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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Pharmasipha Reka Buana : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia Keluwih: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia Jurnal Farmasi Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacy (JECP) Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacy (PSCP)
Akmal, Tubagus
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Effect of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa (L.) leaves Akmal, Tubagus; Julianti, Andi Ika; Tanjung, Yenni Puspita; Mutiara, Pipyt; Febriyanti, Sapitri
Pharmasipha : Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024): September
Publisher : University Of Darussalam Gontor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21111/pharmasipha.v8i2.11363

Abstract

The potential for encountering free radicals poses a significant concern. Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is a plant with antioxidant properties due to secondary metabolites, specifically phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ketapang leaves through the utilization of several extraction techniques. The extraction of Ketapang leaves is conducted using various methods, namely maceration, stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with 1:10 solid-solvent ratio. The total phenolic content of the Ketapang leaf extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique and quantified using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 782nm. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity measurements were carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and measured at a wavelength of 516nm. The study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ketapang leaf extract using the maceration method of stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), respectively, were 68.495%+2.891, 75.709%+0.106, 84.269%+0.159, and 65.065%+3.965 mgGAE/g and 20.891, 17.569, 15.427, and 21.353 µg/mL. The findings of this study indicate that the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique exhibits the greatest overall phenolic content and antioxidant activity.   Keywords: antioxidant, Terminalia catappa, total phenolic content, ultrasound-assisted extraction
Influence of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract Akmal, Tubagus; Tanjung, Yenni Puspita; Julianti, Andi Ika; Lestari, Aulia Gustiani; Aljan, Aljan
Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): September
Publisher : Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/sjp.v5i2.364

Abstract

Sappan wood is a botanical species that contains a high concentration of phenolic compounds, which contribute to several pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing activities. In order to achieve phenolic compounds of high quality and quantity, it is crucial to select an appropriate extraction procedure. Plant extraction is an important step for chemical isolation, chemical analysis, and evaluating the biological and pharmacological activities of plant compounds. Therefore, determining the most favorable extraction conditions is a critical undertaking in order to maximize both the quantity of active plant compounds and the extraction yield. This research aimed to compare extraction methods based on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (IC50). The extraction techniques employed include maceration, stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The results show TPC values for maceration, SAE, UAE, and MAE, which are 132.85±1.44, 150.99±1.69, 206.70±6.56, and 115.70±1.44 mg GAE/g DE, respectively. The DPPH antioxidant activity (IC50) values are 32.33±2.64, 25.01±0.34, 20.68±0.29, and 29.18±0.70 µg/mL, respectively. The research findings indicate that various extraction procedures can impact the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (IC50) of sappan wood, and UAE is the best extraction method.
Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Spray gel Minyak Atsiri Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia L.) dengan Karbopol 940 sebagai Pembentuk Gel Tanjung, Calvin; Al Fajr, Ibrahim Tsani; Khoiriyah, Inayati; Senjaya, Muhammad Rizqi Hadi; Nabila, Salsa Putri; Akmal, Tubagus
Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacy Vol 2 No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Akademi Farmasi Bumi Siliwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61329/pscp.v2i1.24

Abstract

Acne vulgaris atau yang lebih dikenal dengan acne (jerawat) adalah kondisi inflamasi kronik pada kulit yang terjadi pada 9,4% populasi di dunia. Sekitar 85% diantara adalah kelompok usia remaja dan dewasa muda. Minyak atsiri niaouli dapat digunakan untuk mengobati jerawat akibat bakteri penyebab jerawat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat sediaan spray gel minyak atsiri niaouli. Formulasi sediaan spray gel dibuat dalam 4 formula dengan perbedaan konsentrasi karbopol 940 F1 0,125%, F2 0,25%, F3 0,375%, dan F4 0,5%. Sediaan spray gel dievaluasi untuk menentukan kualitas dari sediaan diantaranya uji organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, karakteristik semprotan berupa diameter, sudut dan berat semprotan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semua formula memenuhi syarat evaluasi sediaan kecuali vsikositas. Hasil analisis data statistik menggunakan one way ANOVA dilanjutkan dengan Tukey Post hoc test menunjukkan semua formula berbeda bermakna (P<0,05) untuk karakteristik fisik sediaan kecuali pH sediaan (P>0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi karbopol 940 dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik fisik sediaan spray gel minyak atsiri niaouli.
Optimasi Formula Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Nimba (Azadirachta indica) menggunakan Response Surface Methodology Akmal, Tubagus; Yunus, Mohammad
Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacy Vol 2 No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Akademi Farmasi Bumi Siliwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61329/pscp.v2i2.32

Abstract

Neem oil possesses numerous advantages for skin health due to its properties as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and wound-healing agent when used topically. Neem oil, due to its numerous advantages for the skin, can be used in cosmetic products, such as emulgel preparations. The objective of this study is to enhance the formulation of neem oil emulgel by adjusting the concentration of olivem 1000 (X1) as an emulsifier and xanthan gum (X2) and guar gum (X3) as gelling agents. Formula optimization was conducted utilizing the Box Behnken Design method in Design Expert v.13.0.1 software. The test responses measured were viscosity (Y1) and pH (Y2). The test yielded 15 test formulations with viscosity and pH values ranging from 12800 ± 505.96 to 66400 ± 438.18 cPs and from 4.67 ± 0.01 to 5.01 ± 0.01, respectively. The study concludes that the optimum formula is achieved by using a concentration of olivem 1000, xanthan gum, and guar gum at 5.00, 0.1, and 0.5, respectively. This formula has a viscosity value of 42600 ± 419.5 cPs and a pH of 4.94 ± 0.1.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sabun Batang Herbal dan Non Herbal Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 rahayu, susi afrianti; Zahra, Fabbiana; Akmal, Tubagus
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Suppl. 5, No. 2 (2023) Special Issue for The 3rd Bandung International Teleconference on Pharmacy (B
Publisher : Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/ijpst.v0i0.50663

Abstract

Kebersihan kulit harus dijaga baik dari kotoran ataupun bakteri seperti Staphylococcus aureus. Salah satu cara menjaga kebersihan kulit yaitu dengan sabun batang khususnya sabun batang antibakteri yang mengandung triclosan (non-herbal) ataupun herbal yang mengandung bahan alami dari tumbuhan seperti daun sirih, serai, bunga melati dan buah pepaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas antibakteri sabun batang non-herbal dan herbal dengan menghitung konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode difusi agar dengan cakram kertas. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu 4 sabun batang non-herbal yang mengandung triclosan serta 4 sabun batang herbal yang mengandung ekstrak daun sirih, sereh, bunga melati dan buah papaya. Konsentrasi sampel yang digunakan 1,25%, 0,625%, 0,312%, 0,156% dan 0,078% (b/v) dengan antibiotik klindamisin sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Nilai KHM sabun batang herbal dan non-herbal yaitu pada konsentrasi 0,078% dengan diameter zona hambat 0,163 + 0,012 sampai 0,363 + 0,045 dan 0,323 + 0,012 sampai 0,510 + 0,057 secara berturut-turut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sabun batang non-herbal dengan kandungan triclosan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sabun batang herbal karena memiliki diameter zona hambat yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sabun batang herbal.
Facial Wash Gel Formulation from Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) With Carbopol 940 As Gelling Agent and Its Stability Study Akmal, Tubagus; Yenni Puspita Tanjung; Irma Indriani
Keluwih: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): Keluwih: Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran (June)
Publisher : Direktorat Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/kesdok.V5i2.6082

Abstract

Abstract—Propionibacterium acnes is a bacterium that significantly contributes to the development and progression of acne—the phenomenon of bacterial proliferation. The alkaloid carpain present in papaya leaf extract exhibits antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with the development of acne. The facial wash is a cleansing product that removes bacteria and debris from the skin. This study aims to develop a facial wash gel formulation employing papaya leaf extract to treat and inhibit acne-causing bacteria. The formulation will involve the use of different concentrations of Carbopol 940 polymer, namely FI (1%), FII (1.5%), and FIII (2%), as a gelling agent. The research conducted falls under the category of experimental research. The assessment of facial wash gel formulations encompasses various parameters, such as organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity analysis, pH determination, viscosity measurement, spreadability assessment, and foaming capacity examination. The study's findings indicate that the formulation of the FII facial wash gel successfully fulfils all criteria for preparation evaluation. FI fails to satisfy the criteria for spreadability testing, while FIII needs to fulfil the homogeneity and viscosity testing requirements. The viscosity test was significantly affected by different amounts of Carbopol 940, which was used as a gelling agent. The pH, spreadability, and foamability tests were not significantly affected (p>0.05). Keywords: acne, carbopol 940, carica papaya, facial wash gel Abstrak—Propionibacterium acnes merupakan bakteri yang sangat berperan dalam patogenesis timbulnya jerawat. Pertumbuhan bakteri. Di dalam ekstrak daun pepaya terkandung alkaloid karpain yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri penyebab jerawat (Propionibacterium acnes). Facial wash menjadi salah satu produk yang dapat digunakan untuk membersihkan kulit dari bakteri dan kotoran yang menempel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sediaan facial wash gel dari ekstrak daun pepaya untuk mengobati jerawat serta mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab jerawat dengan variasi konsentrasi polimer Carbopol 940 sebagai gelling agent yaitu FI (1%), FII (1,5%), dan FIII (2%). Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimental. Evaluasi sediaan facial wash gel meliputi pengujian organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan daya busa. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan formulasi sediaan facial wash gel FII memenuhi semua syarat evaluasi sediaan. FI tidak memenuhi syarat uji daya sebar, sedangkan pada FIII tidak memenuhi syarat uji homogenitas dan viskositas. Variasi konsentrasi Carbopol 940 sebagai gelling agent memberikan hasil berpengaruh secara signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap uji viskositas tetapi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan (p>0,05) terhadap uji pH, daya sebar, dan daya busa. Kata kunci: daun papaya, gel sabun muka, jerawat, karbopol 940
Optimasi Formula Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) Menggunakan Central Composite Design (CCD) Akmal, Tubagus; Priatna, Dinda Rahmanda
Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacy Vol 3 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Akademi Farmasi Bumi Siliwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61329/pscp.v3i1.40

Abstract

Penuaan kulit merupakan proses alami yang dapat dipercepat oleh faktor eksternal seperti paparan sinar UV, yang menyebabkan stres oksidatif dan kerusakan struktur kulit. Penggunaan bahan alami dengan sifat antioksidan, seperti ekstrak lavender (Lavandula officinalis), menawarkan solusi potensial dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan formulasi krim berbasis ekstrak lavender menggunakan metode Central Composite Design (CCD), dengan fokus pada parameter viskositas dan pH sebagai indikator kualitas formulasi. Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi Montanov 68 dan HPMC, dua bahan utama yang berperan sebagai emulsifier dan pengental. Formula yang dihasilkan diuji viskositas, pH, dan nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert dan Graphpad Prism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula optimum terdiri atas Montanov 68 sebesar 1,15% dan HPMC sebesar 0,77%, dengan viskositas aktual sebesar 36.280,3 cPs dan pH 5,633, yang sesuai dengan prediksi model statistik. Penambahan ekstrak lavender pada formula meningkatkan viskositas tanpa mengganggu stabilitas pH dan menghasilkan nilai SPF sebesar 15,01, yang termasuk kategori perlindungan ringan terhadap sinar UV. Secara keseluruhan, formulasi krim ini menunjukkan stabilitas fisik yang baik, keamanan, dan potensi sebagai produk perawatan kulit dengan manfaat antioksidan dan perlindungan kulit terhadap sinar UV. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam pengembangan kosmetik berbasis bahan alami yang aman, efektif, dan ramah lingkungan, sekaligus membuka peluang untuk penelitian lanjutan terkait manfaat tambahan ekstrak lavender dalam perawatan kulit.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Phenolics and Flavonoids from Peony (Paeonia lactiflora) Flowers Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Jasmin, Faida; Handayani, Andi Ika Julianti; Akmal, Tubagus
Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia Vol 13, No 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33394/hjkk.v13i1.14346

Abstract

Peony (Paeonia lactiflora) flowers, celebrated for their aesthetic and bioactive attributes, possess potential as natural antioxidant sources owing to their elevated phenolic and flavonoid concentrations. This study employed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the extraction parameters for phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The Box-Behnken Design using method Ultrasoud Assisted Extraction determined the optimal extraction parameters of Paeonia lactiflora flowers to be 49% ethanol concentration, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 50 mL/g, and an extraction time of 22 minutes. The parameters yielded a total phenolic content (TPC) of 205.463 mg GAE/g DW and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 95.465 mg QE/g DW. The results underscore the significance of the liquid-to-solid ratio as a critical factor in extraction efficiency, while ethanol concentration and extraction duration exhibited considerable interactive effects. The findings confirm the efficacy of UAE as a sustainable and efficient technique for extracting bioactive components from Paeonia lactiflora, indicating its potential use in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Future research should explore the antioxidant activity and IC50 values of these extracts for expanded therapeutic use.
Formula Optimization of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract-loaded Film-forming Spray using Box-Behnken Design Aulia, Ridha Nurul; Akmal, Tubagus
Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacy (JECP) Vol 5, No 1 (2025): February 2025
Publisher : Poltekkes Kemenkes Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52365/jecp.v5i1.1325

Abstract

Film-forming sprays are practical and effective in creating a protective film on wounds that evenly distributes active ingredients. Rosmarinic acid in rosemary has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, helping to accelerate wound healing by enhancing macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and reducing inflammation. This study aims to determine the optimal formulation of a film-forming spray using xanthan gum as a film-forming agent, propylene glycol as a plasticizer, and ethanol as a penetration enhancer. Optimization was carried out using the Box-Behnken design in Design Expert-13, focusing on viscosity, spray diameter, spray angle, area, density, and theoretical film thickness. The optimal base and extract formulas were evaluated for stability over 28 days at room temperature using GraphPad Prism-10. The ideal formula contained 0.1% xanthan gum, 3.6% propylene glycol, and 40% ethanol, with a desirability score of 0.943. The confirmation results showed no significant difference between actual and predicted values, validating the model. The optimal formula had a viscosity of 100 ± 0.00 cps, a spray diameter of 4.52 ± 0.06 cm, a spray angle of 65.70 ± 0.31°, an area of 16.02 ± 0.43 cm², a density of 0.908 ± 0.00 g/ml, and a theoretical film thickness of 0.007 ± 0.00 cm. This formula was then used as the base for the rosemary extract FFS. Stability tests showed that the addition of extracts significantly affected viscosity, spray diameter, spray angle, area, and theoretical film thickness (p<0.05), while density was unaffected (p>0.05). The study’s limitation is the lack of in vivo testing to confirm the formulation's effectiveness in promoting wound healing and its antimicrobial properties.
Optimization of Phenolic and Flavonoid Extraction in Lavandula Angustifolia using Ultrasonic Assistance Extraction Ananda, Della; Julianti, Andi Ika; Akmal, Tubagus
Reka Buana : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Teknik Kimia Vol 10, No 1 (2025): EDISI MARET 2025
Publisher : Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33366/rekabuana.v10i1.6608

Abstract

Lavender contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, phytosterols, and minerals, which possess antioxidant properties and pharmacological potential. This study optimized the extraction process of lavender flowers to maximize bioactive phenolic and flavonoid yields. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed, and optimization was conducted using a Box-Behnken design in Design Expert 13.0.5.0 software. The influence of ethanol concentration, liquid-solid ratio (LSR), and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated. Results revealed that LSR significantly impacted the responses. Optimal conditions were determined as an LSR of 50 mL/g, extraction time of 26 minutes, and ethanol concentration of 26.12%. Validation under these conditions yielded a TPC of 152.26 mg GAE/g DE and a TFC of 68.59 mg QE/g DE, with percentage errors of −7.7% and 3.5%, respectively, demonstrating excellent agreement with the predicted values.
Co-Authors Al Fajr, Ibrahim Tsani Aljan, Aljan Ananda, Della Aulia, Ridha Nurul Febriyanti, Sapitri Handayani, Andi Ika Julianti Irma Indriani Jasmin, Faida Julianti, Andi Ika Kawu, Irene T. Khoiriyah, Inayati Lestari, Aulia Gustiani Mohammad Yunus Mutiara, Pipyt Nabila, Salsa Putri Pratama, Bayu Aditya Priatna, Dinda Rahmanda Puspita Tanjung, Yenni Rahayu, Susi Afrianti Senjaya, Muhammad Rizqi Hadi Shofiani, Della Tanjung, Calvin Tanjung, Yenni Puspita Yenni Puspita Tanjung Zahra, Fabbiana