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Azzahra, Anis Aura
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology

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Cranial Nerves and Plexuses Optic Nerve (N.II) Rizqi, Amanda Suana; Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila; Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah; Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina; Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah; Azzahra, Anis Aura; Rofilah, Alita Khainur; Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian; Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy; Haikal, Muhammad; Rifki, Muhammad
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10124

Abstract

Cranial nerves are an integral part of the peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in transmitting afferent and efferent nerve impulses, particularly in the head and neck area. Unlike spinal nerves, cranial nerves have distinct functional nuclei in the brainstem, grouped into sensory (posterior and lateral) and motor (anterior) nuclei. The optic nerve is a purely afferent (sensory) nerve, responsible for transmitting visual information from rod and cone receptors in the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC) in the thalamus. The optic nerve's innervation pathway begins with retinal ganglion cells, which form nerve fibers, pass through the optic canal, and then cross at the optic chiasm. Disruption of this pathway can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as vision loss or visual field impairment, which will be discussed further. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the anatomy and function of the optic nerve is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of neuro-ophthalmological conditions.
A Literature Review: Acute Tonsillitis Azzahra, Anis Aura; Khotimah, Andi Husnul; Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian; Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4 (2025): Oktober-Desember
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4.10202

Abstract

Acute tonsillitis is a bacterial infection characterized by painful swallowing, swelling, and redness of the tonsils. The purpose of this literature review is to improve understanding of acute tonsillitis, which is essential for patient care and a favorable prognosis. The method used is a systematic literature review. The results of this literature review indicate that tonsillitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the palatine tonsils, accounting for approximately 1.3% of outpatient visits. The condition is typically caused by viral or bacterial infections and manifests with symptoms such as sore throat, fever, odynophagia, and tonsillar erythema or exudate. Viral tonsillitis is often self-limiting; however, bacterial causes most notably Streptococcus group A can lead to significant complications, including peritonsillar abscess, acute rheumatic fever, and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to distinguish viral from bacterial etiologies. Clinical scoring systems, such as the Centor or McIsaac criteria, and microbiological testing, help guide appropriate management and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Early identification and intervention are critical to preventing complications and promoting effective recovery. In conclusion, the prognosis for acute tonsillitis is generally good, with most cases healing on their own without complications.
Literature Review: The Relationship Between Procrastination and Academic Stress Haikal, Muhammad; Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian; Azzahra, Anis Aura; Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy
Jurnal Biologi Tropis Vol. 25 No. 4a (2025): Special Issue
Publisher : Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Mataram, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v25i4a.10718

Abstract

Academic procrastination and academic stress represent two interrelated issues frequently encountered by university students and have been shown to adversely affect academic performance as well as psychological well-being. This literature review synthesizes current evidence regarding the conceptualization, contributing factors, and consequences of academic procrastination, while also examining the mechanisms through which academic stress influences procrastinatory behavior. Internal factors such as limited motivation, inadequate time-management abilities, insufficient understanding of academic tasks, and psychological and physical fatigue were identified as key determinants of procrastination. External factors, including heavy academic workloads, unclear instructions, peer influence, and inconsistent assignment deadlines, further intensify procrastinatory tendencies. Academic stress, defined as the condition in which academic demands exceed an individual's adaptive capacity, is associated with anxiety, sleep disturbances, changes in nutritional patterns, reduced concentration, and other physiological or emotional consequences. Evidence from multiple empirical studies indicates a positive and reciprocal association between academic procrastination and academic stress, suggesting that elevated stress levels increase procrastination, while procrastination, in turn, heightens stress. This reinforcing cycle underscores the need for targeted interventions. Recommended strategies include segmenting complex tasks into smaller components, reducing feelings of overload, managing perfectionistic tendencies, monitoring daily behavioral patterns, and employing self-reward systems. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between academic stress and procrastination is essential for developing effective academic and psychological support strategies for students.
Co-Authors Fauzan, Naufal Revaldy Febianisa, Tabitha Afifah Khotimah, Andi Husnul Muhammad Haikal Muhammad Rifki Paradiesta, Andi Frieskha Naurah Rizqi, Amanda Suana Rofilah, Alita Khainur Sugiono, Muhammad Rafly Adrian Sugiyanto, Aqilla Nasywa Nabila Zulkifli, Yasmin Sabrina