediction of green fuels from crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking riser Agus Prasetyo Nuryadi; Widodo Wahyu Purwanto; Windi Susmayanti; Himawan Sutriyanto; Bralin Dwiratna; Achmad Maswan
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 12, No 5 (2023): September 2023
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.54032

Fluid catalytic cracking could convert crude palm oil into valuable green fuels to substitute fossil fuels. This study aimed to predict the phenomenon and green fuels yield in the industrial fluid catalytic cracking riser using computational fluid dynamics. A three-dimensional transient simulation using the Eulerian-Lagrangian with the multiphase particle-in-cell is to investigate reactive gas-particle hydrodynamics and the four-lump kinetic network model with the rare earth-Y catalyst for crude palm oil cracking behaviors. The study results show that the fluid and catalyst velocity profile increase in the middle of the riser reactor because the cracking reaction process that produces OLP and Gas products has a lighter molecular weight. The endothermic reaction causes the temperature profile to decrease because the heat of the reaction comes from the catalyst. This analysis shows that the simulation accurately predicts green fuel products from crude palm oil. As a result, the crude palm oil conversion, organic liquid product yield, and Gas yield correspond to 70 wt%, 28.8 wt%, and 27.5 wt%, respectively. Compared to the experimental study, the computational prediction of yield products showed good agreement and determined the optimal riser dimension. The methodology and results are guidelines for optimizing the FCC riser process using CPO.

Computational prediction of green fuels from crude palm oil in fluid catalytic cracking riser Agus Prasetyo Nuryadi; Widodo Wahyu Purwanto; Windi Susmayanti; Himawan Sutriyanto; Bralin Dwiratna; Achmad Maswan
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 12, No 5 (2023): September 2023
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.54032

Fluid catalytic cracking could convert crude palm oil into valuable green fuels to substitute fossil fuels. This study aimed to predict the phenomenon and green fuels yield in the industrial fluid catalytic cracking riser using computational fluid dynamics. A three-dimensional transient simulation using the Eulerian-Lagrangian with the multiphase particle-in-cell is to investigate reactive gas-particle hydrodynamics and the four-lump kinetic network model with the rare earth-Y catalyst for crude palm oil cracking behaviors. The study results show that the fluid and catalyst velocity profile increase in the middle of the riser reactor because the cracking reaction process that produces OLP and Gas products has a lighter molecular weight. The endothermic reaction causes the temperature profile to decrease because the heat of the reaction comes from the catalyst. This analysis shows that the simulation accurately predicts green fuel products from crude palm oil. As a result, the crude palm oil conversion, organic liquid product yield, and Gas yield correspond to 70 wt%, 28.8 wt%, and 27.5 wt%, respectively. Compared to the experimental study, the computational prediction of yield products showed good agreement and determined the optimal riser dimension. The methodology and results are guidelines for optimizing the FCC riser process using CPO.

Techno-Enviro-Economic Analysis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Production from Carbon Dioxide in Cement Industry Flue Gas and Calcium Hydroxide Panggabean, Natalia Debora; Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu
Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings Vol. 5, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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CCUS is a technological solution to reduce emissions from the cement industry, which is the second largest CO2-intensive industry. This study aims to analyze technical, economic, and environmental performance of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) synthesis in cement industry flue gas. The process simulation includes the CO2 capture system from cement plant, CO2 captured used as feedstock for PCC synthesis process through its reaction with calcium hydroxide. The simulation was carried out using ASPEN Plus software. Technical analysis was performed to determine the CO2 capture efficiency and PCC synthesis efficiency. Economic analysis was conducted to calculate CO2 capture cost and production cost of PCC based on Levelized Cost of Chemical (LCOC)). Environmental analysis was carried out with gate- to-gate scope to quantify the amount of CO2 converted per unit of PCC produced and to assess the CO2 abatement potential. The study shows that a cement plant with a production capacity of 3,000 tons of clinker per day can capture 4,542 kg/h of CO2 with a purity of 98.3% and a capture efficiency of 99.5%. Estimated CO2 capture cost was USD 65 per ton of CO2. PCC produced amounted to 8,196 kg/h with a carbonation efficiency of 80.01%, and the LCOC was USD 254 per ton of CaCO3. Overall, the process was able to reduce emissions by 0.435 tons of CO2 per ton of CaCO3 produced, with a CO2 avoidance cost of USD 92.85 per ton of CO2.

Assessing Passenger Electric Vehicle Growth Strategies and Their Impacts on Electricity Demand Load and CO2 Emissions in Aceh Province to Achieve Net Zero Emission Target by 2060 Hidayat, Taufik; Purwanto, Widodo Wahyu
Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings Vol. 5, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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The electrification of the transport sector is a crucial pathway for achieving Indonesia’s Net Zero Emissions (NZE) target by 2060. This study assesses the potential impact of passenger electric vehicle (EV) penetration on electricity demand and CO2 emissions in Aceh Province through a scenario-based modelling approach. Two policy-aligned scenarios are assessed: a low-penetration (LP) scenario and a high-penetration (HP) scenario. Using the Gompertz model and the ASIF framework, total CO2 emissions were projected from 2020 to 2060. Results show that although higher EV penetration reduces direct emissions from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, total CO2 emissions increase more significantly under LP scenario, reaching over 8.1 million tons by 2060, compared to 4.7 million tons in HP scenario. The increase in electricity demand resulting from EV adoption, if met by fossil-based power, can offset the environmental benefits. Thus, EV deployment must be aligned with power sector decarbonization through the adoption of renewable energy sources, grid upgrades, and clean charging infrastructure. Integrated transport-energy planning is vital to ensure that EVs support Indonesia’s NZE targets, particularly in regions like Aceh, which has untapped renewable potential.

Gas Price Policy Analysis for Fertilizer Industries in Indonesia Based on Netback from Final Product Erwan Hermawan; Widodo Wahyu Purwanto
Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Vol 13 No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j24433527.v13i2.7704

The industrial sector has an important role in the Indonesian economy. Theproblem facing the fertilizer industry is the price of gas as a raw material thattends to be expensive for the lower prices of crude oil since 2016. To overcomethis problem the government issued Presidential Regulation No. 40/2016 onsetting gas prices for the fertilizer industry but this regulation only sets floorgas prices at USD 6/MMBTU to secure revenues of gas producers.Meanwhile, the current sale gas contract for fertilizer applies an escalation.The objectives of this study are to evaluate the netback value of each fertilizerplant and assess the current gas price policy. The netback value is calculatedbased on the long-run marginal cost of urea production. The result shows thatPKT 04 and PKT 05, Pusri 1B, 2B, 3, and 4, PKC 1A and 1B, and PKG havelower netback value than gas price contract, except for PKT plant based onaverage has the highest netback value, because they use pricing mechanismthat linked to oil and product price. From this calculation the current gasprice policy needs to be adjusted to keep the fertilizer industry profitably.

PREPARASI MEMBRAN ELEKTROLIT BERBASIS POLIAROMATIK UNTUKAPLIKASI SEL BAHAN BAKAR METANOL LANGSUNG SUHU TINGGI Sri Handayani; Eniya Listiani Dewi; Widodo Wahyu Purwanto; Roekmijati W. Soemantojo
Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 3 (2007): Jurnal Sains dan Materi Indonesia
Publisher : BRIN Publishing (Penerbit BRIN)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17146/jsmi.2007.8.3.4692

PREPARASI MEMBRAN ELEKTROLIT BERBASIS POLIAROMATIK UNTUKAPLIKASI SEL BAHAN BAKAR METANOL LANGSUNG SUHU TINGGI. Operasi sel bahan bakar metanol langsung (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell / DMFC) suhu tinggi (>120 oC) mempunyai keuntungan yaitu meningkatkan reaksi baik di anoda maupun di katoda. Saat ini membran yang banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi DMFC adalah Nafion. Kelebihan dari membran Nafion memiliki konduktivitas ionik yang tinggi tetapi kelemahannya adalah permeabilitas metanol yang tinggi, termasuk membran yang mahal dan kinerja membran menurun jika digunakan pada suhu >80 oC. Untuk hal tersebut perlu pengembangan polimer pengganti Nafion diantaranya adalah polimer aromatik yaitu polisulfon (PSf) dan polieter-eterketon (PEEK). PEEK dan PSf adalah polimer yang bersifat hidrofobik, untuk menjadi elektrolit perlu diberikan gugus sulfonat melalui proses sulfonasi. Sulfonasi PSf dilakukan setelah membuat membran terlebih dahulu, dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi asam sulfat (0,5 M dan 1 M) dan waktu sulfonasi (2 jam, 3 jam dan 4 jam) pada suhu tetap 80 oC. Sedangkan sulfonasi PEEK menggunakan asam sulfat pekat dengan variasi suhu (50 oC , 60 oC dan 70 oC) pada waktu tetap 3 jam, yang kemudian dibuat membran. Karakteristik membran elektrolit polisulfon yang tersulfonasi (sPSf) menghasilkan swelling air pada membran 10 % hingga 25 %, konduktivitas ionik sebesar 10-4 S/cm hingga 10-3 S/cm, permeabilitas metanol sebesar 10-7 cm2/detik hingga 10-6 cm2/detik dan suhu transisi glass membran PSf dan sPSf sebesar 220 oC dan 237 oC. Karakteristik membran elektrolit polieter eter keton yang tersulfonasi (sPEEK) menghasilkan swelling air pada membran 8 % hingga 28 %, konduktivitas ionik sebesar 10-2 S/cm, permeabilitas metanol sebesar 10-7 cm2/detik hingga 10-6 cm2/detik dan suhu transisi glass membran PEEK dan sPEEK sebesar 187 oC dan 266 oC. Kedua polimer tersebut berpeluang untuk aplikasi DMFC suhu tinggi, walaupun konduktivitas ionik dari sPSf perlu ditingkatkan.

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