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International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)
Published by Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN : 20894864     EISSN : 27222608     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance
The centre of gravity of the computer industry is now moving from personal computing into embedded computing with the advent of VLSI system level integration and reconfigurable core in system-on-chip (SoC). Reconfigurable and Embedded systems are increasingly becoming a key technological component of all kinds of complex technical systems, ranging from audio-video-equipment, telephones, vehicles, toys, aircraft, medical diagnostics, pacemakers, climate control systems, manufacturing systems, intelligent power systems, security systems, to weapons etc. The aim of IJRES is to provide a vehicle for academics, industrial professionals, educators and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative and important new work on reconfigurable and embedded systems. The scope of the IJRES addresses the state of the art of all aspects of reconfigurable and embedded computing systems with emphasis on algorithms, circuits, systems, models, compilers, architectures, tools, design methodologies, test and applications.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 456 Documents
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Air quality monitoring system based on low power wide area network technology at public transport stops Yauri, Ricardo; Loayza, Bill; Yauri, Alvaro; Aquino, Anyela
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 3: November 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp699-707

Abstract

Mass migration from rural areas to urban areas has caused problems of traffic congestion, high industrial concentration and inequity in the distribution of housing in the world's capitals, generating a significant threat to sustainable development and public health due to air pollution air. In the Peruvian context, the importance of real-time monitoring of air quality is highlighted according to the standards established by the government. Several studies propose real-time environmental monitoring systems using internet of thing (IoT) technologies, electrochemical and optical sensors to measure pollutants, highlighting the need for data analysis. The objective of the paper is to show the implementation of IoT devices called sensor nodes, with long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) transmission technology for continuous monitoring of polluting gas concentrations. In addition, they are integrated into a central node called gateway to perform real-time monitoring through a web application. As an initial result, IoT devices demonstrated their effectiveness for real-time monitoring. Despite being a prototype-level result, the next stage involves its deployment at public transport stops in Lima. Overcoming the limitations of the solution, this paper establishes the foundation for future research on pollution and public health.
AnoMalNet: outlier detection based malaria cell image classification method leveraging deep autoencoder Huq, Aminul; Reza, Md Tanzim; Hossain, Shahriar; Dipto, Shakib Mahmud
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 1: March 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i1.pp171-178

Abstract

Class imbalance is a pervasive issue in the field of disease classification from medical images. It is necessary to balance out the class distribution while training a model. However, in the case of rare medical diseases, images from affected patients are much harder to come by compared to images from non-affected patients, resulting in unwanted class imbalance. Various processes of tackling class imbalance issues have been explored so far, each having its fair share of drawbacks. In this research, we propose an outlier detection based image classification technique which can handle even the most extreme case of class imbalance. We have utilized a dataset of malaria parasitized and uninfected cells. An autoencoder model titled AnoMalNet is trained with only the uninfected cell images at the beginning and then used to classify both the affected and non-affected cell images by thresholding a loss value. We have achieved an accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of 98.49%, 97.07%, 100%, and 98.52% respectively, performing better than large deep learning models and other published works. As our proposed approach can provide competitive results without needing the disease-positive samples during training, it should prove to be useful in binary disease classification on imbalanced datasets.
An efficient novel dual deep network architecture for video forgery detection Chandrakala, Chandrakala; Sasikala, Mungamuri
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 2: July 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp458-471

Abstract

The technique of video copy-move forgery (CMF) is commonly employed in various industries; digital videography is regularly used as the foundation for vital graphic evidence that may be modified using the aforementioned method. Recently in the past few decades, forgery in digital images is detected via machine intellect. The second issue includes continuous allocation of parallel frames having relevant backgrounds erroneously results in false implications, detected as CMF regions third include as the CMF is divided into inter-frame or intra-frame forgeries to detect video copy is not possible by most of the existing methods. Thus, this research presents the dual deep network (DDN) for efficient and effective video copy-move forgery detection (VCMFD); DDN comprises two networks; the first detection network (DetNet1) extracts the general deep features and second detection network (DetNet2) extracts the custom deep features; both the network are interconnected as the output of DetNet1 is given to DetNet2. Furthermore, a novel algorithm is introduced for forged frame detection and optimization of the falsely detected frame. DDN is evaluated considering the two benchmark datasets REWIND and video tampering dataset (VTD) considering different metrics; furthermore, evaluation is carried through comparing the recent existing model. DDN outperforms the existing model in terms of various metrics.
Moving objects detection based on histogram of oriented gradient algorithm chip for hazy environment Sharma, Monika; Kaswan, Kuldeep Singh; Yadav, Dileep Kumar
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 3: November 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp604-615

Abstract

The most important aspects of computer vision are moving object detection (MOD) and tracking. Many signal-processing applications use regional image statistics. Compute-intensive video and image processing with low latency and high throughput is done with field programmable gate array (FPGA) image processing. Local image statistics are used for edge identification and filtering. The histogram of oriented gradients (HoG) algorithm extracts local shape characteristics by equalizing histograms. The objective of the work is to design the hardware chip of the algorithm and perform the simulation in the Xilinx ISE 14.7 simulation environment. The performance of the chip is evaluated in Modelsim 10.0 simulation software to check its feasibility. The performance of the chip design is estimated on Viretx-5 FPGA and compared with the MATLAB-2020 image processing tool-based response time. This form of tracking typically deals with identifying, anchoring, and tracking images and videos. A mask made from a cut-out of the object can then determine the plane's coordinates depending on its position. This type of object tracking is frequently utilized in the field of augmented reality (AR). The algorithm is most suited for object detection using hardware controllers in haze and foggy environments.
FPGA in hardware description language based digital clock alarm system with 24-hr format Sayudzi, Mohd Faris Izzwan Mohd; Hamzah, Irni Hamiza; Malik, Azman Ab; Idris, Mohaiyedin; Soh, Zainal Hisham Che; Rahim, Alhan Farhanah Abd; Hadis, Nor Shahanim Mohamad
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 2: July 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp244-252

Abstract

Currently, digital clock adapts microprocessor or microcontroller system. Performance of speed and reconfigurability issue become a main concern in digital clocks. New additional feature may be introduced in digital clocks in the future. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) offer better performance of speed and reconfiguration features. Based on these advantages, it is essential to study or explore the digital clock with FPGA design. The objective in this study is to create a hardware description language (HDL)- based digital clock with alarm system and implement it onto the Altera DE2- 115 board. Using Verilog HDL language in Quartus Prime 20.1 Lite Edition software, all submodule components is developed and being test benched using ModelSim-Altera Starter Edition 13.1 to ensure the correct functionality. Then all inputs and outputs will be assigned through pin assignment in the software. For verification purpose, it will be downloaded to the Altera DE2-115 board. In conclusion, the file has been successfully implemented to the board and the digital clock with alarm is fully functional as expected. This was proved by the alarm signal, time adjustment and display of the three-display mode which is clock, alarm, and input where each mode carries their own functions as expected.
Approximate single precision floating point adder for low power applications Narayanappa, Manjula; Yellampalli, Siva Sankar
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 3: November 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp650-664

Abstract

With an increasing demand for power-hungry data-intensive computing, design methodologies with low power consumption are increasingly gaining prominence in the industry. Most of the systems operate on critical and noncritical data both. An attempt to generate a precision result results in excessive power consumption and results in a slower system. For noncritical data, approximate computing circuits significantly reduce the circuit complexity and hence power consumption. In this paper, a novel approximate single precision floating point adder is proposed with an approximate mantissa adder. The mantissa adder is designed with three 8-bit full adder blocks. In this paper, a detailed mathematical background, and proposed design approach in terms of the circuit configuration and truth tables are discussed. Additionally, a concept of switching between exact computing and approximate computing is analysed considering an approximate carry look-ahead adder. The delay and power consumption for the exact operating mode and approximate operation mode considering varied window sizes is observed. Performance of the approximate computation is compared against exact computation and varied approximate computing approaches.
A novel compression methodology for medical images using deep learning for high-speed transmission Navaneethakrishnan, Shyamala; Shanmugam, Geetha
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 2: July 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp262-270

Abstract

Medical imaging is a rapidly growing field having a high impact on the early detection, diagnosis and surgical planning of diseases. Several imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) imaging generate a higher volume of data, necessitating additional storage and communication requirements. Hence, image compression is utilized in medical field to reduce redundancy and alleviate memory and bandwidth issues. This paper presents a novel deep learning-based compression method to reduce the size of medical images. This method employs a deep convolutional neural network for learning compact representations of medical images, then coded by a Huffman encoder. The compression process is reversed to reconstruct the original image. Several tests are conducted to compare the results with other wellknown compression methods. The proposed model achieved a mean peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 42.82 dB with storage space saving (SSS) of 96.15% for CT, 43.88 dB with SSS of 96.25% for MRI, 46.29 dB with SSS of 96.07% for US and 43.51 dB with SSS of 96.95% for X-ray images. The findings showed that the proposed compression technique could greatly compress the image size, saving storage space, facilitating better transmission and preserving critical diagnostic information.
Design and performance analysis of asynchronous network on chip for streaming data transmission on FPGA Patil, Trupti; Sandi, Anuradha M.
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 2: July 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i2.pp296-306

Abstract

The majority of the system on chip (SoC) uses the network on chip (NoC) as routing ports for data transfer from node-to-node with minimal power consumption and low latency and high throughput. This paper concentrates on the ability to model the asynchronous NoCs on the asynchronous circuits on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A 3×3 NoC and its universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) protocol is designed and its simulation of the Verilog hardware description language (VHDL) code is done and tested on the Artix-7 FPGA kit, the testing processes in done using the Chipscope tool. In order to meet target requirements in terms of power consumption and latency, the label switching (LS) technique is used as routing. The proposed LS-NoC with level-encoded dual-rail (LEDR) encoding technique provides throughput by registering the packet between the different routers and it helps to improve throughput and speed. The effectiveness of the data transfer is measured and analyzed through a synthesis summary in terms of lookup table’s (LUT’s), slice registers, flip flops’s (FF’s), latency, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) for the traffic pattern generator. The proposed NoC is designed for 8×8 and each port size is 21 bits including ID’s of source and destination routers. The results can be justified by following results: improvement of LUTs is about 12%, flip-flops are 7%, improvement of throughput is 23% and delay is reduced by 26%.
IoT-enabled smart cities towards green energy systems: a review Ajra, Husnul; Majid, Mazlina Abdul; Islam, Md. Shohidul
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 3: November 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i3.pp708-723

Abstract

Integration of internet of things (IoT) in smart city management to improve various functions and living standards due to increasing population growth has dramatically evolved ubiquitous and essential services at various stages of urbanization. Hence, smart cities need to be eco-friendly by improving various sectors like education, health, and transport to provide an urban and sustainable quality of life through solving complicated green energy networks, controlling toxic pollution risks, and public safety. Linking optimized green energy systems with the production and automation of advanced applications is crucial to compose implementation strategies for smart city services. This paper aims to conduct a review on eco-friendly plans and infrastructure of IoT-enabled smart cities by exploiting green energy approaches. This study performs critical observations, ideas, and analyses of recent research in the context of our mentioned research theme. This paper points out the technical and functional challenges of an optimal performance-based green IoT-enabled smart city infrastructure. In this sense, this study organizes observations of relevant initiatives, technologies, and experiences in IoT-enabled smart cities, as well as how to embed it with green energy. Moreover, it can provide significant directions to intellectuals and authorities to develop IoT-enabled smart city applications for prospective research.
Deep convolutional neural network framework with multi-modal fusion for Alzheimer’s detection Sharma, Manoj Kumar; Kaiser, M. Shamim; Ray, Kanad
International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) Vol 13, No 1: March 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v13.i1.pp179-191

Abstract

The biomedical profession has gained importance due to the rapid and accurate diagnosis of clinical patients using computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools. The diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using complementary multimodalities can improve the quality of life and mental state of patients. In this study, we integrated a lightweight custom convolutional neural network (CNN) model and nature-inspired optimization techniques to enhance the performance, robustness, and stability of progress detection in AD. A multi-modal fusion database approach was implemented, including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets, to create a fused database. We compared the performance of custom and pre-trained deep learning models with and without optimization and found that employing natureinspired algorithms like the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) algorithm significantly improved system performance. The proposed methodology, which includes a fused multimodality database and optimization strategy, improved performance metrics such as training, validation, test accuracy, precision, and recall. Furthermore, PSO was found to improve the performance of pre-trained models by 3-5% and custom models by up to 22%. Combining different medical imaging modalities improved the overall model performance by 2-5%. In conclusion, a customized lightweight CNN model and nature-inspired optimization techniques can significantly enhance progress detection, leading to better biomedical research and patient care.

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