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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN URBAN RIVER SEDIMENTS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE ACAI RIVER, JAYAPURA, PAPUA Bungasalu, Benny Abraham; Anou, Kezia Noviani; Sinaga, Ego Srivajawaty; Ngaderman, Hubertus; Martina Bunga; Maikson Molama
BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2025): Biolink August
Publisher : Universitas Medan Area

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31289/biolink.v12i1.15640

Abstract

The Acai River is a river that flows through densely populated areas, from households and salons to small industries such as tofu and tempeh factories. The community's waste disposal into the river pollutes the river. Studies and monitoring of river quality, especially in Indonesia, are still dominated by examining pollutant levels in river water. However, sediment is also important for in-depth study. This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediments in the Acai River located in the urban area of Jayapura, Papua Province. Sediment samples were taken from five locations representing areas with different anthropogenic activities, such as dense settlements, home industries, and small business areas. Then, the samples were dried by placing them in an oven at 100°C. Laboratory analysis was conducted to determine heavy metal levels using the XRF (X-ray Fluorescence) method. Results showed the highest Zn concentration reached 102.1 ppm in the downstream location, while Cr and Ni also showed significant accumulation at certain points. The distribution of heavy metal levels did not show a linear pattern along the river flow, indicating local contributions from human activities. These findings confirm that heavy metal pollution in urban rivers is more influenced by local inputs than by the river flow itself.
Monte Carlo Simulation to Understand the Working Mechanism of The Electrolytes Lithium Hexafloorophosphate and Ethylene Carbonate Sinaga, Ego Srivajawaty; Ngaderman, Hubertus
Jurnal Ilmu Fisika Vol 18 No 1 (2026): March 2026 (Forthcoming Issue)
Publisher : Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jif.18.1.1-13.2026

Abstract

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations provide a powerful approach to investigate electrolyte–electrode interactions and to optimize battery design. This study aims to determine the entropy and average energy of a lithium salt–ethylene carbonate (EC) system, as these parameters are essential for evaluating the Boltzmann factor. The Boltzmann factor was derived from entropy concepts and the principle of maximum entropy, which involves the Boltzmann constant (k) and the number of accessible states (Ω). Simulations were performed using Lennard–Jones parameters within a canonical ensemble framework to compute entropy and energy for systems with varying atom numbers. Results show that the system entropy for two atom types (200 atoms) was 6.67 × 107 kJ·mol–1·K–1. For three atom types (300 atoms), the equilibrium entropy reached 1.1 × 1010 kJ·mol–1·K–1, and for four atom types (400 atoms), 1.3 × 1013 kJ·mol–1·K–1. When reduced to five atom types with only 300 atoms (to minimize computational cost), the entropy was 2.4 × 108 kJ·mol–1·K–1. The simulations, employing the Metropolis criterion, successfully identified globally stable configurations, providing new insights into entropy-driven behavior in lithium battery electrolytes.