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ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN RUANG PENDIDIKAN PADA FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNIK UNDANA Frans, John H.; Bella, Rosmiyati A.; Lada, Iechlas B.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (395.87 KB)

Abstract

Fakultas Sains dan Teknik (FST) adalah salah satu fakultas di bawah naungan Universitas Nusa Cendana (Undana). Dalam periode 2006-2017 jumlah mahasiswa FST meningkat menjadi 4047 mahasiswa. Namun dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah mahasiswa tidak diikuti dengan penambahan gedung perkuliahan. Keadaan itu menuntut penyediaan sarana prasarana yang memadai untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis statis dan analisis matematis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis maka diperoleh ketersediaan ruang kuliah di FST Undana pada tahun 2017 adalah sebanyak 47 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 2918 m2 dan kebutuhan ruang kuliah di FST Undana pada tahun 2017 adalah sebanyak 58 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 6071 m2. Untuk tahun 2022 kebutuhan jumlah dan luas ruang kuliah di FST adalah sebanyak 97 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 10684 m2 dan untuk tahun 2027 sebanyak 130 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 14950 m2.The Faculty of Science and Engineering (FST) is one of the faculties under the auspices of the University of Nusa Cendana (Undana). In the period 2006-2017 the number of FST students increased to 4047 students. But with the increase in the number of students not followed by the addition of lecture buildings. This situation requires the provision of adequate infrastructure to support the learning process in accordance with the National Standards for Higher Education. The analytical method used is static analysis and mathematical analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the availability of lecture rooms at Undana FST in 2017 is 47 rooms with a total lecture area of 2918 m2 and the need for lecture rooms at Undana FST in 2017 is 58 rooms with a total lecture area of 6071 m2. For the year 2022 the number and area of lecture rooms at FST is 97 rooms with a total lecture area of 10684 m2 and for 2027 there are 130 rooms with a total lecture area of 14950 m2.
MODEL TARIKAN PERGERAKAN TRANSPORTASI PADA KOMPLEKS PASAR KASIH KOTA KUPANG Frans, John H.; Hunggurami, Elia; Johannis, Semuel A. D.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (749.228 KB)

Abstract

Pasar Tradisional memiliki intensitas kunjungan yang besar. Tarikan itu sendiri dipengaruhi banyak variabel. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan guna membuat model dari tarikan pergerakan tata guna lahan dan tarikan pergerakan bebasis rumah pada Kompleks Pasar Kasih di Kota Kupang. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Pengumpulan data untuk tarikan pergerakan tata guna lahan akan diperoleh dengan teknik survey kendaraan dan pengumpulan data untuk tarikan pergerakan berbasis rumah akan menggunakan teknik kuisioner. Hasil analisis regresi linear pada penelitian ini adalah Y1 = 2,379X1b + 21,079X1c ? 11,649 dan Y2 = 1,407X2b + 0,601X2d + 0,495X2n ? 2,200, dengan Y1 adalah tarikan pergerakan kendaraan dalam satuan mobil penumpang, Y2 adalah intensitas kunjungan ke Pasar, X1b adalah jumlah pedagang sayur dan buah, X1c adalah jumlah pedagang daging dan ikan, X2b adalah jenis kelamin pengunjung, X2d adalah penghasilan perbulan, dan X2n adalah kelengkapan barang di pasar.Traditional market have huge intensity of visits. The attraction itself have influenced by many variables. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make a model from the trip attraction of the land use and the movement attraction with home-based on Pasar Kasih housing in Kupang city. This modelling have done by use the multiple linear regression analysis. The data gathering for the movement attraction of the land use have done by using the vehicle survey method and the data gathering for the movement attraction with home-based have done by using the questionnaire method. The result of this research is Y1 = 2,379X1b + 21,079X1c ? 11,649 and Y2 = 1,407X2b + 0,601X2d + 0,495X2n ? 2,200, with Y1 is the transportation trip attraction in passenger car unit, Y2 is the intensity of visits in market, X1b is the number of vegetable and fruit traders, X1c is the number of meat and fish traders, X2b is gender of visitors, X2d is the monthly income, and X2n is completeness of commodities on the market.
ANALISIS GEOMETRIK JALAN DENGAN CIVIL 3D DAN SIG PADA UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA Frans, John H.; Sir, Tri M. W.; Wanggur, Klaudius
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1072.72 KB)

Abstract

Jalan merupakan sarana penunjang kegiatan akademik dalam kawasan kampus UNDANA. pertumbuhan jumlah mahasiswa meningkat tiap tahunnya yang berdampak pada volume kendaraan terus bertambah. Analisis geometrik  bermanfaat dalam memberikan lebar jalur jalan ideal sesuai dengan kriteria perencanaan geometrik jalan. Selisih elevasi pengukuran menggunakan total station dan menggunakan GPS adalah sebesar -2,283 m. Analisa kapasitas jalan nilai derajat kejenuhan dari segmen 1 sebesar 1.339, segmen 2 0.571, segmen 3 0,311, segmen 4 0.252. Analisa geometrik jalan segmen yang memenuhi standar perencanaan hanya pada segmen 2 dengan lebar jalan 7 m. Analisis alinyemen horisontal pada sebelas tikungan yang ada perlu adanya pelebaran perkerasan di tikungan. Tikungan PI 1 membutuhkan pelebaran perkerasan sebesar 1,390 m, tikungan PI 2 2,286 m, tikungan PI  2,270 m, tikungan PI 4 3,495 m, tikungan PI 5 3,495 m, tikungan PI 6 membutuhkan pelebaran perkerasan sebesar 3,000 m, tikungan PI 7 membuthkan pelebaran perkerasan 2,875, tikungan PI 8 2,838 m, tikungan PI 9 2,382 m, tikungan PI 10 2,920 m, tikungan PI 11 1,795 m. Dari ketiga cara analisis geometrik diberikan rekomendasi peningkatan geometrik jalan pada kawasan kampus UNDANA. Lebar jalan 7 m, lebar lajur 3,5 m, lebar trotoar 2,5 m.Road is a means of supporting academic activities within the UNDANA campus area. the growth in the number of students increases every year which impacts on the volume of vehicles continues to grow. Geometric analysis is useful in providing the width of the ideal road path according to the geometric planning criteria of the road. Measurement elevation difference using total station and using GPS is -2,283 m. Road capacity analysis the degree of saturation value of segment 1 is 1,339, segment 2 is 0.571, segment 3 is 0.311, segment 4 is 0.252. Segment road geometric analysis that meets the planning standard is only in segment 2 with a road width of 7 m. Horizontal alignment analysis of the eleven bends required widening of the pavement around the corner. Bend PI 1 requires pavement widening of 1,390 m, bend PI 2 2,286 m, bend PI 2,270 m, bend PI 4 3,495 m, bend PI 5 3,495 m, bend PI 6 requires widening of pavement by 3,000 m, bend PI 7 requires widening of pavement 2,875 , PI 8 curve 2,838 m, bend PI 9 2,382 m, bend PI 10 2,920 m, bend PI 11 1,795 m. Of the three methods of geometric analysis, recommendations were given for increasing the geometric path of the UNDANA campus area. The width of the road is 7 m, the width of the lane is 3.5 m, the width of the sidewalk is 2.5 m.
ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN RUANG PENDIDIKAN PADA FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNIK UNDANA Frans, John H.; Bella, Rosmiyati A.; Lada, Iechlas B.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (395.87 KB)

Abstract

Fakultas Sains dan Teknik (FST) adalah salah satu fakultas di bawah naungan Universitas Nusa Cendana (Undana). Dalam periode 2006-2017 jumlah mahasiswa FST meningkat menjadi 4047 mahasiswa. Namun dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah mahasiswa tidak diikuti dengan penambahan gedung perkuliahan. Keadaan itu menuntut penyediaan sarana prasarana yang memadai untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis statis dan analisis matematis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis maka diperoleh ketersediaan ruang kuliah di FST Undana pada tahun 2017 adalah sebanyak 47 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 2918 m2 dan kebutuhan ruang kuliah di FST Undana pada tahun 2017 adalah sebanyak 58 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 6071 m2. Untuk tahun 2022 kebutuhan jumlah dan luas ruang kuliah di FST adalah sebanyak 97 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 10684 m2 dan untuk tahun 2027 sebanyak 130 ruang dengan total luas ruang kuliah sebesar 14950 m2.The Faculty of Science and Engineering (FST) is one of the faculties under the auspices of the University of Nusa Cendana (Undana). In the period 2006-2017 the number of FST students increased to 4047 students. But with the increase in the number of students not followed by the addition of lecture buildings. This situation requires the provision of adequate infrastructure to support the learning process in accordance with the National Standards for Higher Education. The analytical method used is static analysis and mathematical analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the availability of lecture rooms at Undana FST in 2017 is 47 rooms with a total lecture area of 2918 m2 and the need for lecture rooms at Undana FST in 2017 is 58 rooms with a total lecture area of 6071 m2. For the year 2022 the number and area of lecture rooms at FST is 97 rooms with a total lecture area of 10684 m2 and for 2027 there are 130 rooms with a total lecture area of 14950 m2.
MODEL TARIKAN PERGERAKAN TRANSPORTASI PADA KOMPLEKS PASAR KASIH KOTA KUPANG Frans, John H.; Hunggurami, Elia; Johannis, Semuel A. D.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (749.228 KB)

Abstract

Pasar Tradisional memiliki intensitas kunjungan yang besar. Tarikan itu sendiri dipengaruhi banyak variabel. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan guna membuat model dari tarikan pergerakan tata guna lahan dan tarikan pergerakan bebasis rumah pada Kompleks Pasar Kasih di Kota Kupang. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Pengumpulan data untuk tarikan pergerakan tata guna lahan akan diperoleh dengan teknik survey kendaraan dan pengumpulan data untuk tarikan pergerakan berbasis rumah akan menggunakan teknik kuisioner. Hasil analisis regresi linear pada penelitian ini adalah Y1 = 2,379X1b + 21,079X1c – 11,649 dan Y2 = 1,407X2b + 0,601X2d + 0,495X2n – 2,200, dengan Y1 adalah tarikan pergerakan kendaraan dalam satuan mobil penumpang, Y2 adalah intensitas kunjungan ke Pasar, X1b adalah jumlah pedagang sayur dan buah, X1c adalah jumlah pedagang daging dan ikan, X2b adalah jenis kelamin pengunjung, X2d adalah penghasilan perbulan, dan X2n adalah kelengkapan barang di pasar.Traditional market have huge intensity of visits. The attraction itself have influenced by many variables. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make a model from the trip attraction of the land use and the movement attraction with home-based on Pasar Kasih housing in Kupang city. This modelling have done by use the multiple linear regression analysis. The data gathering for the movement attraction of the land use have done by using the vehicle survey method and the data gathering for the movement attraction with home-based have done by using the questionnaire method. The result of this research is Y1 = 2,379X1b + 21,079X1c – 11,649 and Y2 = 1,407X2b + 0,601X2d + 0,495X2n – 2,200, with Y1 is the transportation trip attraction in passenger car unit, Y2 is the intensity of visits in market, X1b is the number of vegetable and fruit traders, X1c is the number of meat and fish traders, X2b is gender of visitors, X2d is the monthly income, and X2n is completeness of commodities on the market.
ANALISIS GEOMETRIK JALAN DENGAN CIVIL 3D DAN SIG PADA UNIVERSITAS NUSA CENDANA Frans, John H.; Sir, Tri M. W.; Wanggur, Klaudius
Jurnal Teknik Sipil Vol 9, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Jurnal Teknik Sipil

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1072.72 KB)

Abstract

Jalan merupakan sarana penunjang kegiatan akademik dalam kawasan kampus UNDANA. pertumbuhan jumlah mahasiswa meningkat tiap tahunnya yang berdampak pada volume kendaraan terus bertambah. Analisis geometrik  bermanfaat dalam memberikan lebar jalur jalan ideal sesuai dengan kriteria perencanaan geometrik jalan. Selisih elevasi pengukuran menggunakan total station dan menggunakan GPS adalah sebesar -2,283 m. Analisa kapasitas jalan nilai derajat kejenuhan dari segmen 1 sebesar 1.339, segmen 2 0.571, segmen 3 0,311, segmen 4 0.252. Analisa geometrik jalan segmen yang memenuhi standar perencanaan hanya pada segmen 2 dengan lebar jalan 7 m. Analisis alinyemen horisontal pada sebelas tikungan yang ada perlu adanya pelebaran perkerasan di tikungan. Tikungan PI 1 membutuhkan pelebaran perkerasan sebesar 1,390 m, tikungan PI 2 2,286 m, tikungan PI  2,270 m, tikungan PI 4 3,495 m, tikungan PI 5 3,495 m, tikungan PI 6 membutuhkan pelebaran perkerasan sebesar 3,000 m, tikungan PI 7 membuthkan pelebaran perkerasan 2,875, tikungan PI 8 2,838 m, tikungan PI 9 2,382 m, tikungan PI 10 2,920 m, tikungan PI 11 1,795 m. Dari ketiga cara analisis geometrik diberikan rekomendasi peningkatan geometrik jalan pada kawasan kampus UNDANA. Lebar jalan 7 m, lebar lajur 3,5 m, lebar trotoar 2,5 m.Road is a means of supporting academic activities within the UNDANA campus area. the growth in the number of students increases every year which impacts on the volume of vehicles continues to grow. Geometric analysis is useful in providing the width of the ideal road path according to the geometric planning criteria of the road. Measurement elevation difference using total station and using GPS is -2,283 m. Road capacity analysis the degree of saturation value of segment 1 is 1,339, segment 2 is 0.571, segment 3 is 0.311, segment 4 is 0.252. Segment road geometric analysis that meets the planning standard is only in segment 2 with a road width of 7 m. Horizontal alignment analysis of the eleven bends required widening of the pavement around the corner. Bend PI 1 requires pavement widening of 1,390 m, bend PI 2 2,286 m, bend PI 2,270 m, bend PI 4 3,495 m, bend PI 5 3,495 m, bend PI 6 requires widening of pavement by 3,000 m, bend PI 7 requires widening of pavement 2,875 , PI 8 curve 2,838 m, bend PI 9 2,382 m, bend PI 10 2,920 m, bend PI 11 1,795 m. Of the three methods of geometric analysis, recommendations were given for increasing the geometric path of the UNDANA campus area. The width of the road is 7 m, the width of the lane is 3.5 m, the width of the sidewalk is 2.5 m.
Curve Number Estimation for Ungauged Watershed in Semi-Arid Region Krisnayanti, Denik Sri; Bunganaen, Wilhelmus; Frans, John H.; Seran, Yustinus A.; Legono, Djoko
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 6 (2021): June
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091711

Abstract

The Benanain Watershed is located in East Nusa Tenggara with an area of 3,181 km2 and is divided into 29 sub-watersheds. The East Nusa Tenggara itself is an eastern region of Indonesia with a unique climate condition called semi-arid. The high rainfall intensity occurring in short duration results in large surface runoff and erosion. Floods and erosion in semi-arid areas due to sensitive soils to drought and heavy rainfall extremely. This paper presents the application of the Soil Conservation Services-Curve Number (SCS-CN) real-flood flows through a digital map of soil type, land use, topography, and the heterogeneity of physical condition, especially for ungauged watersheds. The method used is an approach empirical to estimate runoff from the relationship between rainfall, land use, and soil hydrology groups. This watershed has a large area that must analyze every sub-watershed. The land-use of the Benanain watershed is secondary dryland forest by 44.26% and the hydrological soil group on the B group classification with medium to high absorption potential by 46.502% from the total area. The curve number value of the Benanain Watershed ranges from 56.54 to 73.90, where the mean CN value of 65.32. The rainfall (mm) for the 29 sub-watersheds in the Benanain Watershed has decreased by about 74.65% when being surface runoff or only 25.35% of water becomes surface runoff. The relationship between rainfall depth and CN is classified as standard response and trend line (flat slope) equilibrium occurs when rainfall depth value of 56.71 mm and CN is close to 66.30. The high variability of intense rainfall between the rainy season and the dry season had a significant influence on the curve number value in a large watershed area. Further analysis will be more accurate if it is supported by long rainfall data and observation runoff data as a control. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091711 Full Text: PDF
Evaluasi Tarif Berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) dan Load Factor Angkutan Umum Kota Kupang (Studi Kasus: Trayek 2 dan Trayek 6)) Bauru, Roswita Rambu; Frans, John H.; Sir, Tri M.W.
JURNAL FORUM TEKNIK SIPIL (J-ForTekS) Vol 3 No 2 (2023): Volume 3 No. 2 September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Cendana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35508/forteks.v3i2.12065

Abstract

Public transportation (Bemo) is one of the transportation services that serve the people of Kupang City in a predetermined route, the route that is passed usually has many public facilities. Public transportation is one of the basic needs of the people in Kupang City. But if it is not handled properly, it will become a problem for providers and users of public transportation services. So this study aims to determine tariffs based on Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK), Ability To Pay (ATP), and Willingness To Pay (WTP) of public transport service users in Kupang City, as well as to analyze the ideal tariff based on Ability To Pay (ATP) and Willingness To Pay (WTP) of public transport service users. The public transport routes that will be observed in this study are route 2 and route 6. With the length of route 2 is 10.145 km and the length of Route 6 is 8.573 km. Analysis of Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK) will use the method of Director General of Land Transportation number SK.687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002 concerning technical guidelines for the implementation of public passenger transportation in urban areas on fixed and regular routes. While analyzing the calculation of Ability To Pay (ATP) and Willingness To Pay (WTP) using cross tabulation and travel budged methods. From the results of the analysis it is known that the current tariff in the field is greater than the calculated tariff of Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK) and Willingness To Pay (WTP), but the applicable tariff is smaller than Ability To Pay (ATP). Due to the problem of the pertalite fuel price increase from Rp.7,650 to Rp.10,000, the current tariff increased from Rp.3,000 to Rp.5,000 for the public and Rp.2,000 to Rp.3,500 for students, while from the calculation of the amount of the Vehicle Operating Cost (BOK) tariff is Rp.3,942 for route 2, and Rp.3,483 for route 6. The Willingnes To Pay (WTP) value is Rp.2,222 while the Ability To Pay (ATP) value is greater, namely Rp.8,148.
Analisis Kebutuhan Parkir Pasar Inpres Lipa Kalabahi, Kabupaten Alor Maubara, Lyani Herlina Ferdita; Sir, Tri M.W.; Frans, John H.
JURNAL FORUM TEKNIK SIPIL (J-ForTekS) Vol 3 No 2 (2023): Volume 3 No. 2 September 2023
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Cendana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35508/forteks.v3i2.12449

Abstract

Parking is a problem often encountered, especially in areas with high activity, such as markets. With the community's needs that must be met, the government provides a market for the people of Alor, namely the Inpres Lipa market. It offers good service and facilities, one of which is by providing a parking lot. However, because the parking area is often used for selling areas, several vehicles are parked on the shoulder of the road, causing traffic jams around the market. This research aims to determine the characteristics of parking and parking needs at present and in the next five years. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative to describe parking characteristics and parking needs in the next five years. The analysis results are as follows: The maximum vehicle volume for motorcycles is 322 vehicles, and the maximum volume for cars is 52 vehicles, while the minimum vehicle volume for motorcycles is 177 vehicles, and cars are 23 vehicles. The highest accumulation of parking for motorbikes was 74 vehicles, while there were nine vehicles for cars. The minimum parking duration for motorbikes is 0,03 hours, and for cars is 0,05. The maximum duration of the motorbike is 1,095 hours, and the maximum duration of the car is 1,09 hours. The maximum average parking duration for motorbikes is 1,096 hours, the maximum average time for cars is 1,001 hours, the average period for motorcycles is a minimum of 0,43 hours, and the average period for cars is a minimum of 0,4 hours. Parking capacity for motorbikes is 79 SRP, and cars are 10 SRP. The parking index for motorbikes and cars is <100%, meaning parking facilities are not problematic. The highest current need for parking is 44 vehicles, with a land area of ​​66 m2, and five cars, with an area of ​​62,5 m2. The projected demand for parking in 2027 for motorbikes is 93 SRP of parking space required 139,5 m2, and for cars, 11 SRP of parking space required 135,7 m2.
Analisis Kinerja dan Kebutuhan Angkutan Bus Perkantoran Pemerintah Kabupaten Kupang Gultom, Gary Benjamin; Frans, John Hendrik; Ramang, Ruslan
JURNAL FORUM TEKNIK SIPIL (J-ForTekS) Vol 4 No 1 (2024): Vol 4 No 1 (2024): Volume 4 No.1 Mei 2024
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Cendana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35508/forteks.v4i1.13683

Abstract

Minimnya transportasi umum yang khusus melayani kebutuhan akomodasi para pegawai mengakibatkan adanya pengadaan Bus Kantor. Dalam penelitian ini diteliti bagaimana kinerja pelayanan dan kebutuhan jumlah angkutan Bus Perkantoran bagi pegawai Kabupaten Kupang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan tingkat kinerja dan jumlah kebutuhan angkutan Bus Perkantoran Pemerintah Kabupaten Kupang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Deskriptif Kuantitatif dengan menggunakan aplikasi microsoft excel dan Standar Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Darat No.SK : SK/687/AJ.206/DRJD/2002. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kinerja operasional pelayanan angkutan Bus Perkantoran berdasarkan standar dari Direktorat Jendral Perhubungan Darat dengan total nilai 18 dari nilai bobot masing-masing termasuk dalam kategori SEDANG, sementara kinerja pelayanan Bus Perkantoran dinilai "BAIK" melalui kuesioner. Untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan Bus Perkantoran perlu penambahan jumlah pelayanan dengan cara penjadwalan ulang dan manajemen waktu.