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All Journal Masalah-Masalah Hukum Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Bisnis (JRMB) Fakultas Ekonomi UNIAT JURNAL PERTANIAN Jurnal Investasi Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi Jurnal Ilmiah Raflesia Akuntansi AKADEMIK: Jurnal Mahasiswa Ekonomi & Bisnis Journal Evidence Of Law Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge Pengabdian Jurnal Abdimas Journal of Progressive Law and Legal Studies
Etty Susilowati
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Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Veterinary Other

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Journal : Journal Evidence Of Law

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Revisiting the Principles of International Contracts in the Digital Trade Era: Towards a Global Legal Framework Hidayati, Sri; Susilowati, Etty; Akkapin, Supaphorn
Journal Evidence Of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Journal Evidence Of Law (Agustus)
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jel.v4i2.1593

Abstract

Digital commerce has fundamentally transformed the legal foundations of classical international contracts in several ways. Principles such as consensualism, freedom of contract, and good faith face serious challenges due to the emergence of algorithmic contracts, power asymmetries on digital platforms, and the complexity of cross-border jurisdictions. This study critically examines the normative limitations of existing legal frameworks, including the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles, and UNCITRAL Model Laws, when confronted with a digitalized contractual environment. Using a normative-comparative approach, this study redefines contractual principles by incorporating concepts such as algorithmic fairness, digital accountability, and trust-by-design. This study emphasizes that the global legal order for digital contracts must transcend the nation-state paradigm and shift toward a pluralistic, principle-based framework through transnational legal processes. This study contributes to the development of legal theory and regulatory design by proposing a roadmap for an inclusive and adaptive global normative architecture.
Reframing Contractual Freedom in Cross-Border Commercial Agreements: Legal Challenges of Standard Terms and Global Consumer Protection Rismaya Maharsanthy, Yovanka; Susilowati, Etty; Rattanapun , Supot
Journal Evidence Of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Journal Evidence Of Law (Agustus)
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jel.v4i2.1594

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of standard clauses in international commercial agreements has intensified normative tensions between the principle of freedom of contract and the imperative of global consumer protection. This study investigates the legal ramifications of such clauses in cross-border transactions, with particular emphasis on business-to-consumer (B2C) contracts marked by pronounced bargaining power asymmetries. Employing a normative legal methodology combined with comparative analysis, the research demonstrates that standard clauses are frequently drafted unilaterally, lack sufficient transparency, and impose liability limitations that operate to the detriment of consumers. The analysis further reveals significant regulatory fragmentation across jurisdictions and the absence of coherent international standards capable of ensuring legal certainty and affording equal protection to consumers. In response, the study advances a reconceptualization of the principle of freedom of contract in the transnational arena, underscoring the primacy of substantive justice, the necessity of transparency in information disclosure, and the enforceability of consumer rights. As a practical contribution, it recommends the establishment of a harmonized international legal framework for the regulation of standard clauses, grounded in the principles of minimum protection and cross-jurisdictional justice. This research thereby seeks to contribute to the evolution of international contract law toward greater responsiveness to the challenges of globalization and the exigencies of consumer protection in the digital economy.
Co-Authors Akkapin, Supaphorn Asep Dedi Sutrisno Bustanul Arifin Cakranegara, Pandu Adi Cakranegara, Pandu Adi Dedi Rianto Rahadi Gian, Erick Ivan Hartantie, Kartini Hutasoit, Sahala Irsyad Kamal Istikomah, Kartini Ivo Rolanda Laksmiwati, Mia Lestari, Setyani Dwi Minto Yuwono Ningsih Palupi, Hana Susila Prasetya, Rizky Eka Rattanapun , Supot Rina Oktaviani Rismaya Maharsanthy, Yovanka Rosari, Renya Siti Aisyah Sri Hidayati Sumartini Sumartini Susilo Surahman Tristanto, Sigit Heri Widianti, Bernadeta Endang Yandra Arkeman Yuwono, Minto