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Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 25490273     EISSN : 25490273     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, co­ronary heart disease, brain damage, and other di­seases. In 2019, it is estimated that hyper­tens­ion is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and mid­­dle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of develop­ing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know­led­ge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consum­ing alco­hol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-ana­lysis and systematic review. The articles used we­re obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, Pro­­Quest, and Science Direct databases. Selected arti­cles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension po­lice personnel and military, or hypertension po­lice personnel and military. The articles studi­ed are 3 full text articles with cross sectional stu­dy designs and 1 full text articles with case cont­rol study design. Articles are col­lect­ed using PRI­S­­­MA diagrams, and analy­zed us­ing the Re­vi­ew Ma­nager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR­=­ 1.­55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), ciga­rette con­­­­sumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hyper­­­tension in the po­­­lice and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consump­tion, and cigarette consump­tion, are risk fac­tors for hypertension in po­lice and military personnel.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 659 Documents
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Analysis of the Contextual Effect of Village Characteristics and Other Determinants of Diarrhea in Children Under Five, Banjarnegara, Central Java Cahyaningrum, Lusia Arina; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Diarrheal disease is the leading cause of child death and illness in the world. Diarrhea is one of the most potent endemic diseases in Indonesia. Children under five were the most affected group by this disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of nutritional status, information exposure, prevention behavior, income, social capital, and environmental sanitation on the incidence of diarrhea in children under five in Banjarnegara District, Central Java, using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in Banjarnegara, Central Java, from January to February 2018. A total of 25 villages was selected using stratified random sampling, based on village stratification criteria. A sample of 250 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 125 children with diarrhea and 125 healthy children. The dependent variable was diarrhea. The independent variables at level 1 were nutritional status, information exposure, prevention behavior, income, social capital, and environmental sanitation. Village stratification was used as the contextual factor at level 2. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel logistic regression analysis using Stata 13.Results: Poor nutritional status (b= 1.33; 95% CI= -0.14 to 2.82; p= 0.077), poor prevention behavior (b= 1.52; 95% CI= 0.81 to 2.24; p<0.001), low income (b= 1.52; 95% CI= 0.80 to 2.25; p<0.001), weak social capital (b= 1.80; 95 % CI= 1.04 to 2.56; p<0.001), and poor environmental sanitation (b= 1.12; 95% CI= 0.39 to 1.85; p= 0.003) increased the risk of diarrhea. Exposure to information (b= 0.90; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.64; p= 0.015) decreased the risk of diarrhea. The village stratification showed a strong contextual effect on the incidence of diarrhea with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 15.78%.Conclusion: Poor nutritional status, poor personal hygiene, low income, weak social capital, and poor environmental sanitation increase the risk of diarrhea.Keywords: determinant, diarrhea, children under five, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Lusia Arina Cahyaningrum. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: lusiaarina@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282226835687.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(3): 342-352https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.03.05
Effects of Education, Nutrition Status, Treatment Compliance, Family Income, and Family Support, on the Cure of Tuberculosis in Mojokerto, East Java -, Puspitasari; Mudigdo, Ambar; Adriani, Rita Benya
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis is an important global public health issue. Countries around the world have committed to control the disease with various programs. However, the cure of Tuberculosis treatment in many countries is still low, which can hamper the success of Tuberculosis control program. Productivity of Tuberculosis patients continues to decrease that leads to socioeconomic burden. This study aimed to examine the effects of education, nutrition status, treatment compliance, family income, and family support, on the cure of Tuberculosis.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with case control design. The study was conducted in Mojokerto, East Java, from April to May, 2017. A total sample of 108 Tuberculosis patients were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The sample consisted of 35 uncured cases of Tuberculosis and 73 cured cases of Tuberculosis. The dependent variable was cure of Tuberculosis. The independent variables were education, nutrition status, treatment compliance, family income, and family support. The data was collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis.Results: Nutritional status (b= 1.31; 95% CI = 0.41 to 2.22; p=0.004) and treatment compliance (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.97; p=0.019) directly and positively affect the cure of Tuberculosis. Nutritional status was affected by high education (b=1.62; 95% CI =0.62 to 2.63; p=0.002), family income (b=1.66; 95% CI =0.70 to 2.62; p=0.001), and strong family support (b=1.50; 95% CI =0.36 to 2.63; p=0.010). Treatment compliance was affected by high education (b= 0.84; 95% CI = -0.14 to 1.81; p=0.093), family income (b= 1.36; 95% CI =0.42 to 2.30; p=0.005), and strong family support (b=2.08; 95% CI =0.96 to 3.19; p<0.001).Conclusion: Cure of Tuberculosis is directly affected by nutritional status and treatment compliance. Education, family support, and family income, indirectly affect cure of Tuberculosis.Keywords: cure of Tuberculosis, education, nutrition status, family income, family support, treatment complianceCorrespondence: Puspitasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: puspita90@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: +6281333060714.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(2): 141-153https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.05
Determinants of Disability in Patients with Leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java Nadhiroh, Umi; Dharmawan, Ruben; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of leprosy cases in 2015 was 211,973 in 108 countries in the world. The number of leprosy cases in Indonesia ranks third after India and Brazil.  There are 14,000 (8%) leprosy cases with disability. This study aimed to determine factors affecting disability and Years of Life with Disability (YLD) attributable to leprosy in patients with leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Kelet Hospital, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 140 leprosy patients was selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 70 patients with disability and 70 patients without disability. The dependent variables were disability and YLD. The independent variables were age, education level, and self care. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Disability increases YLD (b= 0.37; 95% CI= 0.31 to 0.43; p<0.001). Disability increased with older age (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.38 to 2.43; p= 0.007) and decreased with better self care (b= -3.80; 95% CI= -4.90 to -2.71; p<0.001). Better self care increased with high education level (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.03 to 2.89; p<0.001).Conclusion: Older age increases the risk of disability, whereas self care decreases the risk of disability. Disability itself increases YLD. Higher education improves self care.Keywords: leprosy, disability, years of life with disability, determinantCorrespondence: Umi Nadhiroh. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java. Email: umi.nadhiroh2@gmail.com. Mobile: 085727056553.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 143-252https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.04
Effect of Biopsychosocial Factors and Environmental Sanitation on Nutritional Status of Children Under Five Years Old in Nganjuk District Indita, Wiwen; Salimo, Harsono; Sulaeman, Endang Sutisna
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: One of the important public health issues in Indonesia is nutritional status, particularly in children under five years old. Lack of maternal awareness of dietary intake for their children may affect growth and development. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biopsychosocial factors and environmental sanitation on nutritional status of childrens in Nganjuk District.Subject dan Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Loceret Community Health Center, Nganjuk District, East Java, from March to April 2017. A sample of 136 children under five years old were selected for this study  by fixed exposure sampling.  The variable dependent was nutritional status measured in weight for age. The independent variables were dietary intake, history of infection disease, maternal stress, maternal education, family income, and environmental sanitation. The data were collected by anthropometry, medical record, and questionnaire. The data were analyzed with path analysis.Results: Weight for age of children under five was affected by dietary intake (b= 0.23, SE<0.001, p= 0.003), maternal education (b= 0.72, S.E= 0.28, p= 0.012), and history of infectious disease (b=0.80; SE= 0.29; p= 0.007). History of infectious disease was affected by environmental sanitation  (b=0.31; SE<0.001; p<0.001), and family income (b= 0.25, SE= 0.05, p<0.001). Dietary intake was affected by family income (b= 0.58, SE= 0.21, p= 0.007), history of infectious disease (b= 12.31; SE= 3.20; p<0.001), and maternal education (b=7.39; SE=3.09, p=0.017). Maternal stress was affected by family income (b=-0.16; SE= 0.06; p= 0.008).Conclusion: Weight for age of children under five was directly affected by dietary intake, maternal education, and history of infectious disease. Weight for age of children under five was indirectly affected by environmental sanitation, family income, history of infectious disease, and maternal education.Keywords: biopsychosocial, path analysis, environmental sanitation, nutritional statusCorrespondence: Wiwen Indita. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java.  Email: wiwenindita29@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282244970118.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1): 32-44https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.04
Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java Nikmah, Atika; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Qadrijati, Isna
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Globally, pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It causes one of five deaths in children under five years old worldwide. Approximately 61 million new cases of pneumonia occur annually. This study aimed to examine risk factors of pneumonia among children under five in Karanganyar, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Karanganyar District, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. Study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling consisting of 68 children under five years old with pneumonia and 136 without pneumonia. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal stress, type of labour, maternal education, maternal job status, family income, quality of house, quality of environment, and indoor smoke exposure. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of pneumonia increased with indoor smoke exposure (b= 2.63; 95% CI= 1.70 to 3.55; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia decreased with good house environment (b= -0.93; 95% CI= -1.72 to -0.14; p= 0.020), healthy behavior (b= -1.41; 95% CI= -2.22 to -0.60; p=  0.001), and good nutritional status (b= -1.83; 95% CI= -2.72 to -0.93; p < 0.001). Good house environment was positively affected by good quality of house (b= 1.53; 95% CI= 0.94 to 2.13; p<0.001). Indoor smoke exposure was negatively affected by good quality of house (b= −1.79; 95% CI= -2.40 to -1.19; p < 0.001). The likelihood of exclusive breastfeding decreased with maternal stress (b= −0.65; 95% CI= -1.22 to -0.08; p= 0.024) and history of cesarean section (b= −0.59; 95% CI= -1.20 to 0.01; p= 0.053). Good nutritional status was positively affected by exclusive breastfeeding (b= 0.65; 95% CI= 0.04 to 1.26; p= 0.036). Number of children was negatively affected by high maternal education (b= -0.71; 95% CI= -1.29 to -0.14; p= 0.015). Family income was positively affected by maternal working outside the house (b= 0.89; 95% CI= 0.31 to 1.46; p= 0.002). Maternal working outside the house was positively affected by high maternal education (b= 0.67; 95% CI= 0.98 to 1.24; p= 0.022).Conclusion: The risk of pneumonia increases with indoor smoke exposure, but decreases with good house environment, healthy behavior, and good nutritional status.Keyword: risk factor, pneumonia, children under fiveCorrespondence: Atika Nikmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: atikanikmah123@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 25-40https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.03 
Phenomenology Study: Community Non Acceptance of Children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta Wachdin, Fetty Rosyadia; Murti, Bhisma; Demartoto, Argyo
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 1, No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: There were 13 cases of children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta in 2016. They were infected from their mothers. These children got stigma and discrimination from the community due to their HIV positive status. This study aimed to describe stigma and discrimination from the community to the children with HIV/AIDS.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. This study was conducted at Rumah Singgah Lentera (Halfway House Lentera), Surakarta. The key informants for this study included managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, fulltime secretary, children with HIV, and community members living in the neighborhood. The data were collected by in-depth interview, and then grouped into coding units and described and analyzed.Results: The community surrounding Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, viewed children with HIV/AIDS as a disgrace. Various kinds of discrimination such as non-acceptance, alienation, restriction have been addressed by the community to the children with HIV/AIDS. The community has also stigmatized managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, that they were also HIV infected and made profit of HIV/AIDS donation they received. This stigma occured because of lacking in HIV/AIDS knowledge, particulary its mode of transmission. Stigma and discrimination have caused psychological disorder among children with HIV/AIDS. They often feel sad, alienated, and cry, so that they often withdraw from their social environment. In term they feel dispair and decline to take ARV drugs.Conclusion: there is a need to enhance knowledge in HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, method of prevention, and its treatment for the community, in order to repress stigma and discrimination from the community.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, children, stigma, discrimination.Correspondence: Fetty Rosyadia Wachdin. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: fettyrosyadia@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1(3): 148-153https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.03.01
Social Learning Theory on Factors Associated with Dental Caries among Mentally Disabled School Children in Surakarta, Central Java Nursani, Anggia Rahmah; Murti, Bhisma; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Mentally disabled adolescents have limitations that make them are at greater risk of dental caries. There is a lack of studies on the factors associated with dental caries in adolescents using Social Learning Theory. This study aimed to determine factors associated with dental caries among mentally disabled adolescents using Social Learning Theory.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at several special schools for disabled children (SLB) Surakarta, including: SLB C Setya Darma, SLB C YPSLB, SLB CG YPPCG Bina Sejahtera, and SLB C1 YSSD, in Surakarta, Central Java, from June to July 2017. A sample of 150 mentally disabled school children were selected for this study  by purposive sampling.  The dependent variable was caries dental status. The independent variables were parenting time, maternal oral health knowledge, maternal attitude towards oral health, maternal oral hygiene practice, child oral hygiene practice, maternal sweet food intake, child sweet food intake. Dental caries status was measured by decay, missing, filled-teeth (DMF-T) index. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Dental caries was directly and positively associated with sweet food intake (ƅ= 0.27, SE= 0.09, p= 0.002), poor child oral hygiene practice (ƅ= 0.09, SE= 0.04, p= 0.018), and poor maternal oral health knowledge (b= 0.36, SE= 0.10, p<0.001). Maternal oral hygiene practice was associated with maternal attitude towards oral health (ƅ= 0.33, SE= 0.13, p= 0.012) and maternal oral health (ƅ= 0.18, p<0.001). Child oral hygiene practice was associated with maternal oral hygiene practice (ƅ= 0.33, SE= 0.06, p= 0.012),  maternal oral health knowledge (ƅ= 0.91, SE= 0.18, p<0.001), and parenting time (ƅ= 1.39, SE= 0.18, p<0.001).Conclusion: Dental caries is associated with sweet food intake, poor child oral hygiene practice, and poor maternal oral health knowledge. Maternal knowledge, attitude, and practice in oral hygiene have an important role on dental caries in mentally disabled adolescents.Keywords: dental caries, adolescents, maternal oral health practice, social learning theoryCorrespondence: Anggia Rahmah Nursani. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java.  Email: anggiarahmahn23@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287738923404.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 201-215https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.02
Association between the Socioeconomic Factors, Healthy Home, and Healthy Behavior among Parents of Toddler with Acute Respiratory Infection in Kediri, Indonesia Anggraini, Tiyan; Mudigdo, Ambar; Soemanto, RB.
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection or ARI is the most deaths occurred in toddler. Many factors lead to a high incidence of this disease among socioeconomic, healthy home and healthy behavior of parents. This study was aimed to determine the association between socioeconomic and healthy homehealthy home with healthy behavior in parents of toddler with acute respiratory infections.Subject and Methods: This was a case study conducted in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 100 toddlers consisted of 20 toddlers and parents with ARI and 80 toddlers with parents without ARI. The dependent variable was parents of toddlers with acute respiratory infection. The independent variables included socioeconomic and healthy home with healthy behavior. The data were collected by pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model.Results: Theresults obtained by the education (OR = 9.1; 95%CI = 0.8 to 98.4; p = 0.001),  family income (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.1 to 14.2; p = 0.000), housing components (OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 0.5 to 27.7; p = 0.005), sanitation (OR = 6.9; 95% CI = 1.1 to 41.9; p = 0.001), healthy behavior (OR = 8.9; 95% CI = 1.6 to 48.7 ; p = 0.003).Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that education, family income, housing components, sanitation and behavior of the occupants had a statistically significant relationship to healthy behaviors parents of toddlers with ARI.Keywords: education, family income, housing components, sanitation, healthy behavior, and healthy behavior parents of toddler patients with Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI).Correspondence: Tiyan Anggraini. School of Health Sciences, Kadiri University, Kediri, Indonesia. Email: tiyananggraini@yahoo.co.idJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(1): 66-74https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.01.08 
Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Osteoarthritis: A Path Analysis Evidence from Surakarta, Central Java Kusumaningtyas, Mei; Tamtomo, Didik; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal conditions are an important public health problem. The population burden from arthritis is considerable. The implications of this burden are poor quality of life, restrictions in daily activities, and disability. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with the occurrence of osteoarthritis in Surakarta, Central Java, using a path analysis model.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, in June 2018. A sample of 200 patients was selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 knee OA patients and 150 patients without knee OA. The dependent variable was knee OA. The dependent variables were age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, history of injury, and physical activity. Data on knee OA, BMI, and diabetes mellitus status were obtained from medical record. The other variables were measured by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of OA increased with diabetes mellitus (b=1.04; 95% CI= 0.17 to 1.92; p=0.020), older age (b= 4.03; 95% CI= 1.97 to 6.09; p<0.001), and BMI ≥25 (b= 1.28; 95% CI= 0.39 to 2.17; p= 0.005). The risk of OA decreased with history of knee injury (b= -0.90; 95% CI= 0.57 to 1.74; p= 0.003) and female (b= -1.19; 95% CI= -2.06 to -0.31; p=0.008). The risk of OA was indirectly affected by physical activity, female gender, and BMI.Conclusion: The risk of OA increases with diabetes mellitus, older age, and BMI ≥25, but decreases with history of knee injury and female gender.The risk of OA is indirectly affected by physical activity, female gender, and BMI.Keywords: knee osteoarthritis, sociodemographic factor, diabetes mellitus, path analysisCorrespondence:Mei Kusumaningtyas. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: meikusumaningtyas@gmail.com. Mobile : +6285725646444Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(1): 9-19https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.01.02
Environmental Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children Under-Five in Nduga District, Papua Yeimo, Yulianda; Qadrijati, Isna; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. In 2016 UNICEF had reported that pneumonia remains the leading infectious cause of death among children under five, killing approximately 2,400 children a day. Mortality due to childhood pneumonia is strongly associated to poverty, lack of safe water and sanitation, indoor air pollution and absence of basic immunization. This study aimed to determine the environmental factors associated with pneumonia in children under-five in Nduga, Papua, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. This study was conducted in Yigi and Mbua Sub-districts, Nduga District, Papua, Indonesia, from December 2017 to February 2018. A sample of 184 children under-five consisting of 88 children with pneumonia (case) and 96 children without pneumonia (control), was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were BCG immunization status, family income, indoor household air pollution, and environmental sanitation. The dependent variable was pneumonia. Data were collected by questionnaire and medical record. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: The risk of pneumonia in children under-five increased by absence of BCG immunization (OR= 6.15; 95% CI= 2.78 to 13.61; p< 0.001), poor indoor household air pollution (OR= 5.68; 95% CI= 2.63 to 12.26; p< 0.001), and poor sanitation (OR= 5.06; 95% CI= 2.16 to 11.83; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia in children under-five decreased by higher family income (OR= 0.30; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.70; p= 0.005).Conclusion: Pneumonia in children under five is associated with indoor household air pollution, poor sanitation, absence BCG immunization, and lower family income.Keywords: pneumonia, indoor pollution, sanitation, BCG immunization, family incomeCorrespondence: Yulianda Yeimo. Nduga District Health Office, Jl. Kesehatan, Kabupaten Nduga, Papua. Email: yulianda.yeimo@gmail.com. Mobile: 082198811311.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(3): 307-311https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.03.01

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