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Biochar-assisted nitrogen reduction improves resource efficiency at the expense of rice yield Nowrose Jahan Lipi; Md. Harun-Or- Rashid; Swadesh Chandra Samanta; Muhammad Maniruzzaman; Md. Abdul Kader; Shamim Mia
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.102413

Nitrogen (N) is the most essential nutrient element for improving crop yield. However, urea, its most common form, is highly prone to losses, especially in flooded rice fields, which reduces N use efficiency (NUE) and contributes to environmental degradation. Here, a field experiment was conducted to examine the yield and growth performance of Aman rice, as well as to estimate NUE using different organic amendments and inorganic N sources. The treatments consisted of two factors: a) organic amendments- waste biochar, sawdust biochar, cow dung, and control, and b) N application rate- control (0), 50%, and 100% of the recommended rate. Overall, waste biochar performed better than sawdust and cow dung. Waste biochar with 100% of the recommended rate of urea application provided the highest grain (4.65 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.72 t ha-1). However, waste biochar with 50% recommended urea application provided the best NUE, i.e., agronomic N use efficiency (46 kg rice grain kg-1 N applied), physiological N use efficiency (28 kg rice grain kg-1 N uptake), and apparent N recovery (61%). The relatively higher NUE in treatments with organic amendments and half the recommended N rate; suggests a trade-off between improved NUE and rice grain yield. The enhanced NUE was possibly manifested by retaining more N in the reactive sites of soil organic matter and its uptake in the plant. Altogether, our results provide insights into NUE in rice cultivation systems after application of diverse organic matters.

Relationship between soil chemical properties and rice yield under multiple stresses in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran, Indonesia Nasrudin Nasrudin; Budiastuti Kurniasih; Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra; Eko Hanudin; Elisa Azura Azman
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i1.98275

Seawater intrusion causes salinity and waterlogging in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran, Indonesia. Both limiting factors cause a decrease in soil chemical properties. The decline in rice yield occurred due to the low soil chemical properties. The study aims to identify the soil’s chemical properties based on limiting factors and to reveal its relationship with rice productivity in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran. Soil sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method, and the samples were analyzed in the laboratory. Various soil properties are grouped into three clusters using hierarchical clustering. The cluster of waterlogging high salinity has very high Na-exchangeable with EC ranging from 0.21 - 4.93 dS m-1, while the other two clusters contain high Na-exchangeable and EC ranging from 0.101 - 0.581 dS m-1. Rice productivity under waterlogging-low salinity is <1 t ha-1, no waterlogging-low salinity is 3.63 t ha-1, and waterlogging-high salinity is 2.48 t ha-1. There are negative correlations between Na-exchangeable, water depth, and duration of waterlogging to rice yield (R2= -0.33; R2= -0.58; R2= -0.90). Multiple stresses cause limiting factors, and low soil chemical properties can inhibit plant development. The presence of waterlogging-low salinity has a strong impact on decreasing rice yield. Finally, our study provides an overview of the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran based on multiple stresses. Furthermore, improved soil properties are needed with good management techniques to make it suitable for rice cultivation.

Compost of peanuts residue and rice straw compost on soil Nitrogen forms and upland rice yield Sholihah, Anis; Sugianto, Agus; Lestari, Mahayu Woro
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 20, No 2 (2023): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v20i2.67520

This study provides an innovation in making compost from rice straw (low quality) mixed with peanut residue (high quality) to improve the quality of rice straw compost. The purpose of this research was to discover the optimum composition of a mixture of peanut residue and straw for mineralization, absorption, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and its effect on upland rice plants. The study was conducted in three stages. The first stage determined the quality of five compost mixtures: C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5. The second phase of testing for cumulative N minerals was performed after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of incubation. The third stage examined the impact of the compost mixture on the growth and yield of upland rice in comparison with two treatments, namely the control and NPK fertilizer. The results showed a similarity in the forms of mineralization, where the cumulative N mineral increased with the addition of peanut residue to the compost mixture. The use of a mixture of peanut residue and rice straw compost increased net mineralization by 37.27% (C5) to 59.48% (C1), N uptake by 49.19% (C5) to 62.95% (C3), and NUE by 15.04% (C4) to 51.48% (C3). A strong relationship was detected between the quality of the compost and the forms of N in the soil, particularly the nitrate content, total N minerals, and N microbial biomass, with correlation coefficients of 0.92, 0.88, and 0.94, respectively. A strong to very strong relationship was detected between N form and N uptake (r = 0.84), plant height (r = 0.79), number of tillers (r = 0.78), yield of rice plants (r = 0.93 (plant total dry weight), and r = 0.76 (grain weight). The optimum N uptake, NUE, and yield of upland rice were shown by C3 treatment of 405.28 mg pot-1, 42.21%, and 6.19 tons ha-1, respectively.

Removal of glyphosate on Inceptisols ameliorated with biochar derived from young coconut waste Moli Monikasari; Arestha Leo Lita; Teguh Budi Prasetyo; Amsar Maulana; Endar Hidayat; Herviyanti Herviyanti
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.93091

Young Coconut Waste Biochar (YCWB) serves as an ameliorative agent that enhances soil quality and facilitates glyphosate removal, particularly in Inceptisols. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of Inceptisols enhanced with YCWB to eliminate glyphosate, a commonly used herbicide. Inceptisols amended with 40 t ha⁻¹ YCWB demonstrated an increased surface charge, improving soil properties such as acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic matter (SOM). The adsorption capacity was determined to be 0.87 mg g⁻¹ (or 870.27 mg kg⁻¹) at pH 5.07, under a glyphosate concentration of 100 mg L⁻¹. Glyphosate removal was facilitated by changes in functional groups, as indicated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which showed reduced transmittance of O-H, C=C, C-O, C-H, and mineral groups. These modifications indicate an enhancement in the sorption capacity of Inceptisols treated with 40 t ha⁻¹ YCWB. The glyphosate adsorption isotherms followed the sequence: Langmuir > Freundlich model, with performance ranking as soil + 40 t ha⁻¹ YCWB > unamended soil (Inceptisols). The respective R² values were R² = 0.9889 > R² = 0.9739 for the Langmuir model and R² = 0.9953 > R² = 0.9099 for the Freundlich model, confirming a strong interaction relationship (R² > 0.9). This indicates that glyphosate removal occurs through simultaneous or alternating physical and chemical processes. Modifying the surface charge of Inceptisols using biochar-based amelioration technology derived from biomass waste, such as young coconut waste, is critical for improving glyphosate removal efficiency.

Soil fertility based on mineralogical properties to support sustainable agriculture management Hidayat, Wahyu; Suryaningtyas, Dyah Tjahyandari; Mulyanto, Budi
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 21, No 1 (2024): June
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v21i1.85502

Detailed information on soil mineral composition has been crucial in providing the basis for designing sustainable agricultural practices, as this information offers long-term insights into natural soil fertility. This research aimed to further investigate the characteristics of soil mineral composition as a basis for managing soil fertility. Three soil profiles representing three different parent materials have been examined in the field, and soil samples have been collected for laboratory analysis. Profile 1 originates from the Raung Volcano Rock Formation (Qhvr). Profile 2 originates from the Sukamade Formation (Toms). Profile 3 originates from Puger Formation (Tmp). The presence of Mount Raung volcanic influence results in distinct soil characteristics in Profiles 2 and 3 compared to typical sedimentary and karst rock soils. The sand fraction minerals in all three profiles are predominantly composed of opaque minerals, followed by rock fragments, ferromagnesian mineral series (olivine, augite, hypersthene, and hornblende), plagioclase minerals (anorthite, biotite, and labradorite), iron concretions, epidote, and tourmaline. The clay fraction minerals in all three profiles consist of illite, kaolinite, and quartz. The minerals illite and ferromagnesian groups in all three profiles play a significant role in increasing the availability of potassium, calcium, and magnesium nutrients, thereby reducing the need for fertilizers for these elements. The soils in all three profiles naturally possess good fertility; however, designing a sustainable agricultural system requires consideration of the morphology, landform, and climate of all three profiles.

Restoring subsoil degradation with mixed fertilizer-conditioner: A case study on red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivation Stefina Liana Sari; Nguyen Quoc Khuong; Emma Trinurani Sofyan; Saefur Rohman; Rahmat Budiarto; Eso Solihin
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.97637

The loss of topsoil in high-rainfall regions significantly reduces agricultural productivity, especially in degraded soils. This study investigated the effects of Mixed Fertilizer-Conditioner (MFC) on improving the chemical properties of subsoil cultivated with red chili peppers. A Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 11 treatments on subsoil and one control on normal soil was implemented, with three replications. The treatments included: A= subsoil without fertilizer, B= 0% MFC + full NPK, C= 25% MFC + full NPK, D= 50% MFC + full NPK, E= 75% MFC + full NPK, F= 100% MFC + full NPK, G= 50% MFC + 75% NPK, H= 50% MFC + 50% NPK, I= 50% MFC + 25% NPK, J= 50% MFC without NPK, and K= Full NPK on normal soil. The application of 100% MFC combined with full NPK significantly enhanced subsoil chemical properties. Soil organic carbon increased to 1.32%, pH rose to 6.3, CEC reached 22.1 cmol kg⁻¹, and base saturation improved to 49.4%. Nutrient availability also increased, including total N (1.21%), P (0.132%), K (0.677 cmol kg⁻¹), along with Ca (1362.72 ppm), Mg (311.04 ppm), and S (36.01 ppm). Micronutrients B, Co, and Zn also rose to 4.41 ppm, 18.95 ppm, and 11.97 ppm, respectively. Chili yields in subsoil treated with 50–100% MFC and full NPK exceeded 10 tons ha⁻¹. These results highlight the agronomic potential of MFC for rehabilitating degraded soils and recommend its use as a sustainable strategy to enhance soil fertility in low-fertility or erosion-prone areas, with implications for both farmers and agricultural policymakers.

Studying the effect of tillage depth combined with organic amendments and different nitrogen fertilization on improving calcareous soil properties and wheat productivity Adel S. El-Hassanin; Magdy R. Samak; Mohamed E. El-Fayuomy; Azza R. Ahmed; Nesreen S. Asem
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 21, No 2 (2024): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v21i2.86378

Calcareous soil suffers from deprived organic materials, structural properties, increased water holding capacity, deep percolation, crusts and cracks formation, which hinders the roots dispersion and decreases permeation speed. This inhibits the soil physical, hydraulic properties, and its nutritional status. The research objective is to enhance the calcareous soil status and its productivity using eco-friendly conditioners. A Split-split plot field experimental study has been laid at El-Nubaria Agri. Res. Stat., in 2018 and 2019 winter seasons with three replications. The main factor was two depths of tillage: (T1) surface tillage (0 – 15 cm) and (T2) deep tillage (0 – 60 cm). The sub-main factor was three types of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization, control (C1) without N application, ammonium nitrate (F1) and urea formaldehyde (F2), while the sub-sub main factor was the types of soil amendments: no amendment (cont.), sugar beet waste (W), K-Humate (KH), Sulphur (S) and compost (Comp). Results have indicated that greater values of organic matter OM and aggregate measured were gained by the surface tillage treatment and using both sugar beet wastes (W) and compost applications. The combination between the deep tillage (T2) and ammonium nitrate (F1) and sugar beet waste (W) has increased the wheat grains and straw yield (ton ha-1) and 1000-grains weight (g). Sugar beet waste can be recommended as an economic conditioner enhances the calcareous soil to make it more productive.

Application of pre-Terra Preta to enhance soil fertility and productivity of marginal land cultivated with Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott Dewi Priany Nasution; Udiansyah Udiansyah; Fakhrur Razie; Nursyam Andi Syarifuddin; Dora Neina
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.105965

Indonesia’s national agriculture production is increasingly constrained by the expansion of marginal lands with low productivity, many of which have undergone severe degradation from mining and other land uses. These lands are characterized by low soil fertility and acidic pH, posing a challenge for sustainable forage production. This study investigates the application of pre-Terra Preta - a soil amendment composed of biochar, organic matter, animal manure, topsoil, and fermented microorganisms—to enhance the productivity of marginal land, using Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott (Dwarf elephant grass) as a forage crop. The field experiment was conducted in Swarangan Village, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Soil chemical properties were analyzed before and after planting. A total of 36 plots (5 × 5 m) were treated with four levels of pre-Terra Preta biochar composition (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) and three application rates (10, 20, and 30 t ha⁻¹). The results showed significant improvements in soil chemical properties, including total N (↑ 73.47%), organic C (↑ 35.20%), K₂O (↑ 33.64%), and pH (↑ 148.89%). The optimal treatment—30 t ha⁻¹ with 60% biochar—yielded the highest plant height (16.875 cm), number of leaves (12.900), and number of tillers (3.791). These differences were significant (p < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of both biochar levels and application rates. Pre-Terra Preta offers a sustainable, cost-effective strategy for rehabilitating marginal lands in tropical regions. Further studies are recommended to assess long-term soil health, economic viability, forage quality, and livestock performance.

Heavy metal tracing from gold mining soil to vinasse in the downstreaming process of sweet sorghum to bioethanol Mohammad Nurcholis; Dwi Fitri Yudiantoro; Soeranto Human; Erni Johan; Kristin Natalia H Makahenggang; Laponda Jaya Katon; Firdaus Muhammad Fauzi
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.94274

Soils in gold mining areas have the potential to contain heavy metals from rock weathering. Such soil was planted with sweet sorghum to increase land productivity in Boto Village, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java during the dry season. The harvested crop was not used for food, but processed into biofuels through fermentation and distillation. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to trace the presence of several heavy metals in vinasse, a by-product of sweet sorghum stem juice fermentation process, from plants grown on soil in a community of gold mining area. Two varieties of sweet sorghum, Samurai 1 and Samurai 2, were cultivated on this soil. Then, they were harvested and the sorghum stem extract was fermented to produce ethanol. Distillation process was carried out on the fermented juice to increase the ethanol concentration, leaving behind vinasse. Chemical analysis was carried out on the chemical properties of the soil (pH, CEC, Organic-C, total-N, available-K, and potential-P), and content of the heavy metals of Fe, Mn, Pb, and Cu in the soil, juice, and vinasse. The soil exhibits a neutral reaction, low salinity, organic-C, total-N, available P and CEC. The levels of Fe, Mn, Pb, and Cu in soil are 7.8%, 0.1%, 76.00 ppm, 23.81 ppm. In the juice, these concentrations were 9.66, 21.14, 1.49, 1.64 in ppm. In the vinasse, they were 5.29, 28.15, 1.05, 0.73 ppm, respectively. These results indicate that heavy metals in soils could be absorbed by sorghum crops and they were absorbed in the stems of Samurai 1 and 2 sweet sorghum varieties, extracted into the juice, and partially remained in the vinasse.

Methane (CH₄) emissions exceeding the threshold from chilli cultivation mulching practices in Sleman Regency, Indonesia Aristya Ardhitama; Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho; Junun Sartohadi; Supari Supari; Reni Kraningtyas; Riana Listanti; Khaeruniah Hikmah Taulani
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology Vol 22, No 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/stjssa.v22i1.98896

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, although there is limited information on its emissions dynamics in dryland horticulture. Chilli cultivation practices comprising fertilization and mulching may influence CH₄ emissions through alterations in soil temperature and moisture. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different mulching practices on CH₄ emissions and determine the threshold for sustainable chilli cultivation in tropical dryland conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Sleman, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with three mulch treatments. These included unmulched treatment (M0), organic mulch (M1), and plastic mulch (M2), each replicated three times. Gas sampling was performed biweekly for 112 days using the closed chamber method. Soil temperature and Volumetric Water Content (VWC) were recorded using in situ sensors. The results showed that mulch treatments significantly influenced CH₄ emissions (p < 0.001). M1 produced the highest average CH₄ flux (0.114 mg m⁻² h⁻¹), followed by M2 (0.043 mg m⁻² h⁻¹) and M0 (0.016 mg m⁻² h⁻¹). All treatments exceeded the calculated CH₄ threshold of 0.145 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ under certain conditions. These results showed the need for careful mulching selection to reduce environmental impact and support the development of CH₄ emissions threshold for sustainable dryland horticulture.

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