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All Journal Journal of Governance Kasta: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Agama, Budaya dan Terapan Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan dan Teknologi Informasi Society Jurnal Perlindungan Masyarakat Bestuur Praesidium
Muhammad Suhardi
Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri
Humanities Computer Science & IT Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Pluralisme Hukum dan Legitimasi Kultural: Menata Ulang Hukum Adat Sasak untuk Mencegah Perkawinan Anak di Lombok Muhammad Suhardi
Society Vol 13 No 1 (2025): Society
Publisher : Laboratorium Rekayasa Sosial, Jurusan Sosiologi, FISIP Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/society.v13i1.818

Abstract

Child marriage remains a deeply rooted socio-cultural issue in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, where traditional customs, religious authority, and economic hardship intersect. This study investigates how Sasak customary law (awiq-awiq) and the roles of local religious figures, Kyai and Tuan Guru, contribute to both the persistence and potential transformation of early marriage practices. Using a qualitative approach involving interviews, participant observation, and document analysis across three regencies, Central Lombok, West Lombok, and East Lombok, the research finds that cultural traditions such as merarik kodeq (a customary elopement practice) are still widely accepted as mechanisms to preserve family honor and reduce economic burden. Although national legal frameworks, specifically Law No. 16 of 2019 on Marriage and West Nusa Tenggara Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2021 on the Prevention of Child Marriage, set a minimum legal age of 19, implementation remains weak due to widespread use of religious court dispensations and cultural resistance. Findings show that while some customary and religious leaders continue to legitimize child marriage, an increasing number have begun to reinterpret awiq-awiq in line with contemporary health, educational, and religious considerations. Village-level forums (musyawarah desa) are emerging as strategic spaces for negotiating alignment between formal legal norms and local wisdom. This study develops a culturally embedded integration model that emphasizes participatory governance, moral legitimacy, and the co-production of legal norms. It offers empirical insight into the resilience of early marriage in culturally entrenched settings. It contributes a conceptual model for rethinking legal pluralism as a framework for reform through collaboration, not confrontation. These findings expand current scholarship by repositioning customary and religious authority as key agents in adaptive and community-driven legal transformation.
Penggunaan Big Data dan Machine Learning dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Publik: Tinjauan terhadap Prinsip Partisipasi Warga Negara Erfan Wahyudi; Muhammad Suhardi; Wiredarme
Jurnal Perlindungan Masyarakat: Bestuur Praesidium Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Maret 2026
Publisher : IPDN Kampus NTB

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Abstract

This study aims to analyze the use of big data and machine learning in public policy formulation by positioning citizen participation as a foundation of democratic legitimacy. The study responds to the growing assumption that data-driven policy is more objective, efficient, and rational, while it may also narrow public participation when governmental decisions rely excessively on digital data and algorithmic recommendations. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative-conceptual approach and library research. The data sources consist of legal materials, policy documents, and academic literature related to big data, machine learning, public policy, digital government, algorithmic governance, and citizen participation. The analysis is conducted through qualitative content analysis and normative interpretation to assess the relationship between analytical technology and participatory principles within the public policy cycle. The findings show that big data and machine learning can strengthen problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, and policy evaluation. However, these technologies also create risks of technocratic policymaking, data bias, underrepresentation of vulnerable groups, weak accountability, and the reduction of citizen participation into mere digital data. This study argues that data-driven policy must preserve public consultation, data correction, citizen objection, decision explanation, and public deliberation. The contribution of this study lies in framing citizen participation as a normative limit on the use of big data and machine learning in public policy formulation.
Konstitusionalisme Lingkungan dalam Kebijakan Pembangunan Ibu Kota Nusantara Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Perlindungan Masyarakat: Bestuur Praesidium Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Maret 2025
Publisher : IPDN Kampus NTB

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Abstract

This study aims to analyze the development of Indonesia’s Nusantara Capital City from the perspective of environmental constitutionalism by positioning the right to a good and healthy environment as the main standard of assessment. The study responds to the problem that IKN is framed as a green city, forest city, and low-carbon development project, while it may still generate ecological risks, spatial transformation, pressure on natural resources, and injustice for local communities and future generations. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. The analysis uses statutory, conceptual, and policy case-study approaches to examine the development of IKN. The data sources consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, policy documents, and relevant academic literature. The findings show that the formal legality of IKN development is not sufficient to ensure its conformity with environmental constitutional principles. IKN development must be assessed through ecological legality, the precautionary principle, meaningful public participation, protection of local communities, intergenerational justice, and ecological accountability. The contribution of this study lies in proposing green constitutionalism as an evaluative framework for IKN development, so that the vision of a green capital city does not remain a policy narrative but becomes a constitutional obligation that can be legally and publicly tested.
Kedaulatan Rakyat dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Asimetris: Studi Konstitusional terhadap Daerah Khusus, Daerah Istimewa, dan Otorita IKN Luh Putu Vera Astri Pujayanti; Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Perlindungan Masyarakat: Bestuur Praesidium Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Maret 2025
Publisher : IPDN Kampus NTB

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Abstract

This study aims to analyze the construction of popular sovereignty in asymmetric regional head selection and to compare local democracy models in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Special Region of Jakarta, Aceh, Papua, and the Nusantara Capital Authority. This research uses a qualitative method with normative juridical research. The approaches applied include statutory, conceptual, comparative, and normative case approaches. The data consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through library research. The analysis is conducted qualitatively and prescriptively through legal interpretation and legal reasoning. The findings show that popular sovereignty in asymmetric local government is not always expressed through direct elections. Yogyakarta represents a historical-cultural privilege model through the appointment of the governor and vice governor. Jakarta maintains direct elections at the provincial level but limits direct elections at the city and regency administrative levels. Aceh reflects a special autonomy model based on political reconciliation and local political parties. Papua demonstrates a special autonomy model based on the cultural representation of Indigenous Papuans. The Nusantara Capital Authority represents the most problematic model because its head is appointed by the President. This study proposes constitutional parameters for assessing asymmetric local democracy, namely constitutional legitimacy, meaningful public participation, citizen representation, accountability of local government leaders, and protection of the substance of local democracy. The findings affirm that regional asymmetry may be constitutionally justified as long as it does not eliminate public control over local governance.
Algorithmic Rule Of Law In Local Government: Administrative Law Challenges In Automated Public Decision-Making In Indonesia Muhammad Suhardi; Abdul Wahab
Journal of Governance Volume 11 Issue 2: (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62870/jog.v11i2.39854

Abstract

This study examines the administrative law challenges arising from the use of automated public decision-making in local government in Indonesia and proposes an algorithmic rule of law framework as a normative basis for its regulation. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The legal materials analyzed include Indonesian laws and regulations concerning governmental administration, electronic-based government systems, personal data protection, and artificial intelligence policy, as well as selected European Union instruments as comparative references. The findings show that Indonesian law has provided a general foundation for digital government, but it has not yet specifically regulated the status, limits, and accountability of algorithmic systems in administrative decisions that affect citizens’ rights and interests. The main legal problems include the unclear boundary of algorithmic legality in public decision-making, the absence of a specific due process framework for automated decisions, the lack of integration between personal data protection and algorithmic accountability, and the risks posed by black-boxing and unequal digital capacity across local governments. In response, this study offers a reconstruction of the algorithmic rule of law framework, which includes a clear legal basis of authority, risk classification, meaningful human oversight, intelligible reasoning, audit trails, administrative remedies, and external supervision. These findings underline that local government digital transformation must remain firmly grounded in the rule of law, accountability, and administrative justice
STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION WITHIN THE ELECTRONIC-BASED GOVERNMENT SYSTEM Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan dan Teknologi Informasi Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Ninety Media Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69916/jkbti.v4i3.458

Abstract

This study examines the responsibility of the state in protecting personal data within Indonesia’s Electronic-Based Government System. The objective is to analyze the legal obligations of government institutions as personal data controllers in digital public services and to formulate a normative framework that integrates the Personal Data Protection Law, SPBE governance, and the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights. This research employs a qualitative legal method with a normative-juridical and conceptual approach. Data were collected through documentary study of Indonesian legal instruments concerning personal data protection, public services, government administration, electronic systems, and electronic-based government, supported by relevant scholarly literature on data governance and digital public administration. The findings show that Indonesia already has an important legal foundation for personal data protection and digital government, but the Personal Data Protection Law and SPBE framework have not yet been fully integrated. This regulatory fragmentation creates risks related to unclear institutional responsibility, excessive data processing, weak citizen notification, inaccurate data use, data breaches, and limited remedies. The study proposes the concept of the state as a constitutional data controller, meaning that government responsibility extends beyond technical compliance toward the protection of privacy, dignity, legal certainty, equality, and access to public services. This study contributes to strengthening a rights-based model of SPBE in Indonesia.
REGULATORY MODEL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DIGITAL GOVERNMENT: BETWEEN SOFT LAW, ETHICS, AND THE NEED FOR BINDING LAW IN INDONESIA Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan dan Teknologi Informasi Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Ninety Media Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69916/jkbti.v5i1.460

Abstract

This study examines the regulatory model of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indonesia’s digital government, focusing on the relationship between ethical guidelines, soft law, and the need for binding legal regulation. The objective is to analyze the legal limitations of Indonesia’s AI Ethics Circular Letter and to formulate a stronger regulatory framework for AI use in public administration. This research employs a qualitative legal method with normative-juridical, conceptual, and regulatory-comparative approaches. Data were collected through documentary study of Indonesian legal instruments, including the AI Ethics Circular Letter, the Personal Data Protection Law, and the Electronic-Based Government System framework, supported by scholarly literature on AI regulation, soft law, public-sector AI governance, and administrative accountability. The findings show that Indonesia’s current AI governance remains at an early and transitional stage. The AI Ethics Circular Letter provides an important ethical foundation, but it lacks binding obligations, risk classification, mandatory audit mechanisms, institutional liability, sanctions, and remedies for citizens affected by AI systems. This study proposes a hybrid regulatory model that combines ethical principles with binding legal rules, public-sector-specific obligations, sectoral standards, institutional supervision, and accessible remedies. The study contributes to the development of rights-based and accountability-oriented AI governance in Indonesia’s digital government.
ALGORITHMIC TRANSPARENCY IN DIGITAL PUBLIC SERVICES: AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE Abdul Wahab; Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan dan Teknologi Informasi Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Ninety Media Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69916/jkbti.v5i1.461

Abstract

The increasing use of artificial intelligence and automated decision-making systems in digital public services has created new challenges for administrative law, particularly regarding transparency, accountability, and citizens’ procedural rights. This study examines algorithmic transparency as a legal obligation of government institutions in AI-based public service delivery. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this article analyses how the right to explanation can be constructed as part of administrative due process, reason-giving, and good administration. The findings show that the use of algorithmic systems does not reduce the government’s responsibility to provide lawful, reasonable, and reviewable decisions. Instead, the complexity of AI-based decision-making strengthens the need for meaningful explanations that are understandable, case-relevant, and useful for citizens affected by public decisions. This study argues that the right to explanation should not be limited to technical disclosure of algorithmic models, but should include information on whether AI was used, how it influenced the decision, what data and criteria were considered, and what remedies are available. The novelty of this article lies in positioning algorithmic transparency within the doctrinal framework of administrative law, rather than treating it solely as an ethical or technological issue. The study contributes to the development of accountable, citizen-centred, and legally grounded AI governance in digital public administration.
CYBERSECURITY GOVERNANCE IN ELECTRONIC-BASED GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE GOVERNMENT’S LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR PUBLIC DATA BREACHES Erfan Wahyudi; Muhammad Suhardi
Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan dan Teknologi Informasi Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Ninety Media Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69916/jkbti.v4i3.462

Abstract

The increasing digitalisation of public administration has made cybersecurity governance a central issue in electronic-based government systems. Public data breaches in government digital platforms are no longer merely technical incidents, but also raise questions of administrative responsibility, public service continuity, and citizens’ legal protection. This study examines the government’s legal responsibility for public data breaches within the framework of cybersecurity governance and electronic-based government systems. Using a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, this article analyses cybersecurity as part of the state’s duty to provide secure, reliable, and accountable digital public services. The findings show that government responsibility can be constructed through three layers: preventive responsibility, responsive responsibility, and restorative responsibility. Preventive responsibility requires risk-based cybersecurity standards, institutional coordination, security audits, and adequate backup systems. Responsive responsibility requires rapid incident detection, containment, reporting, and transparent public communication. Restorative responsibility requires service recovery, breach notification, institutional evaluation, and remedies for affected citizens. The novelty of this study lies in integrating cybersecurity governance, electronic-based government systems, and administrative-law responsibility into a single analytical framework. The study argues that public data protection is not only a technical obligation, but also a legal manifestation of due care, accountability, good administration, and public service responsibility. Therefore, cybersecurity governance must be positioned as an essential requirement for lawful, secure, and citizen-centred digital government.
Implementasi Prinsip Good Governance dalam Pemerintahan Kota Mataram Perspektif Hukum Tata Negara Muhammad Suhardi; Abdul Wahab
Jurnal Perlindungan Masyarakat: Bestuur Praesidium Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Maret 2026
Publisher : IPDN Kampus NTB

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Abstract

Penelitian ini menganalisis implementasi prinsip good governance dalam Pemerintahan Kota Mataram dari perspektif hukum tata negara. Kajian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pentingnya tata kelola pemerintahan kota yang partisipatif, akuntabel, dan efektif dalam menjawab kebutuhan masyarakat serta mewujudkan prinsip negara hukum demokratis pada tingkat lokal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan sosio-yuridis. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, studi dokumen, dan analisis bahan hukum yang berkaitan dengan pemerintahan daerah, pelayanan publik, keterbukaan informasi, partisipasi masyarakat, akuntabilitas, dan efektivitas kebijakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi good governance dalam Pemerintahan Kota Mataram telah diwujudkan melalui mekanisme partisipasi masyarakat, layanan pengaduan, keterbukaan informasi publik, laporan pertanggungjawaban, peningkatan pelayanan publik, dan penggunaan kanal digital pemerintahan. Akan tetapi, pelaksanaannya masih menghadapi hambatan berupa partisipasi masyarakat yang belum sepenuhnya substantif, informasi pertanggungjawaban yang belum seluruhnya mudah dipahami warga, koordinasi antarperangkat daerah yang belum optimal, keterbatasan integrasi data, serta perlunya evaluasi kebijakan berbasis hasil. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada penilaian good governance sebagai ukuran hukum tata negara, bukan hanya konsep administrasi publik, dengan menempatkan partisipasi, akuntabilitas, dan efektivitas sebagai indikator utama tata kelola Pemerintahan Kota Mataram. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan good governance perlu dilakukan melalui perluasan partisipasi warga, transparansi informasi yang komunikatif, integrasi kanal pengaduan, koordinasi kelembagaan, dan evaluasi kebijakan yang berorientasi pada kebutuhan masyarakat.
Co-Authors Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Erfan Wahyudi Luh Putu Vera Astri Pujayanti Wiredarme