This study aims to construct an integrative model of Adiwiyata-based environmental education that is systemically connected to the framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the context of madrasah learning. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design in a madrasah implementing the Adiwiyata program. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and were analyzed using interactive analysis techniques, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the developed integrative model consists of four main components: school policy, an integrated green curriculum, environment-based participatory activities, and the strengthening of eco-friendly facilities, all of which are synergized with the three pillars of ESD (environmental, social, and economic). The implementation of this model has been proven to enhance students’ environmental literacy, ecological awareness, and sustainable behavior through the integration of intracurricular, cocurricular, and extracurricular learning. In addition, the roles of the madrasah principal and teachers as agents of change are key factors in the successful implementation of the model. The study concludes that the construction of an integrative Adiwiyata–ESD model based on the SDGs makes a significant contribution to strengthening sustainable environmental education in madrasahs and is relevant as an innovative framework for educational transformation toward sustainable development.