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All Journal Mandala of Health : A Scientific Journal
Putri, Dyah Arista
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Dentistry Health Professions Public Health

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS Nuriasti, Rovera; Putri, Dyah Arista; Aulia, Rashieka Salma
Mandala Of Health Vol 18 No 1 (2025): Mandala of Health: A scientific Journal
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.mandala.2025.18.1.15497

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infectious agent that disrupts the immune system by destroying CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby triggering a decline in immune function and the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV employs a complex infection mechanism, including binding to host cell receptors, integration of genetic material, and modulation of the immune system to evade detection. The immune response to HIV involves the innate immune system, such as the activation of macrophages and dendritic cells through pattern recognition receptors, as well as the adaptive immune system through the activity of cytotoxic T cells and antibody production by B cells. However, HIV utilizes various strategies to evade immune responses, including rapid mutation and down-regulation of immune molecule expression. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the primary strategy for inhibiting HIV replication and maintaining immune system function, and it has been proven effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection, although a curative therapy has yet to be discovered.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HUMAN BREAST MILK AGAINST NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN PRETERM INFANTS Putri, Dyah Arista; Patandianan, Firdaus Kamma; Latifa, Nindy Citra; Ramadhania, Yasmin Najla; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Maharani, Baiq Syarifaturrayyan; Yassa, I Wayan Radityakara Wirasena; Arigi, Lalu Ahmad Gamal
Mandala Of Health Vol 18 No 2 (2025): Mandala of Health: A Scientific Journal
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.mandala.2025.18.2.17753

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease that predominantly affects preterm infants, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Human breast milk (HBM) has long been recognized as the most effective nutritional intervention for preventing NEC due to its unique bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, glutamine, vitamins, and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act through mechanisms including strengthening the intestinal barrier, modulating immune responses, and regulating the gut microbiota. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent evidence on the protective role of HBM against NEC, with particular emphasis on the function of HMOs, probiotics, and complementary nutritional interventions designed to replicate or enhance HBM’s bioactivity. The methods applied in this review followed a narrative literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2025 on the effects of breastfeeding on NEC risk in preterm infants, using predefined eligibility criteria. The findings indicate that HBM significantly reduces NEC incidence, while supplemental interventions such as prebiotics and probiotics may serve as complementary strategies, particularly when the availability of mother’s own milk is limited. Overall, HBM remains the primary protective factor against NEC, and optimizing its provision in neonatal care is critical for improving outcomes among preterm infants.
Co-Authors Arigi, Lalu Ahmad Gamal Aulia, Rashieka Salma Latifa, Nindy Citra Maharani, Baiq Syarifaturrayyan Nuriasti, Rovera Patandianan, Firdaus Kamma Ramadhania, Yasmin Najla Rofilah, Alita Khainur Yassa, I Wayan Radityakara Wirasena