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Reaktor

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08520798 EISSN : 24075973 DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology

Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)

Articles 530 Documents

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Optimization Of Chitosan Preparation From Crab Shell Waste M. Djaeni
Reaktor Volume 07 No. 1 Juni 2003
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Crab shell waste from seafood restaurant is potential to be used as chitosan source. This material containing 20-30% of chitin which could be converted into chitosan through deacetylation process. While, chitin could be isolated from crab shell by deproteination and demineralization. Chitosan is fine chemical used to adsorb fat from body, heavy metal adsorbent, and medicine. This research looked into the prospect of crab shell as raw material to produce chitosan. In this case, the process variable of chitosan preparation was investigated involving operation time and NaOH concentration to determine optimum condition. Whereas, the other parameters including operation temperature, NaOH to chitin ratio is respectively fixed at 70-80 0C and 5:1. As respons, the yield of chitosan is calculated. In this case, the deacetylation time is varied from 1-4 hours with the time step 1 hours and the concentration of NaOH is change from 20-50% with the step size of 10%. The results showed that the maximum yield of chitosan is 9,15%, which could be achieved at operation time of 3 hours and NaOH concentration of 20%.Keywords : crab shell, deproteination, demineralization, deacetylation, chitosan

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE ALKALINE EXTRACTION OF PROTEIN FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE Andri Cahyo Kumoro; Sofiah Sofiah; Nurul Aini; Diah Susetyo Retnowati; Catarina Sri Budiyati
Reaktor Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Chicken bone is a waste of chicken meat processing industry and restaurants that has not been used widely, even though it contains valuable organic compounds that are functionals, such as collagenous and non collagenous protein. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on the protein extraction from chicken bones using dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Controlled parameters in this study were the solvent in the form of sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time for 1 hour, pH 10.5, the ratio of chicken bone powder: solvent (1:4 w/v), and stirring speed 200 rpm. While the operating variables included the extraction temperature of 30oC, 55oC, and 80oC, and particle size of 150 and 250 μm. Experiments were carried out by heating of 300 mL of sodium hydroxide solution with pH 10.5 in a three-necked flask equipped with Leibig condenser, thermometer, mechanical agitator and sampling device to reach the desired temperature (30oC, 55oC, and 80oC). Then, a total of 75 g of chicken bone powders with desired particle size (150μm and 250μm) was introduced into the sodium hydroxide solution and the stirrer was operated at speed of 200rpm. At every 10 minutes interval, as much as 10 mL samples were withdrawn for total protein analysis using Lowry-Folin method. The experiment was terminated after 1 hour. The results show that both increase in temperature and particle size caused an increase in the amount of extracted protein. Highest concentration of protein extracted was achieved at 630.99 mg/L, when the extraction was carried out using 250mm bone particles and temperature 80oC.

The performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic hybrid bioreactor on palm oil mill effluent treatment Adrianto Ahmad; Bahruddin Bahruddin; David Andrio; Amir Hamzah
Reaktor Volume 19 No. 3 September 2019
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Contemporarily, Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest contributors of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world by up to 40%, and 37.3%, respectively. Furthermore, its production value this year reached 19.7 million tons, where each generates 2.5 m3 of wastewater. Meanwhile, of all the provinces in Indonesia specifically, Riau is the largest supplier for exports by up to 38%, generated from 225 palm oil mills, where a total of 6.3 million tons resulting in the generation of about 15.75 million m3 of wastewater, with organic content between the range of 30,000-60,000 mg COD/l. In addition, one of the uses of this wastewater includes anaerobic processes, with the double benefit of reducing COD concentrations, subsequently applying it as fertilizer, and also in the production of methane gas, as an alternative source of energy. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to observe the effect of bioreactor volume, scale-up on the performance of anaerobic hybrid bioreactors, in the treatment of mill effluents. The technology examined in this study was the anaerobic hybrid bioreactor with the dimensions of length 22 m, width 10 m, and depth 1.5 m, and a total volume of 330 m3, which is impermeable to oxygen, and a 250 m3 effective working volume. This was built and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1 day, in the Palm Oil Mill of Riau, and the results showed the environmental conditions to range from a pH of 7.2 to 8.0, with temperatures from 320C to 350C, acetic acid of 774 mg/l to 1,180 mg/l, and alkalinity of 2,149 mg/l up to 2,400 mg/l. Furthermore, the performance of these reactors are shown by the highest COD removal efficiency of 77.8%, and a biogas test for the propensity of being applied as an alternative energy source obtained a methane gas concentration of 54%. Keywords: anaerobic, bioreactor, biogas, wastewater, performance, palm oil mill effluent

Kinerja Reaktor Semi Kontinyu Berpengaduk untuk Oksidasi Dua Fasa Gas- 12 – 17 Cair Asetaldehid (The Performance of Semi Continue Stirred Reactor for Acetaldehyde Biphasic Oxidation) S Suprapto
Reaktor Volume 3 No.1 Desember 1999
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Oksidasi fasa cair asetaldehid menggunakan udara dan katalis homogeny Mangan Asetat telah dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Untuk memahami reaksi heterogen gas-cair tersebut, maka telah dilakukan dua rangkaian penelitian yaitu enaluasi mengenai hidrodinamika reactor dengan pengukuran koefisien perpindahan massa gas-cair, dan evaluasi reaksi kimia oksidasi asetaldehid. Reaktor berpengaduk mekanis yang digunakan dioperasikan pada tekanan atmosfir. Beberapa variabel kunci seperti kecepatan pengadukan, laju alir gas dan suhu telah diujikan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai kinerja reactor. PAda kondisi operasi yang dipelajari, kenaikan konversi reaksi (atas dasar asetaldehid) dipengearuhi oleh kenaikan laju alir gas. Namun untuk laju alir lebih besar dari 6.10-5 m3/detik, laju alir gas menjadi kecil pengaruhnya terhadap kenaikan konversi reaksi. Kecepatan pengadukan dan suhu berpengaruh lebih kecil terhadap konversi reaksi dibandingkan dengan pengaruh laju alir gas. Kata kunci: Reaktor semi kontinyu, gas-cair, asetaldehid

Perpindahan Panas Dan Massa Penguapan Falling Film Campuran Uap-Gas Methanol-Air Arah Berlawanan K. Budhikarjono; Susianto Susianto; N. Soewarno
Reaktor Volume 09 No. 02 Desember 2005
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh adanya aliran gas/udara terhadap koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa dalam falling film evaporator untuk sistem larutan campuran biner, dan memperoleh persamaan empiris koefisien perpindahan panas dan massa. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom tegak sepanjang 2 meter dan diameter 2,8 cm. larutan methanol-air dan udara panas dialirkan pada kolom dengan aliran berlawanan arah. Laju alir cairan 20-160 l/jam, konsentrasi umpan sebesar 10-50% methanol dan laju alir gas 0- 2,16 standar m3/jam. Harga yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa koefisien perpindahan panas dipengaruhi oleh laju alir umpan dan konsentrasi larutan. Semakin esar laju alir umpan, semkin besar koefisien perpindahan panas, semakin besar konsentrasi larutan, semakin kecil koefisien perpindahan massa. Koefisien perpindahan massa yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 5,6 – 9 Kw/ m2.K dan koefisien perpindahan massa yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 1,06- 2,73 . 10-4 m/detik untuk kisaran NRE,l 1800-6000 dab NRE,g 0-2000.Kata kunci : falling film evaporator, koefisien perpindahan panas, koefisien perpindahan massa

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATED ZIRCONIA FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION Heri Rustamaji; Hary Sulistyo; Arief Budiman
Reaktor Volume 13, Nomor 4, Desember 2011
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Sulfated zirconia has been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, BET surface area, and BJH pore distribution methods. XRD patterns reveal that the sulfated zirconia mainly consists of tetragonal crystalline zirconia with average size of about 9.8 nm. N2 adsorption data show that the nanosized sulfated zirconia has high surface area (109.4 m2/g) and shows the uniform pore distribution aggregated by zirconia nanoparticles. Sulfated zirconias were used as catalysts in the alcoholysis of jatropha oil. The conversions of jatropha oil alcoholysis under good conditions (120oC, 2 h, 3 wt% of catalyst and 1000 rpm agitation speed) were 79.65%. Abstrak PREPARASI DAN KARAKTERISASI ZIRKONIA TERSULFATASI SEBAGAI KATALISATOR DALAM PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL. Zirkonia tersulfatasi berhasil dibuat dan dikarakterisasi dengan difraksi sinar X, spektroskopi inframerah, pengukuran luas permukaan dengan metode BET dan dan pengukuran distribusi pori dengan metode BJH. Pola difraksi sinar X menunjukkan bahwa susunan utama zirkonia tersulfatasi terdiri atas kristal zirkonia tetragonal dengan ukuran pori rata-rata sekitar 9,8 nm. Data adsorpsi N2 menunjukkan bahwa zirkonia tersulfatasi yang berukuran nano memiliki luas permukaan yang tinggi (109,4 m2/g) dan memiliki distribusi ukuran pori yang seragam. Zirkonia tersulfatasi digunakan sebagai katalisator dalam reaksi alkoholisis minyak jarak pagar dengan konversi pada kondisi yang relatif baik (120oC, 2 jam, 3% berat katalis dan kecepatan pengadukan 1000 rpm) sebesar 79,65%.

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC LOADING AND MIXING TO THE STABILIZED LEACHATE COD REMOVAL USING CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR Aghasa Aghasa; Qomarudin Helmy; Mochammad Chaerul
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract In Indonesia, several leachate treatments were operated with most of the treatments are using conventional anaerobic lagoon system in pre-treatment section. However, most of the treatments still have low organic removal efficiency. In several studies, removal efficiency could be increased through several modifications inside the pond and one of them is by using mixing addition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare leachate organic removal efficiency by using mixing and without using mixing modification. This research used 3 kinds of Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) where 0.5 kg/m3∙day Organic Loading Rate (OLR) in reactor-1 (with mixing) and reactor-3 (without mixing) and 1.0 kg/m3∙day OLR in reactor-2 (with mixing) were operated inside the reactor. From the results, the organic removal efficiency in reactor-1 was 81.82%, reactor-2 was 82.22%, and reactor-3 was 41.67%. It can be proven that leachate organic removal efficiency was possible to be increased with the addition of mixing inside the treatment system. Keywords: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; leachate; mixing; organic loading; removal efficiency Abstrak PENGARUH BEBAN ORGANIK DAN PENGADUKAN TERHADAP PENYISIHAN COD LINDI TERSTABILISASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CIRCULATING ANAEROBIC REACTOR. Di Indonesia, pengolahan lindi dioperasikan dengan sebagian besar pengolahan menggunakan sistem kolam anaerobik konvensional pada bagian pre-treatment. Akan tetapi, sebagian besar pengolahan masih memiliki penyisihan organik yang rendah. Dalam beberapa penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan dapat ditingkatkan melalui beberapa modifikasi di dalam kolam dan salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan pengadukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efisiensi penyisihan organik lindi dengan menggunakan pengadukan dan tanpa menggunakan pengadukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 3 jenis Circulating Anaerobic Reactor (CAR) dimana reaktor tersebut dioperasikan dengan Organic Loading Rate (OLR) sebesar 0,5 kg/m3∙hari di dalam reaktor-1 (dengan pengadukan) dan reaktor-3 (tanpa pengadukan) dan OLR sebesar 1,0 kg/m3∙hari dalam reaktor -2 (dengan pengadukan). Dari hasil penelitian, efisiensi penyisihan organik di dalam reaktor-1 adalah sebesar 81,82%, reaktor-2 sebesar 82,22%, dan reaktor-3 sebesar 41,67%. Melalui hal tersebut, dapat dibuktikan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan organik pada lindi memungkinkan untuk ditingkatkan dengan penambahan pengadukan di dalam sistem pengolahan. Kata kunci: Circulating Anaerobic Reactor; lindi; pengadukan; beban organic; efisiensi penyisihan

Ekstraksi Asam Lemak Bebas dari Minyak Dedak Padi Menggunakan Etanol-Air dalam Tangki Pengaduk I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan; Rizkyanto Nugroho; Reza Anggara
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 3 September 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Abstract EXTRACTION OF FREE FATTY ACID FROM RICE BRAN OIL USING ETHANOL-WATER IN A STIRRED TANK. This research was aimed to study the extraction of free fatty acid (FFA) from rice bran oil (RBO) in a stirred tank. Fatty acid mixtures derived from RBO were used as FFAs and aqueous ethanol as solvent. First, the distribution coefficients of FFAs were measured through equilibrium experiments. The experiments were carried at 25°C with ethanol concentration in the solvent and FFA concentration in RBO in the ranges of 85-95%-w and 10-30%-w, respectively. In general, the distribution coefficient of FFA was linearly dependent on ethanol concentration. A constant distribution coefficient of 0.9 for FFA RBO, however, is a fairly acceptable assumption with a deviation range of 20-30%. In addition, FFA mixtures in RBO could be represented by a pseudo-component. Extraction experiments were proposed to measure the mass transfer coefficient of FFA, with experimental variations including solvent to feed ratio, ethanol concentration in the solvent, stirring rate, and FFA concentration in RBO. The mass transfer coefficient was in the range of (0.5-1.9)10-3 kg·m-2·s-1. Increasing solvent to feed ratio, ethanol concentration in the solvent, stirring rate, or FFA concentration in RBO increased mass transfer coefficient. The mass transfer coefficient data could be correlated well using the dimensionless equation of Skelland-Xien. Keywords: free fatty acid; extraction; rice bran oil; stirred tank Abstract Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mengkaji ekstraksi asam lemak bebas (ALB) dari minyak dedak padi (MDP) dalam sebuah tangki pengaduk. Campuran asam lemak yang diturunkan dari MDP (ALB MDP) digunakan sebagai ALB dan etanol-air sebagai pelarut. Pertama, koefisien distribusi ALB diukur melalui percobaan kesetimbangan. Percobaan dilakukan pada temperatur 25°C dengan konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut dan konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP masing-masing pada rentang 85-95%-berat dan 10-30%-berat. Secara umum, koefisien distribusi ALB terhubungkan secara linier dengan konsentrasi etanol. Walaupun demikian, koefisien distribusi ALB MDP tetap sebesar 0,9 merupakan asumsi yang cukup dapat diterima dengan rentang galat 20-30%. Tambahan pula, ALB MDP dapat digambarkan sebagai komponen semu. Percobaan ekstraksi diarahkan untuk mengukur koefisien perpindahan massa ALB, dengan variasi percobaan meliputi rasio pelarut terhadap umpan, konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut, laju putaran pengaduk, dan konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP. Koefisien perpindahan massa yang diperoleh berada pada rentang (0,5-1,9)10-3 kg·m-2·s-1. Kenaikan rasio pelarut terhadap umpan, konsentrasi etanol dalam pelarut, laju putaran pengaduk, atau konsentrasi ALB dalam MDP meningkatkan koefisien perpindahan ALB. Data koefisien perpindahan massa dapat dikorelasikan dengan baik menggunakan persamaan tak berdimensi dari Skelland-Xien. Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas; ekstraksi; minyak dedak padi; tangki pengaduk

PENGARUH JENIS ANODA PADA PROSES PEMULIHAN LOGAM NIKEL DARI TIRUAN AIR LIMBAH ELECTROPLATING MENGGUNAKAN SEL ELEKTRODEPOSISI Djaenudin Dhaenudin; Mindriany Syafila; Edwan Kardena; Isdiriayani Nurdin
Reaktor Volume 14, No. 3, APRIL 2013
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

EFFECT OF ANODES TYPES ON NICKEL RECOVERY FROM SYNTHETIC ELECTROPLATING WASTE ELECTRODEPOSITION CELLS. A study concerning the recovery of nickel from electroplating wastewater artificial solution. The study was conducted with a batch system using electrodeposition cell consisting of two spaces separated by water hyacinth leaf, copper cathode plate, H2SO4 solution anolyte, catholyte solution of NiSO4 plus NaCl supporting electrolyte and anode varied. Electrodeposition performed at the direct current of 5V power for 4 hours each run. The research objective was to obtain the best anode in nickel electrodeposition process of electroplating waste artificial solution. Graphite, stainless steel type AISI 316 and the lead were used as a variation of the anode. Concentration of nickel in the catholyte at baseline 2200 mg/L. The results showed that the anode was a graphite anode with best value decreased by 72.44% nickel concentration, deposition of nickel on the cathode of 0.188 grams and specific energy values of 6.1625 kWh/kg.nickel. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pemulihan logam nikel dari larutan tiruan air limbah electroplating. Penelitian dilakukan dengan sistem batch menggunakan sel elektrodeposisi yang terdiri dari dua ruang yang dipisahkan dengan daun eceng gondok, katoda pelat tembaga, anolit larutan H2SO4, katolit larutan NiSO4 ditambah elektrolit pendukung larutan NaCl dan anoda divariasikan. Elektrodeposisi dilakukan pada listrik searah sebesar 5V selama 4 jam setiap tempuhan. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh anoda terbaik pada proses elektrodeposisi nikel dari larutan tiruan limbah electroplating. Grafit, Stainless Steel tipe AISI 316 dan timbal digunakan sebagai variasi jenis anoda. Konsentrasi nikel dalam katolit pada awal penelitian 2200 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anoda grafit merupakan anoda yang paling baik dengan nilai penurunan konsentrasi nikel sebesar 72,44%, deposisi nikel di katoda sebesar 0,188 gram dan nilai energi spesifik sebesar 6,1625 kWh/kg.nikel.

Implementation of Neural Predictive Control To Distillation Column s. Anwari
Reaktor Volume 10 No. 1 Juni 2006
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

This paper presents a neural predictive controller that is applied to distillation column. Distillation columns represent complex multivariable system, with fast and slow dynamics, significant interactions and directionality. A phenomenological model (i.e. a model derived from fundamental equation like mass and energy balance) of a distillation column is very complicated. For this reason, classical linear controller, such as PID (Proportional, Integral and Derivative) controller, will provide robustness only over relatively small range operation because of complexity and operation without lack of robustness. In this work, a neural network is developed for modeling and controlling a distillation column based on measured input-outputdata pairs. In distillation column, a neural network is trained on the unknown parameters of the system. The resulting implementationof the neural predictive controller is able to eliminate the most significant obstacles encountered in conventional predictive control application by facilitating the development of complex multivariable models and providing a rapid, reliable solution to the control algorithm. Controller design and implementation are illustrated for a plant frequently referred to in the literature. Result are given for simulation experiments, which demonstrate the advantage of the neural based predictive controller both at the transient region and at the steady state region to overcome any overshoots.Keywords : neural predictive controller, distillation column, complex multivariable models

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Dessy Ariyanti

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