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Annas, Muhammad
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Religion Humanities Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Neuroscience Social Sciences Other

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Dampak Unilateralisme Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Arus Perdagangan Global dan Peran WTO Mutalib, Abdul; Sutrisno, Andri; Annas, Muhammad
Journal Evidence Of Law Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): Journal Evidence Of Law (Desember)
Publisher : CV. Era Digital Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59066/jel.v4i3.1949

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak kebijakan unilateralisme dalam perdagangan internasional terhadap arus perdagangan global dan menganalisis peran World Trade Organization (WTO) dalam menghadapi tren tersebut. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan, penelitian ini menganalisis ketentuan hukum internasional dalam kerangka GATT/WTO serta prinsip keadilan dan non-diskriminasi. Fokus kajian meliputi parameter pembenaran kebijakan unilateralisme, tantangan implementasi, dan dampaknya terhadap negara berkembang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan unilateral seperti tarif safeguard AS terhadap produk baja Indonesia dan larangan impor minyak sawit oleh Uni Eropa melalui RED II telah mengganggu arus perdagangan global dan merugikan negara berkembang. Meskipun terdapat parameter pembenaran yang meliputi ketentuan hukum internasional, prinsip keadilan non-diskriminasi, dan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa, implementasinya menghadapi kendala berupa tidak adanya standar objektif yang tegas, potensi penyalahgunaan justifikasi lingkungan atau keamanan, dan ketegangan antara kedaulatan nasional dengan komitmen multilateral. WTO sebagai organisasi multilateral menghadapi tantangan dalam menegakkan prinsip multilateralisme di tengah meningkatnya kebijakan sepihak negara-negara maju. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa diperlukan penguatan mekanisme objektif dalam menguji validitas justifikasi kebijakan unilateral untuk mencegah diskriminasi dan menjaga keseimbangan sistem perdagangan global yang adil bagi semua negara anggota.
UNHCR AND ROHINGYA REFUGEES IN ACEH: HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTIONS AMIDST COORDINATION AND SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES Sutrisno, Andri; Wendra, Muhammad; Annas, Muhammad
Jurnal Hukum Progresif Vol 14, No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Doctoral of Law Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jhp.14.1.49-83

Abstract

Since 2017, military operations in Myanmar, justified as responses to attacks by Rohingya insurgent groups, have resulted in large-scale ethnic cleansing, forcing over 700,000 Rohingya to flee to neighboring countries, including Indonesia. Aceh, in particular, has become a significant destination due to its historical role as a refuge for displaced populations. The influx of refugees presents substantial challenges for local authorities and humanitarian organizations in meeting essential needs such as food, healthcare, and education. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has played a central role in responding to this humanitarian crisis by providing assistance and protection to Rohingya refugees in Aceh. Working closely with the Government of Indonesia and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), UNHCR strives to uphold refugees’ fundamental rights and to mobilize international support effectively. Its interventions include the provision of basic necessities, access to healthcare services, educational programs, and efforts to facilitate integration into the local community where feasible. Despite these comprehensive efforts, significant challenges persist. Coordination among various actors—including government agencies, NGOs, and international donors—is often complex, resulting in gaps or overlaps in service delivery. Additionally, the sustainability of support remains a critical concern, as protracted displacement requires long-term planning, continuous funding, and consistent monitoring. This study focuses on two main issues: the role of UNHCR in delivering assistance and protection to Rohingya refugees in Aceh, and the challenges the agency faces in fulfilling its protection mandate. Employing doctrinal legal research, the study emphasizes international legal frameworks governing refugee protection and state responsibility. The findings indicate that while UNHCR has made substantial efforts to address immediate humanitarian needs, persistent challenges in coordination and sustainability must be addressed. Strengthening these areas is essential to ensure that the protection, welfare, and rights of Rohingya refugees are maintained effectively and sustainably over the long term.
Co-Authors Abdul Mutalib Adya Paramita Prabandari Ahdiana Yuni Lestari Andri Sutrisno Ani Yunita Anshori, Muhammad Anwar Chatarina Muryani Darmika, Ika Kuswanto, Wawan Lentang, Fahrozy Reni Budi Setyaningrum Riskanita, Dinda Rizal S.Si., M.IT, Rizal Rumatiga, Hidayat Setya Nugraha Syamsiar, Syamsiar Tarmudi, Imam Trisno Raharjo Wendra, Muhammad Yesy Afrillia