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Reaktor

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08520798 EISSN : 24075973 DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology

Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)

Articles 530 Documents

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PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL Esthi Kusdarini; Agus Budianto; Desyana Ghafarunnisa
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g, surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif

COMBINATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS AND ELECTRODEIONIZATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS SUGAR RECOVERY AND SALTS REMOVAL FROM SUGARY WASTEWATER I.N. Widiasa; I Gede Wenten
Reaktor Volume 11, Nomor 2, Desember 2007
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

An integrated membrane system combining reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodeionization (EDI) is used for simultaneous sugar concentration and salts removal from a synthetic dilute sugar solution as a model of sugar-containing wastewater. The RO system uses a thin film composite RO membrane (Saehan CSM, RE1812-60). Meanwhile, the EDI stack has two diluted compartments, one concentrated compartment, one anode compartment, and one cathode compartment. Commercially available cation exchange membrane (MC-3470) and anion exchange membrane (MA-3475) are used as ionic selective barriers of the EDI stack. Both diluate and concentrate compartments are filled with mixed ion exchange resins (purolite strong acid cation exchange, C-100E and strong base type I anion resins, A-400). Two different operation modes, i.e. RO-EDI and EDI-RO, were assessed. The experimental results show that the observed sugar rejection of RO membrane is more than 99.9% and there is no sugar loss in the EDI stack. This indicates that the hybrid process allows almost total sugar recovery. In addition, significant reduction of salts content from the concentrated sugar solution is obtained. From permeate flux and permeate purity points of view, however, the EDI-RO configuration seems superior to the RO-EDI configuration. It should be emphasized that scale formation on the membrane surface of the concentrate compartment side has to be controlled.

Ultra-capacitor based Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Medium) for Developing Countries Md. Zahid Hasan; Md. Rubaiat Adnan; Sabhasachi Saha; Souvik Roy
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 2 June 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

This research is directed to the hybridization of battery and ultra-capacitor for a better effectiveness. This portrays the benefits of introducing an ultra-capacitor into a battery pack of an urban electric vehicle drive train. Matlab Simulations are done taking two basic scenarios into consideration: fresh cells and half-used battery cells. The simulations show that the lower the temperature (25-28 OC) higher the hybrid system efficiency (25-30%). Data from real world and previous studies are considered to conduct this study. Previous studies showed efficiency raise upto 7%, whereas this system showed around 14% efficiency raise. Simulations are done considering modified Bangladeshi drive cycle for low weight vehicles. Several issues like volumetric, gravimetric and cost issues of hybridization are present in this paper. By this system the power loss of the system can be reduced by up to 5% to 10% regarding to conventional system. Finally hybridization not only increases the efficiency of the energy storage system also increases the power train efficiency and battery lifespan. This paper would help researchers for further development of this topic.

MODEL PERPINDAHAN MASSA PADA EKSTRAKSI SAPONIN BIJI TEH DENGAN PELARUT ISOPROPIL ALKHOHOL 50% DENGAN PENGONTAKAN SECARA DISPERSI MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS DIMENSI Susiana Prasetyo; Felicia Yosephine
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 2, Oktober 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil teh terbesar di dunia. Menurut data dari Deptan 2010, dengan luas lahan sebesar 127712 ha, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan produktivitas teh sebesar 153971 ton/tahun. Namun sayangnya, selama ini pemanfaatan tanaman teh di Indonesia masih terbatas pada pucuk daunnya saja. Bagian tanaman teh yang memiliki kandungan potensial namun belum dimanfaatkan adalah biji teh, mengandung 26% saponin, 20-60% minyak dan 11% protein. Saponin merupakan salah satu komponen bioaktif yang telah dimanfaatkan sebagai insektisida pembasmi hama pada tambak udang, bahan baku industri deterjen, shampoo, minuman bir, pembentuk busa pada pemadam kebakaran, dan dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai pupuk organik. Pada penelitian ini, saponin biji teh diperoleh melalui ekstraksi biji teh pasca pengepresan menggunakan pelarut IPA 50% secara batch di dalam sebuah ekstraktor berkapasitas 2 L. Pengontakan solvent dengan biji teh dilakukan secara dispersi. Pada penelitian ini, rasio massa pelarut terhadap massa umpan diset 20:1; temperatur divariasikan 25-60 oC, kecepatan pengadukan 100-400 rpm, serta ukuran biji teh divariasikan -40+50 mesh s.d -100+200 mesh. Ekstraksi dilakukan hingga tercapai kesetimbangan. Ekstrak yang diperoleh dipekatkan menggunakan rotavapor vakum pada temperatur di bawah 40oC. Ekstrak pekat saponin kasar yang didapat dimurnikan dengan penambahan eter, etanol dan petroleum eter secara bertahap sehingga diperoleh endapan saponin murni yang kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan tray drier pada temperatur 40oC. Pada penelitian ini, model perpindahan massa sederhana dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan proses ekstraksi padat-cair saponin biji teh. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dimensi diperoleh hubungan antara koefisien perpindahan massa volumetrik (kLa) pada lapisan antar fasa padat-cair dengan variabel-variabel ekstraksi yang dinyatakan dalam persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi dengan ralat rata-rata 3,7904 %.DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR MASS TRANSFER MODEL FOR SAPONIN FROM TEA SEEDS USING 50% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLVENT IN A DISPERSION SYSTEM. Indonesia is one of the biggest tea producers in the world. According to the Deptan 2010, about 127712 hectares plantation land area produced 153971 tons of tea. Nevertheless, the utilization of tea is still restricted on the tea young sprouts. The tea seed itself which is very potential due to its bioactive ingredients has not been utilized yet. The seed contains 26% saponin, 20-60% oil, and 11% protein. Saponin is one of the bioactive components which has been used as an insecticide to kill pests on shrimps in the fishing industry, or additives for detergent industry, shampoo, beer drinks, foam on the fire department, and it can also be used as an organic fertilizer. In this research, tea seed saponin was obtained from the extraction of tea seed which was previously mechanically pressed using IPA 50% as the solvent in a 2 L batch extractor. The contact between solvent and the seed tea occurred via dispersion mechanism. The fixed variable during the extractions was mass solvent to mass feed ratios (20:1), while the studied variables were temperatures (25-60oC), stirring speeds (100-400 rpm), and the sizes of the seeds (-40+50 mesh to -100+200 mesh). Extraction was carried out until equilibrium was reached. Extract was concentrated by vacuum evaporation at temperatures below 40oC. Concentrated saponin was purified by sequential addition of ether; ethanol and petroleum ether in order to obtain pure saponin precipitated which is then dried using a tray drier at a temperature of 40oC. In this study, a simple mass transfer model was developed in order to describe the solid-liquid extraction process of tea seed saponin. Based on the results of the dimensional analysis, the relationships between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) at the interphase of solid-liquid surface and extraction variables can be expressed by the following equation with the average error is 3.7904%.

INFLUENCE OF INITIAL pH SOLUTION ON BIOFILM FORMATION AND CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL BY Serratia marcescens Ardiyan Harimawan; Hary Devianto; Ignatius Chandra Kurniawan; Josephine Christine Utomo
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

The growth of Serratia marcescens depends on its metabolism, which is influenced by environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. The metabolic activity of Serratia marcescens may influence the corrosion of carbon steel by forming a biofilm on the metal surface. This research is focused on determining the effect of pH on carbon steel corrosion caused by Serratia marcescens. The medium used as immersion solution was a mixture of synthetic seawater and Luria-Bertani medium with a volume ratio of 4:1. The carbon steel coupons with a size of 1 cm x 1 cm were immersed in the solution with initial pH of 5, 7, and 9. The analyses of biofilm were conducted by total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Biofilm was detected evenly on the metal surface and decreased with an increase in incubation pH. The biofilm consists of some functional groups, such as alcohol, alkane, amine, nitro, sulphate, carboxylic acid, and polysulfide. The analyses of the corrosion were conducted by gravimetric and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pHs of 5 and 9 were found to give an increase in the corrosion rate. The average corrosion rate at pH variations of 5, 7, and 9 were 2.5309 g/m2.day; 2.2844 g/m2.day; and 2.9756 g/m2.day, respectively. Nevertheless, the corrosion products were not detected by XRD analysis. Keywords: biocorrosion; carbon steel; pH; seawater; Serratia marcescens Abstrak PENGARUH pH AWAL LARUTAN PADA PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM DAN KOROSI BAJA KARBON OLEH Serratia marcescens. Laju pertumbuhan Serratia marcescens bergantung pada aktivitas metabolise mikroba, yang akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, seperti pH dan temperatur. Aktivitas metabolisme Serratia marcescens dapat memengaruhi korosi pada baja karbon dengan membentuk lapisan biofilm pada permukaan logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek pH pada korosi baja karbon yang disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Media yang digunakan sebagai larutan perendam adalah campuran air laut sintetis dan media Luria-Bertani dengan perbandingan volume sebesar 4:1. Kupon baja karbon dengan ukuran 1 cm x 1 cm direndam dalam larutan dengan pH awal 5, 7, dan 9. Analisis lapisan biofilm dilakukan dengan total plate count (TPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) dan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Lapisan biofilm tumbuh secara merata pada permukaan logam dan berkurang seiring dengan peningkatan pH inkubasi. Lapisan biofilm mengandung berbagai gugus fungsional, seperti alkohol, alkana, amin, nitro, sulfat, asam karboksilat, dan polisulfida. Analisa korosi dilakukan dengan gravimetri dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Penggunaan pH 5 dan 9 memberikan peningkatan terhadap laju korosi. Laju korosi rata-rata pada pH 5, 7, dan 9 ditentukan sebesar 2,5309 g/m2.day; 2,2844 g/m2.day; and 2,9756 g/m2.day. Namun, produk korosi tidak terdeksi oleh analisis XRD. Kata kunci: biokorosi; baja karbon; pH; air laut; Serratia marcescens

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN POLYOXYETHYLENE DARI MINYAK SAWIT: Ery Fatarina Purwaningtyas; Bambang Pramudono
Reaktor Volume 12, Nomor 3, Juni 2009
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Minyak sawit masih bisa ditingkatkan nilai tambahnya melalui pengubahan menjadi surfaktan. Surfaktan berbasis minyak nabati bersifat mudah terurai (biodegradable), dan ramah lingkungan. Salah satu surfaktan yang dapat disintesis dari minyak sawit adalah polyoxyethylene mono-digliserid (POE-MDG) melalui proses gliserolisis yang dilanjutkan dengan proses etoksilasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji parameter proses pada gliserolisis maupun etoksilasi. Proses glyserolisis menggunakan katalis MgO dan pelarut n-butanol, dilakukan dengan memvariasikan suhu, rasio gliserol: minyak, dan rasio n-butanol: minyak. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh variable yang berpengaruh pada proses glyserolisis adalah rasio glyserol: minyak, konversi tertinggi 0,785. Hasil gliserolisis adalah MDG, selanjutnya dietoksilasi untuk mendapatkan surfaktan (POE-MDG). Proses etoksilasi MDG menggunakan katalis MgO, dengan memvariasi perbandingan MDG : polietilen glikol (PEG). Berdasarkan analisa Forrier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) memberikan puncak baru pada 1743,65 cm-1 yang menunjukkan pembentukan ikatan C-O-O. Analisis dengan kolom kromatografi memberikan hasil polyoxyethylen (POE) tertinggi 9,20 % pada rasio MDG : PEG = 4, waktu reaksi 120 menit, temperatur 1600C, kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm, konsentrasi katalis 2%. Hasil uji kestabilan emulsi menunjukkan bahwa surfaktan POE-MDG mempunyai efek emulsifier

Back Matter Reaktor Vol 15 No. 3 2015 Widayuat, W
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Pemutihan Pulp Tandan Kosong Sawit Dengan Proses-Proses Kimia Ramah Lingkungan H. Susanto
Reaktor Volume 07 No.2 Desember 2003
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Beberapa proses pemutihan ramah lingkungan telah diuji-coba sebagai kelanjutan pengembangan proses pemanfaatan tandan kosong sawit (TKS). Pulp TKS dengan bilangan kappa 33 sebagai bahan baku pemutihan disiapkan dengan proses kraft konvensional dan proses etanol yang ramah lingkungan. Pemutihan dilakukan dengan proses ODEoDnD yang bebas Cl2 (elemental chlorine free), serta proses PP dan proses OPOP yang tanpa klor sama sekali (totally chlorine free). Proses konvensional CEDED dengan Cl2 digunakan sebagai pembanding. Pulp putih TKS umumnya memiliki kekuatan mirip pulp putih kayudaun: indeks sobek 6,5-8,5 Nm2/kg, indeks retak 3,5-3,7 Nm2/kg dan indeks tarik sekitar 34 Nm/kg. sayangnya,pemutihan dengan proses PP dan OPOP menghasilkan pulp putih dengan derajad putih hanya sekitar 41% GE. Pemutihan dengan proses ODEoDnD atau proses CEDED menghasilkan pulp dengan derajad putih 80-84%GE. Derajat putih pulp TKS dari dua proses terakhir ini mirip dengan pulp putih kayudaun (81%GE). Pulp TKS dengan sifat-sifat semacam ini dapat dijadikan bahan baku kertas Koran yang memiliki spesifikasi: derajat putih 57% indeks sobek 4,35 Nm2/kg dan indeks tarik 21 Nm/kg.Kata kunci : limbah organic padat, pulping, emutihanramah lingkungan

EKSTRAKSI ASAM SITRAT DAN ASAM OKSALAT : PENGARUH TRIOCTYLAMINE SEBAGAI EXTRACTING POWER DALAM BERBAGAI SOLVEN CAMPURAN TERHADAP KOEFISIEN DISTRIBUSI Mega Kasmiyatun; Bakti Jos
Reaktor Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2008
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Generally, liquid waste of citric acid industry containing a highly citric acid, oxalic acid, due to precipitation process of calcium citrate less completely. Liquid-liquid extraction process is this one alternative that used to recover citric acid and oxalic acid, either in the product separation process from the fermentor or the treatment of its liquid waste. In order to understand, that the extraction process can be applied both technically and economically, it needs a more study the extraction parameters. The investigation has carried out about study of the extraction of citric acid and oxalic acid used trioctyl-amine as extracting power on various mix solvent and its ratio, related to the distribution coefficient. Extraction used a separating funnel that it was shaked with using an automatic shaker, which adjusted on specific velocity during 2.5 hours. The rafinate and extract were separated by separating funnel, then they were analyzed both concentration of citric acid and oxalic acid using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the research show that the mixed solvent (consist of 15% trioctyl amine, 70% dodecane, and 15% hexanol), for the extraction of citric acid produce both the highest distribution coefficient and percentage of separation were 1.15 and 74.22%, respectively; and this were achieved for the ratio between the solvent and diluent of 2.5:1. For the extraction of oxalic acid similar result were obtained, and the value were 3.78 and 88.31%, respectively, for the ratio between solvent and diluent of 2:1.Limbah cair pabrik asam sitrat pada umumnya mengandung asam sitrat, asam oksalat, cukup tinggi akibat proses pengendapan calsium sitrat yang kurang sempurna. Proses ekstraksi cair-cair adalah salah satu alternatif yang dapat digunakan untuk pengambilan kembali asam sitrat dan asam oksalat, baik pada proses pemisahan produk yang keluar dari fermentor maupun pada proses pengolahan limbah cairnya. Untuk mengetahui apakah proses ekstraksi dapat diterapkan secara teknis, maka perlu dilakukan pengkajian lebih mendalam parameter-parameter ekstraksi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan pengkajian tentang ekstraksi asam sitrat dan asam oksalat dengan menggunakan trioctylamine sebagai extracting power pada bermacam solven campuran dan pada berbagai perbandingan, hubungannya dengan koefisien distribusinya. Ekstraksi pada berbagai kondisi rancangan percobaan dilakukan pada corong pemisah, yang penggojokannya dilakukan dengan bantuan automatic shaker yang di set pada kecepatan tertentu selama 2,5 jam. Rafinat dan ekstrak dipisahkan selanjutnya dianalisis kadar asam sitrat maupun asam oksalat dengan menggunakan HPLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa solven campuran (yang terdiri dari 15% trioctylamine, 70% dodecane dan 15% hexanol) menghasilkan koefisien distribusi dan persentase pemisahan solute berturut-turut untuk asam sitrat 1,15 dan 74,22% pada perbandingan solven dan diluen 2,5:1; sedang untuk ekstraksi asam oksalat sebesar 3,78 dan 88,31% pada perbandingan solven dan diluen 2:1.

The Effect of Acid Concentration (H2SO4) on the Yield and Functional Group during Lignin Isolation of Biomass Waste Pulp and Paper Industry Slamet Priyanto; Anansya Putri Intan; Bambang Rianto; Tutuk Djoko Kusworo; Bambang Pramudono; Edi Untoro; Puspa Ratu
Reaktor Volume 19 No. 4 December 2019
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Declining oil production in Indonesia lately has been much discussed by industrial practitioners, especially from the petroleum industry. The decrease is due to the age of old drilling wells with high water cut (> 90%), so it is necessary to pursue a production method that can increase the production of these old wells. The EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) method is one way of extracting oil from oil wells that cannot be further retrieved by injecting materials that are not in the reservoir. One ingredient that can be injected is Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) surfactant derived from lignin. Lignin was obtained from the lignin isolation process from Black Liquor, which in this study came from the pulp and paper mill waste of PT. Indah Kiat, Pekanbaru, Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in H2SO4 concentrations (concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% w/w) on the yield of lignin isolation results, and to compare the functional groups between dirty lignin, clean lignin, and pure lignin using FT-IR. Based on the research results, it was found that the best lignin is lignin with an H2SO4 concentration of 20%, with the highest yield and the color of lignin produced tends to be similar to pure lignin. In addition, it was found that the peak of the net lignin group had more similarity with commercial lignin compared to crude lignin. Keywords: Lignin, Black Liquor, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), FTIR

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