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PENERAPAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL TERKAIT UNITED NATION FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE DALAM MENGHADAPI PERUBAHAN IKLIM Wendra, Muhammad; Sutrisno , Andri
Journal Evidence Of Law Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): Journal Evidence Of Law (Agustus)
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jel.v2i2.563

Sebagai salah satu isu internasional yang cukup serius, isu ini menarik perhatian global sejak dampak dan risikonya mulai dirasakan pada tahun 1960-an. Isu perubahan iklim adalah salah satu dari ketiga isu utama permasalahan global setelah isu ekonomi dan keamanan. Bagaimana tidak, isu perubahan iklim ini juga menyangkut terkait ekonomi dan keamanan internasional. Perubahan iklim merupakan suatu permasalahan yang cukup kompleks. Permasalahan ini menimbulkan dampak dan risiko yang beragam. Dampak dan risiko tersebut mulai dari naiknya suhu udara, naiknya permukaan air laut, serta kekeringan yang menyebabkan kekurangan pangan. Dalam menangani masalah ini, internasional berupaya membangun kerja sama dalam menghadapinya. Dengan membangun United Nanion Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sebagai lembaga internasional yang secara yuridis juga menangani terkait permasalahan perubahan iklim. UNFCCC ditandatangani oleh 154 negara pada tahun 1992 ketika diadakan konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) Bumi di Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Untuk memperkuat kerja sama tersebut, UNFCCC membuat kebijakan mengenai negara-negara anggota dalam bentuk kesepakatan atau perjanjian, yakni Protokol Kyoto (Protocol Kyoto 1997) yang kemudian diganti oleh Perjanjian Paris (Paris Agreement 2015). Kedua kesepakatan tersebut sama-sama berlaku secara yuridis sebagai sebuah peraturan mengenai perubahan iklim. Sehingga penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni metode penelitian hukum yang bersumber dari berbagai bahan kajian hukum yang ada termasuk di dalamnya ialah kebijakan-kebijakan dalam Perjanjian Paris. Untuk itu, dalam menghadapi permasalahan terkait dengan perubahan iklim diperlukan kerja sama yang saling mengikat secara yuridis dengan menerapkan Hukum Internasional sebagai wadah yang mengikat global dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim.

Tantangan Penyelesaian Konflik Internasional yang Dilematik mengenai Hak Veto dalam Dewan Keamanan PBB (Studi kasus Palestina dengan Israel) Wendra, Muhammad; Sutrisno, Andri
Journal of Contemporary Law Studies Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Mei
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/lawstudies.v2i2.2373

This research aims to explore and contribute to the understanding of the misuse of the veto power in resolutions for international conflict resolution. The focus is on describing the challenges arising from the use of the veto power in the UN Security Council, often prolonging conflicts without a definitive resolution. The research methodology employed is juridical normative with descriptive analysis, referring to provisions in the UN Charter and other reliable literature. The findings highlight that the abolition of the veto power in the UN Security Council could serve as a solution for more effective conflict resolution. Prolonged international conflicts result in significant losses, especially for civilians, while the UN, as the largest international organization, frequently fails to resolve these conflicts. The main issue lies in the rejection of resolutions by veto-wielding states, leading to the failure of these resolutions and the continuation of conflicts. Structural reforms within the UN are crucial to enhance its performance in conflict resolution to prevent further casualties. The unbridled use of the veto power, based on the geopolitical considerations of certain states, slows down the conflict resolution process. Additionally, the power disparity between veto-wielding states and other members contradicts the principle of sovereign equality enshrined in the UN Charter. Therefore, clear criteria must be established for the use of the veto power in peace resolutions to ensure that conflict resolution is not hindered by purely geopolitical interests.

Legal Protection of Refugee Children Viewed from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees : (Case Study of Human Rights of Children in Palestine) Wendra, Muhammad; Andri Sutrisno
Reformasi Hukum Vol 28 No 3 (2024): December Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46257/jrh.v28i3.1080

Refugees, especially refugee children, are a group of people who are particularly vulnerable to human rights violations. Children, who lack the problem-solving skills of adults, are often victims of violence and exploitation due to conflict, war and political issues. Especially refugee children will only become inhumane victims. This research aims to examine the importance of legal protection and fulfillment of human rights for refugee children so that their rights can be protected from various forms of crimes against humanity. This research uses the Normative Juridical research method by analyzing international regulations (protocols) applied by UNHCR in protecting refugee children. The results of this study indicate that legal protection and fulfillment of human rights for refugee children is a priority scale that will support their survival. So that the legal protection and fulfillment of human rights for refugee children is an effort to reduce the risk of refugees to crimes that make it easier for them to take part in it or even become victims of a crime. The recommendation of this research is the need for increased international cooperation to protect the rights of refugee children more effectively.

Peran Hukum Alam dalam Menjawab Tantangan dan Peluang Regulasi Deforestasi Uni Eropa terhadap Perdagangan Berkelanjutan Indonesia. Alvianto, Danang; Sutrisno, Andri; Wendra, Muhammad
Harmonization : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Ilmu Hukum, dan Ilmu Ekonomi Vol. 2 No. 4 (2024): Desember
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/harmonization.v2i4.1302

The European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), implemented in 2023, requires transparent supply chains to prevent imported products from contributing to illegal deforestation, presenting both challenges and opportunities for Indonesia as a leading exporter of palm oil and timber. This study explores how natural law principles, emphasizing ecological justice and the moral balance between humans and nature, can serve as an ethical foundation to meet EUDR requirements. By integrating these principles into policy reforms such as enhancing the Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification, investing in green technologies, and fostering international collaboration, Indonesia can overcome economic barriers and lead in sustainable trade.

Sosialisasi Dampak Narkoba Bagi Remaja dari Aspek Kesehatan, Konsekuensi Hukum, Serta cara Pencegahan di MAN 7 Jakarta Wendra, Muhammad; Kamal, Muhammad Refly; Agustinus, Theodorus; Lutfi, Gess; Tristania, Naura; Wahyuningrun, Eka; Kholis, Ikhwanul; Baja, Daniel; Anggoro S. P, Bimo; Muchsin, Erwin; Sutrisno, Andri
Jurnal Penyuluhan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Penyuluhan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Mei)
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jppm.v4i2.1308

Dampak akan penggunaan dan penyalahgunaan narkoba kerap terjadi pada remaja sebagai kelompok yang cukup rentan terhadap pengaruh narkoba di lingkungan sekitar mereka. Remaja perlu dibimbing dengan berbagai edukasi terutama lewat sosialisasi dalam mengetahui dampak buruk narkoba bagi mereka. Mahasiswa/i IBLAM School Of Law dalam hal ini melihat kerentanan yang dimiliki oleh remaja, sehingga melakukan upaya sosialisasi dampak narkoba kepada mereka di MAN 7 Jakarta. Sosialisasi ini merupakan salah satu bentuk upaya preventif dalam memberantas narkoba di Indonesia. Sebagai negara yang juga telah meratifikasi berbagai konvensi internasional seputar perlindungan dari kejahatan narkoba, tentu sosialisasi menjadi salah satu upaya preventif Indonesia dalam memberantas narkoba sedini mungkin. Sosialisasi memberi dampak dan manfaat dalam memutus rantai penyebaran pengguna dan penyalahgunaan narkoba terutama bagi remaja. Keberadaan sosialisasi sebagai bagian dari peran Indonesia dalam memerangi narkoba yang efektif dapat ditinjau dari berbagai regulasi seputar yang memberikan jalan bagi pihak mana pun termasuk lembaga atau mahasiswa/i di perguruan tinggi dalam melakukan upaya preventif pencegahan narkoba lewat sosialisasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur atau memberikan informasi seberapa pentingnya sosialisasi sebagai upaya preventif dalam menanggulangi narkoba di Indonesia. Sehingga penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif (studi kepustakaan) dalam menganalisis dan membentuk data.

Mengurai Implementasi Hukum Internasional dalam Penanggulangan Korupsi Sistemik (Dinasti Politik dan Paradoks Korupsi) Wendra, Muhammad; Sutrisno, Andri
Journal Sovereignty Law And Diplomatic Politics Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): Journal Sovereignty Law and Diplomatic Politics
Publisher : CV Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jlsdp.v1i1.631

Korupsi merupakan salah satu bentuk tindak pidana yang banyak merugikan negara. Pasalnya, korupsi dapat berakibat pada ekonomi dan politik sebuah negara, bahkan ada yang menyebutkan bahwa korupsi juga melanggar Hak Asasi Manusia. Masalah korupsi ini menjadi permasalahan yang kompleks lagi apabila korupsi dilakukan secara berlembaga oleh pejabat negara, sampai pada situasi di mana pejabat negara yang seharusnya berwenang memberantas korupsi juga ikut andil di dalam tindakan korupsi. Hal demikianlah yang disebut dengan korupsi sistemik. Selain merugikan negara, korupsi sistemik juga cukup susah untuk di berantas. Politik dinasti yang membentuk kepercayaan dan kerja sama antar pejabat negara juga mempengaruhi adanya tindakan korupsi sistemik ini. Dikarenakan kekuasaan pada pemerintahan, baik eksekutif, legislatif, sampai pada yudikatif telah dikuasai atau dikendalikan oleh mereka. Apabila tidak segera diberantas maka akan terus berulang-ulang (paradoks korupsi). Instrumen internasional seperti United Nation Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Anti-Bribery Convention, serta Inter-American Convention Against Corruption (IACAC) melalui kerja sama dengan negara-negara untuk memberantas korupsi dengan memberikan peluang kepada masyarakat dan media untuk turut serta dalam menangani korupsi ini. Untuk memberantas korupsi sistemik tidak cukup dengan tindakan ‘menghukum’ sebagaimana semestinya dalam pidana internasional, namun juga perlu adanya pencegahan dari masyarakat itu sendiri dengan membentuk budaya anti-korupsi yang kuat lewat penanaman nilai-nilai moral dan etika kriminalisasi korupsi. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas bagaimana implementasi hukum internasional dalam menanggulangi korupsi sistemik yang berakibat dari politik dinasti yang akan menyebabkan paradoks korupsi dengan mengikutsertakan masyarakat dan media dalam ikut menanggulangi korupsi sistemik melalui pencegahan dengan budaya anti-korupsi dan pemantauan terhadap pejabat publik. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, yakni metode penelitian yang menggunakan bahan bacaan dalam penelitiannya, seperti dokumen-dokumen hukum, literatur-literatur hukum lainnya, serta menganalisis norma-norma yang tertulis dan dapat diterapkan dimasyarakat.

Human Rights Violations In The Agrarian Sector In The Perspective Of National Law And International Law (Case Study Of Rempang Island) Wendra, Muhammad; Sutrisno, Andri
Social Sciences Journal Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): February
Publisher : Universitas Dehasen Bengkulu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37676/sosj.v1i1.341

Human Rights are a set of rights that are essentially inherent in humans. This right is natural, cannot be contested or taken away, and applies universally. Violations of human rights occur if these rights are taken away or challenged by other parties. The field of human rights violations is very broad, covering various rights possessed by humans, including in this case regarding land in the agrarian sector. Violations of human rights in the agrarian sector are basically similar to violations of human rights in other fields, the difference being the object of the right that gives rise to the human rights violation. In this case, the object in question is land in the agrarian sector. Indonesian national law and international law have slightly different perspectives regarding human rights violations in the agrarian sector. The difference is regarding control over the agrarian sector. National law has independent rights over the agrarian sector within its territory without interference from other parties outside the country, including international law. However, this form of violation of human rights, even in the agrarian sector, remains the subject of international law, as is the universal principle held by human rights law. To provide protection of rights in the agrarian sector, Indonesian national law applies the provisions of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles Regulations. Meanwhile, international law applies Convention Number 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Therefore, this writing aims to explain the point of view of how Indonesian national law views human rights violations in the agrarian sector through domestic regulations, as well as how international law through international instruments views human rights violations in the agrarian sector. This writing was also prepared based on normative juridical sources through Indonesian national regulations and related to international instruments. Human Rights are a set of rights that are essentially inherent in humans. This right is natural, cannot be contested or taken away, and applies universally. Violations of human rights occur if these rights are taken away or challenged by other parties. The field of human rights violations is very broad, covering various rights possessed by humans, including in this case regarding land in the agrarian sector. Violations of human rights in the agrarian sector are basically similar to violations of human rights in other fields, the difference being the object of the right that gives rise to the human rights violation. In this case, the object in question is land in the agrarian sector. Indonesian national law and international law have slightly different perspectives regarding human rights violations in the agrarian sector. The difference is regarding control over the agrarian sector. National law has independent rights over the agrarian sector within its territory without interference from other parties outside the country, including international law. However, this form of violation of human rights, even in the agrarian sector, remains the subject of international law, as is the universal principle held by human rights law. To provide protection of rights in the agrarian sector, Indonesian national law applies the provisions of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles Regulations. Meanwhile, international law applies Convention Number 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Therefore, this writing aims to explain the point of view of how Indonesian national law views human rights violations in the agrarian sector through domestic regulations, as well as how international law through international instruments views human rights violations in the agrarian sector. This writing was also prepared based on normative juridical sources through Indonesian national regulations and related to international instruments.

Religious Norms vs. Global Trade Regulations: An Analysis of the WTO DS477/478 Dispute and Indonesia’s Halal Certification Sutrisno, Andri; Priyono, F.X. Joko; Trihastuti, Nanik; Maulidah, Khilmatin; Wendra, Muhammad
Journal of Judicial Review Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Internasional Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37253/jjr.v27i2.11350

This study examines Indonesia’s halal certification as both a legal instrument and an economic policy with direct implications for international trade. Using a normative juridical approach combined with qualitative economic analysis, it explores Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance (UUJPH) and its application to meat import policies, particularly in the aftermath of WTO disputes DS477/478. Halal certification is framed as a fundamental necessity for Indonesia’s Muslim majority and as a legitimate objective under Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994, which protects public morals. The findings highlight two strategic dimensions of the policy: first, consumer protection and the enforcement of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah through traceable ingredients and production processes; second, its role as an economic tool to enhance product competitiveness, expand international market access, and strengthen Indonesia’s position within the global halal supply chain. However, significant challenges persist. Domestically, limited legal literacy, certification costs, and the constrained capacity of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) hinder certification uptake. Internationally, mandatory halal certification is sometimes perceived as an additional technical barrier to trade, sparking trade disputes. Analysis of GATT 1994 Articles III and XI and TBT Agreement Articles 2.2 and 2.4 underscores the need for Indonesia’s policy to avoid unjustifiable discrimination and unnecessary trade restrictions. The study concludes that harmonizing the protection of public morals with multilateral trade commitments is essential. Policy recommendations include revising the UUJPH to align with international standards, strengthening the Halal Product Assurance Agency’s capacity, providing incentives and support for MSMEs, and expanding mutual recognition agreements with key trading partners. With evidence-based, transparent, and inclusive policies, Indonesia can reinforce its role as a global halal industry hub while safeguarding its trade reputation and balancing religious values with international trade obligations.

UNHCR AND ROHINGYA REFUGEES IN ACEH: HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS AMIDST COORDINATION AND SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES Sutrisno, Andri; Wendra, Muhammad; Annas, Muhammad
Jurnal Hukum Progresif Vol 14, No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Doctoral of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jhp.14.1.49-83

Since 2017, military operations in Myanmar, justified as responses to attacks by Rohingya insurgent groups, have resulted in large-scale ethnic cleansing, forcing over 700,000 Rohingya to flee to neighboring countries, including Indonesia. Aceh, in particular, has become a significant destination due to its historical role as a refuge for displaced populations. The influx of refugees presents substantial challenges for local authorities and humanitarian organizations in meeting essential needs such as food, healthcare, and education. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has played a central role in responding to this humanitarian crisis by providing assistance and protection to Rohingya refugees in Aceh. Working closely with the Government of Indonesia and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UNHCR strives to uphold refugees’ fundamental rights and to mobilize international support effectively. Its interventions include the provision of basic necessities, access to healthcare services, educational programs, and efforts to facilitate integration into the local community where feasible. Despite these comprehensive efforts, significant challenges persist. Coordination among various actors—including government agencies, NGOs, and international donors—is often complex, resulting in gaps or overlaps in service delivery. Additionally, the sustainability of support remains a critical concern, as protracted displacement requires long-term planning, continuous funding, and consistent monitoring. This study focuses on two main issues: the role of UNHCR in delivering assistance and protection to Rohingya refugees in Aceh, and the challenges the agency faces in fulfilling its protection mandate. Employing doctrinal legal research, the study emphasizes international legal frameworks governing refugee protection and state responsibility. The findings indicate that while UNHCR has made substantial efforts to address immediate humanitarian needs, persistent challenges in coordination and sustainability must be addressed. Strengthening these areas is essential to ensure that the protection, welfare, and rights of Rohingya refugees are maintained effectively and sustainably over the long term.

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