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All Journal Pharmaciana: Jurnal Kefarmasian Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Lina Winarti
Universitas Jember
Medicine & Pharmacology

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Formulation and optimization of avocado (Persea americana) seed oil and extract in sunscreen lotion: physicochemical and in vitro photoprotective evaluation Fasya Nadhira Sariful; Lina Winarti
Pharmaciana Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v16i1.30789

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exerts detrimental effects on the skin, including erythema, premature aging, enhanced melanogenesis, and an increased risk of skin malignancies; therefore, sunscreen application is essential for effective photoprotection. Avocado seed oil and its extract demonstrate considerable promise as natural photoprotective agents due to their antioxidant capacity to scavenge free radicals and their UV-absorbing constituents. This study was designed to investigate the influence of different concentrations of avocado seed oil and its extract on the physicochemical characteristics of lotion formulations and their in-vitro sunscreen performance. The evaluated physicochemical parameters comprised organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and homogeneity. Sunscreen efficacy was determined by measuring the sun protection factor (SPF), percentage of transmission pigmentation (%Tp), and percentage of transmission erythema (%Te). Five formulations were optimized using a simplex lattice design implemented in Design-Expert® version 13, with response variables including SPF, %Te, %Tp, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity. All formulations complied with established quality requirements, exhibiting pH values within the range of 4.5–8 according to SNI 16-4399-1996, viscosities between 2,000 and 50,000 cP, spreadability of 5–7 cm, and adhesion times greater than 4 seconds. Avocado seed oil significantly influenced viscosity and photoprotective parameters (SPF, %Te, and %Tp), whereas the extract predominantly affected spreadability and adhesion; both components contributed to pH variation. The optimal formulation consisted of 4.58% avocado seed oil and 10.41% extract, yielding predicted values of SPF 14.38, %Te 1.014, %Tp 1.009, spreadability 5.31 cm, adhesion time 5.60 seconds, and viscosity 2432.49 cPa·s, with an overall desirability value of 0.628. Collectively, these findings indicate that avocado seed oil and its extract significantly modulate both the physicochemical attributes of the lotion and its photoprotective efficacy, supporting their potential application as natural sunscreen agents.
W/O/W Emulsions Formula of Bacteriophages ϕPT1b As a Fruit Wash to Inhibit Pathogenic Escherichia coli Contamination Icha Khairunnisa; Erlia Narulita; Lina Winarti; Riska Ayu Febrianti; Kuswati Kuswati; Ria Yulian
Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas (Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Community) Vol 22, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sanata Dharma University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/jpsc.007143

Abstract

Pathogenic Escherichia coli infect fruit through irrigation contaminated water. Bacteriophage ϕPT1b has ability to infect E. coli and act as food security. Bacteriophage formulations as emulsion preparations increase the efficiency of application and the stability of long-term storage, one of it is W/O/W emulsions. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of cremophor RH 40, span 80 and their interaction on viscosity, droplet size and inhibition of bacteriophage ϕPT1b W/O/W emulsions against pathogenic E. coli. Factorial design method was used to get the optimum formula. The results showed that the cremophor RH 40, span 80, and their interactions increased the viscosity response, decreased the emulsion droplet size, and increased the inhibition against E. coli. FB is the optimum formula for ϕPT1b W/O/W emulsions which has 1% cremophor RH 40 and 4.5% span 80. The formula produced a viscosity of 29 dPas, an average emulsion droplet diameter size of 10.483, and an inhibition against E. coli of 8.65 m. The desirability index value of 0.905 indicates that FB meets 90.5% of the specified criteria.
Optimization of Gel Cream Containing HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M as Bases for Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium Lina Winarti; Amirah Mohd Gazzali; Fania Mufti Mufidah; Fahrauk Faramayuda; Evi Umayah Ulfa; Dwi Nurahmanto; Muhammad Hilmi Afthoni; Liza Pratiwi; Bambang Wijianto
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v9i1.10417

Abstract

Diclofenac sodium, a widely used NSAID, has limited skin permeability, which reduces its topical efficacy; therefore, a gel-cream formulation combining the rapid absorption of gels with the emollient properties of creams is proposed to enhance drug penetration and patient comfort. To further improve delivery, HAMIN™, a novel natural palm oil–based base with excellent biocompatibility and lipid-enhancing properties, will be combined with HPMC K100M. This thickener stabilises viscosity and prolongs skin contact time, supporting better absorption. This study aimed to develop and optimise a topical gel cream for diclofenac sodium using HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M to achieve ideal physical properties and improved skin penetration. The formulation was statistically optimised using a Simplex Lattice Design (SLD), with HAMIN™ (X1) and HPMC K100M (X2) as independent variables, and pH (Y1), spreadability (Y2), viscosity (Y3), extrudability (Y4), release flux (Y5), and permeation flux (Y6) as dependent responses. Optimisation with Design Expert version 13 yielded the ideal composition of 16.84% HAMIN™ and 1.16% HPMC K100M, resulting in predicted values of pH 5.07, spreadability 7 cm, viscosity 4502.25 mPas, extrudability 78.98 N/s, release flux 70.61 µg/cm2/minute, and permeation flux 0.4868 µg/cm2/minute, with a desirability score of 0.829. Despite a slightly lower release flux, the optimised HAMIN™ and HPMC K100M-based gel cream demonstrated superior skin permeation compared to a commercial emulgel for up to 300 minutes. The incorporation of HAMIN™, a natural palm oil base, offers a novel and effective strategy to enhance the topical delivery of diclofenac sodium via a statistically optimised gel cream formulation.
Co-Authors Amirah Mohd Gazzali Bambang WIJIANTO Dwi Nurahmanto Erlia Narulita Evi Umayah Ulfa Fahrauk Faramayuda, Fahrauk Fania Mufti Mufidah Fasya Nadhira Sariful Icha Khairunnisa Kuswati Kuswati Liza Pratiwi Muhammad Hilmi Afthoni Ria Yulian Riska Ayu Febrianti