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Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Dalam Praktik Carbon Trading di Indonesia Irene Puteri Alfani Sofia Sinaga; Eka Nurhikmah; Nelvina Djaja
UNES Law Review Vol. 8 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Program Magister Ilmu Hukum, Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/3svnez68

Abstract

Perdagangan Karbon (carbon trading) merupakan salah satu praktik sebagai solusi untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca(emisi GRK), hal ini dapat dilihat melalui ratifikasi-ratifikasi baik itu Kyoto Protocol ataupun Paris Agreement yang dilakukan oleh berbagai negara. Carbon trading melalui Paris Agreement juga diratifikasi oleh Indonesia, dalam Perpres RI Nomor 98 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Nilai Ekonomi Karbon Untuk Pencapaian Target Kontribusi yang Ditetapkan Secara Nasional dan Pengendalian Gas Rumah Kaca dalam Pembangunan Nasional. Indonesia mempunyai berbagai kebijakan atau peraturan yang mengatur mengenai carbon trading. Dengan begitu, perlu dikaji mengenai konsistensi, kepastian hukum, bentuk dan batasan pertanggungjawaban hukum dagang dalam praktik tersebut, sehingga muncul rumusan penelitian mengenai 1) bagaimana konsistensi dan kepastian hukum dalam pengaturan carbon trading di Indonesia di tengah regulasi yang tersebar di berbagai sektor. 2) bagaimana bentuk dan batas pertanggungjawaban hukum dagang bagi pelaku usaha dan pemerintah dalam implementasi carbon trading di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian, penulis menggunakan data sekunder yaitu dengan studi kepustakaan (library research), dengan metode induktif melalui pendekatan statute dan comparative approach. Hasil pembahasan pertama adalah meskipun Indonesia telah memiliki kerangka regulasi carbon trading yang cukup lengkap, kepastian dan konsistensi hukum masih menghadapi tantangan akibat fragmentasi aturan, tumpang tindih kewenangan, dan lemahnya koordinasi antar lembaga. Kedua, pelaku usaha menanggung kewajiban administratif, finansial, dan kontraktual; pemerintah bertanggung jawab pada aspek normatif, administratif, dan konstitusional dengan batas pada level sistemik; sedangkan bursa karbon hanya memikul tanggung jawab administratif dan kelembagaan.Carbon Trading
Legal Certainty and Due Care in Land Measurement :Evaluating Inconsistency Land Official's Action Eka Nurhikmah; Nelvina Djaja; Amanda Sela Sadina; Dwi Putra Nugraha
Jurnal Ius Constituendum Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Magister Hukum Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/jic.v11i2.13996

Abstract

This study examines the application of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB), particularly legal certainty and due care, in State Administrative Decisions concerning land measurement in Indonesia, with a focus on inconsistencies in administrative reasoning. While AUPB is formally recognized as a normative standard guiding administrative action, its practical implementation remains fragmented and often fails to ensure consistent decision-making. Employing a normative juridical method with case, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this research analyzes Decision No. 39/G/2025/PTUN.JKT and Decision No. 132/G/2025/PTUN.BDG to identify patterns of inconsistency in administrative and judicial reasoning. The findings reveal that contradictory legal reasoning and inadequate verification of factual and juridical data constitute violations of AUPB, undermining the legitimacy of administrative decisions and generating legal uncertainty for rights holders. These inconsistencies reflect not merely procedural deficiencies but structural limitations in the Indonesian administrative law framework, which predominantly relies on reactive judicial control rather than preventive governance mechanisms. By comparing Indonesia with the United States administrative law system, this study highlights the importance of structured reasoning standards and ex ante procedural safeguards in ensuring accountability. The novelty of this research lies in reconceptualizing administrative inconsistency as a systemic doctrinal issue and proposing the integration of technology-based verification and digital traceability as mechanisms to operationalize legal certainty and due care. The study contributes theoretically by bridging the gap between AUPB as a normative principle and its application in adjudication, and practically by offering policy-oriented recommendations to strengthen consistency, transparency, and accountability in land administration.
Proporsionalitas dan Akuntabilitas dalam Tata Kelola Digital Atas Pembatasan Akses Internet Bagi Anak di Indonesia Eka Nurhikmah; Nelvina Djaja; Laurenzia Luna
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v8i3.12924

Abstract

This study examines the policy on restricting children’s internet access following the enactment of Government Regulation No. 17 of 2025 through the lens of Administrative Law and international children’s rights. The growing use of digital platforms by children offers educational benefits but simultaneously exposes them to harmful content, digital exploitation, privacy risks, and potential technology addiction. The study addresses the need for a regulatory framework that ensures child protection while upholding proportionality, justice, and Indonesia’s obligations under the CRC and ICCPR. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and comparative approaches, this research analyses national regulations and compares them with international practices, particularly in Singapore. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on children as a vulnerable group often overlooked in internet restriction debates and its integrative analysis linking national administrative law with international child rights standards. The findings indicate that Government Regulation No. 17 of 2025 constitutes a progressive step toward strengthening child protection in the digital sphere. However, several challenges remain, including unclear age-verification standards, risks of data leakage, and potential limitations on children’s rights to access information and participate in digital environments. This study concludes that clear technical guidelines, robust accountability mechanisms for Electronic System Providers, and enhanced parental digital literacy are essential to ensure effective, proportional, and equitable implementation of the policy.   Penelitian ini menganalisis kebijakan pembatasan akses internet bagi anak setelah diterbitkannya PP No. 17 Tahun 2025 dari perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara (HAN) dan hak anak internasional. Peningkatan penggunaan platform digital oleh anak memberikan manfaat pendidikan, tetapi juga menimbulkan risiko konten berbahaya, eksploitasi digital, pelanggaran privasi, serta potensi kecanduan teknologi. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya regulasi yang tidak hanya berorientasi pada perlindungan anak, tetapi juga selaras dengan prinsip keadilan, proporsionalitas, serta kewajiban Indonesia berdasarkan CRC dan ICCPR. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan dan perbandingan, termasuk meninjau praktik negara lain seperti Singapura. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada fokus terhadap anak sebagai kelompok rentan yang kerap terabaikan dalam diskursus pembatasan internet serta analisis integratif yang menghubungkan HAN dengan standar hak anak internasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PP No. 17 Tahun 2025 merupakan langkah progresif dalam penguatan perlindungan anak di ruang digital, namun implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan terkait standar verifikasi usia, risiko kebocoran data, serta potensi pembatasan hak anak atas informasi dan partisipasi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya pedoman teknis yang jelas, mekanisme akuntabilitas yang kuat bagi PSE, serta peningkatan literasi digital orang tua untuk memastikan implementasi kebijakan yang efektif, proporsional, dan berkeadilan.
Rekonstruksi Penilaian Hakim terhadap Audit Log sebagai Alat Bukti Elektronik dalam Pembuktian Korupsi Pengadaan Barang Berdasarkan KUHAP Baru Nelvina Djaja; Eka Nurhikmah; Audrianna Richella; Michelle Jesslyn; Christian Indra Darmawan; Yuni Priskila Ginting
Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu pertahanan, Politik dan Hukum Indonesia Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): Oktober: Amandemen: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Politik dan Hukum Indonesia
Publisher : Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62383/amandemen.v3i4.1886

Abstract

The digitalization of public procurement has caused procurement activities to be recorded not only in conventional documents but also in the form of audit logs that chronologically record user activities. Although audit logs have significant potential as electronic evidence in corruption cases involving public procurement, their use still faces issues concerning authenticity, integrity, chain of custody, system reliability, relevance, and attribution of activities to the defendant. This study aims to analyze the legal position of audit logs as electronic evidence and reconstruct judicial assessment of their evidentiary value based on Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (New Criminal Procedure Code). This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches through library and document research. The findings show that audit logs are recognized as electronic evidence, but their existence does not automatically establish the defendant’s guilt. Judges should assess the authenticity of the data source, data integrity, system reliability, chain of custody, relevance of the recorded activities, attribution to the defendant, and consistency with other evidence. This reconstruction can establish a more measurable assessment standard and reduce legal uncertainty in the use of audit logs in public procurement corruption cases.
Pembuktian Akta Autentik dan Pengakuan Tertulis dalam Sengketa Perjanjian Sewa-Menyewa Ruko akibat Perubahan Struktur Bangunan Tanpa Izin Eka Nurhikmah; Nelvina Djaja; Audrianna Richella; Michelle Jesslyn; Christian Indra Darmawan; Yuni Priskila Ginting
Konstitusi : Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): Oktober: Konstitusi : Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi
Publisher : Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62383/konstitusi.v3i4.2028

Abstract

Disputes arising from shop-house lease agreements may occur when tenants alter the building structure without the owner’s consent, resulting in legal issues concerning breach of contract and its evidentiary aspects in court. This study aims to analyze the evidentiary strength of authentic deeds and written admissions in lease disputes involving unauthorized structural alterations. The study employed a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results show that an authentic deed containing a prohibition against structural alterations has perfect and binding evidentiary force regarding the parties’ agreement, as stipulated in Article 1870 of the Indonesian Civil Code. In addition, the Defendant’s written admission in court concerning the removal of wall partitions may serve as evidence supporting the occurrence of an act contrary to the lease agreement. The authentic deed provides an evidentiary basis regarding the rights and obligations of the parties, while the admission strengthens the factual evidence of the prohibited conduct. Therefore, authentic deeds and written admissions have complementary functions in proving breaches of lease agreements and providing legal certainty for the parties in resolving disputes.   
Regulasi Kecerdasan Buatan Tanpa Sanksi: Analisis Kritis Rancangan Peraturan Presiden (RPerpres) tentang Etika Kecerdasan Artifisial dalam Perspektif Hukum Indonesia Eka Nurhikmah; Fadhel Koto Bida Mulyono; Yeremia Haganta Kaban; Fidelya Heryxlim Eng; Nelvina Djaja; Pietro Grassio Ekoyulio
JURNAL ILMIAH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDENT Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): September: Jurnal Ilmiah Research and Development
Publisher : CV. ALIM'SPUBLISHING

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59024/jis.v4i3.2599

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in Indonesia has been accompanied by a rising number of AI-based digital fraud cases, including deepfake and voice cloning, while Indonesia still lacks a dedicated law for AI. In response, the government drafted a Presidential Regulation on AI Ethics (RPerpres Etika AI), adopting a soft law approach without sanctions, which differs from the European Union's risk-based approach in the EU AI Act that includes binding sanctions. This study is a prescriptive-analytical normative legal research using statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches, aiming to analyze the normative construction of the RPerpres and to assess the adequacy of its soft law approach without sanctions in addressing the risk of AI misuse. The findings show that the RPerpres establishes nine ethical values, distributes responsibility among Users, Sector Actors, and Ministries/Agencies, and classifies AI risk into three levels, but contains no binding sanctions, lacks clarity on enforcement authority, and remains dependent on the ITE Law, the PDP Law, and the Criminal Code, none of which were specifically designed for the characteristics of AI. Compared to the EU AI Act, which applies risk classification, mandatory conformity assessment, and tiered administrative sanctions, the RPerpres risks becoming a regulation without substantive binding force. This study identifies several aspects that need to be strengthened, such as strengthening through risk-based sanctions, and consolidation through a dedicated AI law, in order to provide stronger legal certainty while remaining proportionate to Indonesia's institutional and economic context.