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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 165   166   167   168   169 
Shear Strength and Serviceability of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Study on Varying Reinforcement Ratios Hamed, Thar Mohammed; Said, AbdulMuttalib I.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-04

Abstract

This study investigates the behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams with varying reinforcement ratios. The experimental program consists of five concrete beams tested under a simply supported four-point bending setup with a section of (250×300) mm and a clear span of 1800 mm with a span-to-depth ratio of 2.3. The beams were reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars with varying reinforcement ratios (ρ = 0.5, 0.9, 1.35, 1.8, and 2.25) for B1-B5, respectively. GFRP stirrups were used for the transverse direction with a spacing of 240 mm for all the beams. The results showed that raising the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio to 1.35 enhanced load-carrying capacity performance and dropped at higher reinforcement ratios (1.8, 2.25) while offering better performance in controlling crack widths and deflection, which could be due to the limit of bonding with concrete. Increasing the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio reduced the deflection at both service and ultimate loads with enhanced crack control. Lower reinforcement ratios of (ρ= 0.5) resulted in a brittle failure, wider cracks, and poor stiffness. Conversely, a 1.8 reinforcement ratio led to delayed crack initiation, smaller crack widths, and a balanced stiffness-to-ductility ratio being achieved. It was found that the dowel action of longitudinal GFRP bars greatly contributes to the shear strength of concrete beams, with a ratio of (ρ= 1.35) having the maximum load capacity along the tested beams. The ductility index ranged from 1.7 to 2.49. Higher reinforcement ratio beams resulted in a deeper neutral axis up to (ρ = 1.35), demonstrating improved stress distribution and reduced deformations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-04 Full Text: PDF
An Automated Assessment Technique for Pavement Defects Using a Laser Scanner and Deep Machine Learning Al-Mistarehi, Bara'; Shtayat, Amir; Imam, Rana; Abdallah, Ashraf
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-015

Abstract

Roads are vital arteries and main links between and within cities. They are considered the main auxiliary factor in shortening travel time and achieving users’ comfort and safety. Governments strive to provide ideal conditions on the roads to achieve the highest levels of satisfaction, which are reflected in the quality of rides provided. Despite the variety of monitoring and evaluation methods, achieving the best and most accurate diagnosis of the condition of the roads and determining the severity of defects and appropriate and rapid maintenance methods are still lacking. This study aims to monitor and evaluate the state of some roads in Aswan City, Egypt, to identify defects and address them promptly. To achieve this goal, a laser scanner was used to evaluate pavement conditions by measuring the coordinates of the road surface and determining the differences in the measured values on the three axes. A built-in camera was also used in the laser device to monitor the type and severity of defects and match them with the measurements of the laser scanner device. Finally, a deep machine learning system, including LSTM, GRU, RF, SVM, and DT, was used to identify and classify the type and severity of defects. The prediction models showed significant accuracy with about 93%, 91%, 85%, 84%, and 82%, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-015 Full Text: PDF
Integration of Low-Cost GNSS and Multispectral Camera to Increase Oil Palm Position Accuracy and Health Monitoring Cahyadi, M. N.; Syariz, M. A.; Taufany, F.; Lisnawita, .; Wismaroh, S. S.; Kusumawardani, D.; Saputro, T. B.; Haq, F.; Laksmana, M. C.; Triawan, L. A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-010

Abstract

The Global Navigation Satellite System facilitates efficient agricultural initiatives, resolving land ownership and precise plantation monitoring issues. The oil palm sector is deeply integrated into various economies due to the world's use in food supplies, cosmetics, and oil biodiesel production. However, local farmers have trouble managing the plantation’s condition and land ownership due to the underdeveloped modern technology at their disposal. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was employed in order to assess the NDVI camera oil palm tree growth, utilizing a MAPIR Survey3 RGN Multispectral Camera integrated with red, green, and near IR sensors. Images were taken directly on the surface level to enable focused analysis on the palm trees. This included the use of an MPAR calibration ground target placed beside the leaves for data accuracy and an operator that held the camera to the trees. Utilizing this strategy allowed for a more intricate and detailed analysis of each oil palm tree, and due to the coordination of the trees, aerial images were produced to create a detailed image. Low-cost GNSS instruments alongside RTK technology were employed in determining the coordinate position of the oil palm trees. Considerable relationships were found between NDVI and content in chlorophyll: NDVI-G and Chl a (r = 0.679), NDVI-B and Chl a (r = 0.618), and NDVI-B and Chl b(r = 0.657). The positional errors obtained varied within –0.105 to 0.166 meters for low-cost GNSS and –0.159 to 0.083 meters for geodetic GNSS, the latter recording the least MAE of 0.053. This research work found a cheap and accurate oil palm growth monitoring system using multispectral sensors. This method overcomes the technological gap of local farmers and provides an alternative strategy for the management of plantations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-010 Full Text: PDF
A Comparative Study of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry: Accuracy and Applications Zakaria, Mohamed H.; Fawzy, Hossam; El-Beshbeshy, Mohammed; Farhan, Magda
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-021

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Digital Close-Range Photogrammetry (DCRP) against traditional Total Station (TS) methods for 3D spatial documentation across a range from 8.00 meters to 2.00 mm. The analysis was conducted through three scenarios: Ground Control Points (GCPs), the Kafrelsheikh University Mosque, and Kafr El Sheikh Tanta Road. Paired t-tests and ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) across all variables, with TLS demonstrating superior precision. TLS deviations in linear distance measurements were as low as 2 mm compared to TS, while DCRP exhibited variations ranging from 0.02 m to 0.30 m depending on surface reflectivity and distance. Pearson correlation coefficients exceeded 0.95 for TLS across all axes (X, Y, Z), highlighting its reliability. DCRP, while slightly less consistent, showed minor variability, particularly in the Z-axis. For road crack measurements, TLS captured lengths ranging from 180 mm to 750 mm (mean = 501.417 mm, SD = 207.341 mm), which aligned closely with DCRP results (mean = 504.867 mm, SD = 204.455 mm). The mosque’s complex geometry showcased TLS's higher precision (ANOVA F = 15.78, p = 0.0001 for the Y-axis), while DCRP provided faster data acquisition and reduced costs. Both methods demonstrated significant statistical alignment, though TLS consistently outperformed DCRP in accuracy, especially for intricate structures requiring high precision. The findings emphasize the complementary strengths of TLS and DCRP, recommending their integration to achieve an optimal balance of accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on improving the precision of DCRP for detailed architectural and structural documentation while exploring hybrid techniques to enhance the reliability and scalability of 3D surveying methods. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-021 Full Text: PDF
Complex Geodetic Monitoring of the Massive Sports Structures by Terrestrial Laser Scanning Shults, Roman; Seitkazina, Gulnur; Annenkov, Andriy; Demianenko, Roman; Soltabayeva, Saule; Kozhayev, Zhenis; Orazbekova, Gulizat
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-05

Abstract

The paper describes the rigorous approach to studying and analyzing the results of geodetic monitoring of massive sports structures. The monitoring results for two ski jumps in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, are considered a case study. The suggested approach is based on the combined use of geodetic measurements and their comparative analysis with the structural analysis results of the structure using the finite element method. The structural analysis was carried out for various loads and their combinations, e.g., dead weight, snow load, wind load, etc. The article's aim is twofold. The first is to develop an appropriate algorithm and technology to accomplish geodetic monitoring, including the assignment of allowable monitoring accuracy. This goal was achieved by the results of structural analysis that helped to determine the allowable displacements and zones of maximum stress. These values defined the necessary observation accuracy and the places for the deformation targets' installation. Thus, the appropriate monitoring network around the complex of ski jumps was created. Geodetic monitoring was carried out using terrestrial laser scanning. Four observation epochs were conducted from autumn 2020 until summer 2022. The second aim is to analyze the monitoring results to determine the actual structure displacements and make conclusions concerning the allowance of these displacements for further structure exploitation. The monitoring results were studied using the structural analysis and B-spline displacement simulation. The results demonstrated no significant displacements of the ski jump ramps. The displacements for landing hills reached 60 mm, which is the allowable value. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-05 Full Text: PDF
Development and Validation of a Seismic Index for Assessing the Vulnerability of Low-Rise RC Buildings Sharafi, Sayed Q.; Maulana, Taufiq I.; Saito, Taiki
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-016

Abstract

This research develops a comprehensive framework for evaluating the seismic vulnerability of Afghanistan's low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures, aiming to enhance urban resilience and mitigate seismic risks. The primary objective is to improve structural safety and reduce economic losses and casualties during devastating earthquakes. Utilizing a database of low-rise RC buildings constructed between 2001 and 2022 by the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MUDH) and the Ministry of Education (MOE), the study analyzes structures with varying materials, architectural styles, construction years, and number of stories. The methodology integrates a modified Japanese Is Index, refined using statistical techniques to incorporate local seismic data and building characteristics across diverse seismic zones. Advanced analyses, including the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM) and dynamic analysis using STERA 3D software, support the development of the Afghanistan Seismic Index (ASI). Findings confirm ASI’s reliability by comparing it to existing seismic assessment methods, demonstrating its suitability for region-specific evaluations. The research proposes a novel, tailored seismic index (ASI) for assessing seismic vulnerability and addressing gaps in Afghanistan’s building code (ABC) and standards. This framework enhances structural performance and informs future policy, providing a foundation for safer urban environments and sustainable infrastructure development in earthquake-prone regions. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-016 Full Text: PDF
Retrofit Design for Climate Resilient Housing: Strategies for Architectural Adaptation to Climate Change Chohan, Afaq H.; Awad, Jihad; Che-Ani, Adi Irfan; Awad, Abdelaziz
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-011

Abstract

This study examines design flaws in single-family homes in the UAE, worsened by climate change-triggered rainfall and escalating maintenance requirements. The research focuses on three objectives: identifying existing weaknesses, analyzing building materials and construction methods, and proposing enhanced retrofit design standards. The methodology comprises both secondary data, gathered through literature reviews, and primary data obtained via site visits, participatory observation, and case studies. Examining multiple UAE regions, particularly six case studies in affected housing in Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman, underscores widespread concerns in resilient housing, revealing deficiencies in drainage, waterproofing, and protective detailing. Notable problems include inadequate drainage slopes, subpar sealing around structural penetrations, and insufficient moisture barriers. These issues compromise structural integrity, inflate maintenance costs, and pose health hazards from mold and poor indoor air quality. By assessing current conditions, the study suggests various retrofit solutions, such as improved water-resistant coatings, slope modifications, drip edges, and overhangs. Findings emphasize rigorous detailing, robust materials, and periodic inspections to mitigate impacts from intensifying rainfall. Additionally, broader urban planning strategies, such as flood risk assessments and upgraded infrastructure, are crucial in minimizing future water intrusion. Collectively, these insights advocate novelty in research and set a blueprint for a fundamental shift in UAE housing design, prioritizing climate resilience, structural longevity, and occupant well-being in an era of rapidly changing environmental conditions. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-011 Full Text: PDF
A Novel Approach to Selecting Rational Supports for Underground Mining Workings Almenov, Talgat; Zhanakova, Raissa; Sarybayev, Madiyar; Shabaz, Din-Mukhammed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-022

Abstract

The goal of this study is to examine the stress-strain state and stability of rock massifs to select a rational type of support for underground workings in challenging mining and geological conditions. The primary aims include increasing the speed of mine workings, reducing capital expenditure, and enhancing safety. Established and novel theoretical methods for mining, geomechanics, and rock massif management were employed. These methods involve analyzing factors affecting the mine working speed, studying the physical and mechanical properties of rocks, developing stratigraphic profiles, and assessing the stress-strain state and stability using Bieniawski’s Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Barton’s Q-rating, and construction norms and rules. Numerical modeling with the Rocscience RS2/RS3 software was utilized to identify failure-prone areas and determine rational support types and parameters. This study provides comprehensive insights into the stress-strain state of the massif, identifying high-risk zones, and recommending suitable support types. The findings contribute to accelerating the progress of underground work, enhancing safety, and reducing construction costs. The developed support systems for challenging mining and geological conditions were designed to increase the speed, safety, and profitability of underground workings. Additionally, this research emphasizes the significance of selecting appropriate support systems to ensure the longevity and stability of underground structures, thereby optimizing operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-022 Full Text: PDF
Integrating Gradient Boosting and Parametric Architecture for Optimizing Energy Use Intensity in Net-Zero Energy Buildings Kamaruddin, Maqbul; Manullang, Martin C. T.; Yee, Jurng-Jae
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-06

Abstract

Achieving net-zero energy building (NZEB) status requires accurate energy use intensity (EUI) calculations, as conventional methods often fail to capture the complexity of design and climatic conditions. In this research, a parametric energy modeling approach was used to conduct 1,350 simulations and analyze the impact of design parameters on building EUI. These simulations covered six building types—an existing building and I-, L-, T-, U-, and H-shaped buildings—across eight locations in different climate zones. A case study was conducted in Busan, Korea, where on-site measurements were obtained using portable devices to validate the simulation results. I-shaped buildings exhibited the lowest EUI, reaching 109 kWh/m²/yr at 0° and 180° orientations. The simulation results indicated that building orientations of 140°, 90°, 135°, and 270° tended to produce higher EUI values, whereas 0° and 180° showed lower EUI values of 122 and 123 kWh/m²/yr, respectively. The use of triple-pane insulated glass effectively reduced the I-shaped building's EUI to 103 kWh/m²/yr. Implementing photovoltaic (PV) systems further reduced the EUI significantly, with the I-shaped building achieving an EUI of −14 kWh/m²/yr at a 20% PV efficiency. Analysis using an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model revealed that the climate zone, PV area, and type of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system significantly affected the EUI. This model, processed using Colab, was highly effective, with an R-squared value of 0.99, a root mean square error of 4.57, and a mean absolute error of 1.99. These findings demonstrate that the XGBoost model can effectively capture complex data patterns and can be used for high-accuracy EUI estimation. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-06 Full Text: PDF
Examining the Compressive Behavior of SFRC and SCC Using Finite Element and Experimental Methods Hano, Muna M.; Hano, Salwa M. A.; Al-Rawe, Hesham S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-017

Abstract

The compressive behavior of various kinds of concrete, including plain concrete, steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC), and self-compacting concrete (SCC), was investigated experimentally in this paper and simulated using finite element analysis through ABAQUS software. Thirty specimens were cast and tested with two concrete compressive strengths (20 and 30 MPa). Steel fibers were added at volume fractions of (0, 0.4, and 0.75)%, while SIKA-VISCOCRETE-5930 IQ was incorporated at (0.8 and 1.8)% by weight of cement. The results showed that the compressive strength of the tested specimens increased with the increase of fibers and SIKA-VISCOCRETE-5930 IQ dosages. The FEA results exhibited a good agreement with those from the experimental work in terms of the stress-strain relationships for plain, SFRC, and SCC. A Student's t-test was performed on both experimental and FE analysis outcomes, and the difference among them was found to be statistically insignificant. The accuracy of numerical modeling in predicting concrete behavior under compression is supported by the findings of this study, and the effectiveness of steel fibers and SIKA-VISCOCRETE-5930 IQ in developing the compressive strength of concrete is also highlighted. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-017 Full Text: PDF

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