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CORD
Published by International Coconut Community
ISSN : 02151162     EISSN : 27218856     DOI : 10.37833/cord
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Library & Information Science
Aims CORD aims to publish original research results and reviews on research and development. While encouraging those involved in research and developments to disseminate their finding it also assists policy makers and planners to be aware of the latest developments in the sector Scope CORD encompasses a broad range of research topics in animal sciences: seedlings and genetics, farming, harvesting, production, health, biotechnology, and production, socio-economic, and policy.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 480 Documents
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Hengniu: Fast Bearing and High Yielding Coconut Varieties Novarianto, Hengky; Tulalo, Meity A.; Mawardi, Sukmawati; Mahayu, Weda Makarti
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.477

Abstract

Benefits of coconut varieties that stakeholders want are early bearing, high yielding, short stems, and slow growth for height. Most local tall coconut palms in Indonesia have stem height above 20 m, making it increasingly difficult to climb to harvest fruit or tapping sap thereby making the harvesting cost high. To breed varieties of desired characters, an evaluation trial was initiated in 2014 with BYD x MTT-S4, RAD x MTT-S4, and KHINA-1 as a control. The crossing was done in 2012 and seedlings planted in January 2014 at Mapanget Experimental Garden, Indonesian Palma Crops Research Institute, North Sulawesi. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) of three types of coconut hybrids, four replications with a plot size of 16 trees. Morphological observations were carried out on stem, crown and leaf characters, inflorescences and flowers, nut production, fruit components, copra, oil content, and fatty acid composition. The results of ANOVA analysis and statistical tests obtained those vegetative characters, such as stem circumference and number of leaf, generative characters namely the number of bunches, first flowering, and fruit production of these three crosses at the age of 4 years after planting, did not show a significant difference. The first initial flowering was in the coconut hybrid of RBD x MTT-S4, which is 26 months, followed by BYD x MTT-S4 in 32 months and KHINA-1 in 36 months after planting. The results of the analysis of fruit and copra production at the age of 5 years showed a significant increase between hybrid coconuts. The highest to lowest fruit production was obtained in BYD x MTT-S4 hybrid coconut, RBD x MTT-S4, KHINA-1, which were 64 nuts, 44 nuts and 26 nuts /palm respectively, or estimated copra production was 2.26 tons, 1.45 tons and 0.88 tons copra/ha. At 6 years old the harvest of fruits from the three hybrid coconuts is obtained sequentially 118 nuts, 99 nuts and 94 nuts/palm. While estimation of copra yield per hectare is found the highest in BYD x MTT-S4 hybrid coconut is 3.86 ton/ha/year and this yield differently significant compare with RBD x MTT-S4 is found 3.04 ton/ha/year, and control hybrid of KHINA-1, which is about 2.74 ton/ha/year. Based on the production potential, hence the estimated optimum production when aged over 10 years can reach more than 5 tons/ha/year. The hybrid coconut variety BYD x MTT-S4 is released in October 2019 under the name HENGNIU.
Creamed Coconut Testa and Creamed Coconut as Substitutes for Coconut Milk in Culinary Uses Kumari, K. G. S. N.; Ulpathakumbura, B. S. K.; Gunarathna, K. M. R. U.; Lai, Oi Ming; Marikkar, J. M. N.
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.483

Abstract

Coconut milk plays a crucial role in preparation ofcurries and other savoury dishes in Sri Lanka.While squeezing grated coconut manually, there is a wastage ofcoconut as well as coconut testa which is a significant by-product of coconut processing industries. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of utilizing creamed coconut (CC) and creamed coconut testa (CCT) as a viable substitute for coconut milk in culinary uses. To attain this objective, the nutritional composition ofCC and CCT was determined and sensory evaluation was undertaken to test the suitability of these two products as cooking medium on a potato curry using a group of thirty semi-trained panelists. Four formulations of CCT incorporated potato curry were prepared coded as F₁ (CCT:water = 1:9), F₂ (CCT:water =1:4), F₃ (CCT:water = 3:7) and F₄ (CCT:water = 2:3). Besides, P₁ (CC:water = 1:9), P₂ (CC:water = 1:4), P₃ (CC:water = 3:7), P₄ (CC:water = 2:3) were coded as the four formulations of potato curry, incorporating CC. The analysis revealed that fat, crude protein and carbohydrate in CC was higher than CCT except crude fiber content. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in ash and moisture contents. According to sensory evaluation, F₁ (CC:water = 1:9) and P₂ (CC:water = 1:4) were identified as the most preferred potato curry formulations incorporating CCT and CC respectively. In conclusion, there was a potential ofutilizing and maximizing coconut meat and testa as a viable substitute for coconut milk in culinary applications.
Factors Influencing Coconut Growers’ Decision-Making Process in Fertilizer Application through the Lens of Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Determination Theory Herath, C. S.; Wijekoon, Rusitha
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.446

Abstract

The small-scale, poor, rural coconut growers in Sri Lanka are generally characterized by low productivity. The low yield of coconuts is primarily attributed to the improper application of fertilizers. The decision to apply fertilizer is mainly depends on the growers’ change in behaviour, in turn, influenced by the growers’ salient beliefs. Assessing the beliefs plays a significant role in understanding why farmers behave differently in making decisions regarding fertilizer application. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Theory of Self Determination (TSD) were employed to find a more realistic solution to the above research problem. Hence, the current research was carried out to observe the relationship between the beliefs of the coconut growers and their behaviour with respect to fertilizer application in coconut fields. Results of the study reveal that perceived behavioural control was the highest contributor to developing the intention followed by the attitude. Further, there is no influence from the social pressure for the intention development. Moreover, intrinsic motivation predicts the fertilizer application behaviour from intention in stronger strength than that of extrinsic motivation. Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation influences the intention-behavioural relationship. Consequently, it gives evidence for policymakers to introduce policy guidelines in order to enhance the use of fertilizer efficiently and effectively. And, motivation does have a moderating effect on coconut growers’ fertilizer application behaviour.
Crop nutrition and fertilizer management of embryo-cultured seedlings of Makapuno and Laguna Tall coconuts with special reference to their response to different levels of NaCl and chicken manure M.B. Areza-Ubaldo; S.S. Magat; E.P. Rillo; M.I. Secretaria
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 22 No 2 (2006): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v22i2.170

Abstract

A two-year nursery study of embryo-cultured Laguna Tall (ECLAGT) and embryo-cultured Makapuno Tall (ECMAKT) coconut seedlings was conducted at the Philippine Coconut Authority - Albay Research Center, Guinobatan, Albay aimed to know the effects of applying different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (common table salt) and chicken manure (CM) on the vegetative growth and leaf nutrient status of the seedlings. The soil used in the study is a volcanic ash- rich Guinobatan silt loam, classified as Entic Dystrandept soil subgroup (U.S. Soil Taxonomy/Classification). EC seedlings with the application of NaCl at a total dose of 18-54 g/seedling and chicken manure at 250-750 g/seedling, applied within the 12-month nursery (at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10 months) significantly produced taller seedlings with bigger girth and more total living fronds than the unfertilized ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings. The levels of nutrient application (fertilization) on EC seedlings is clearly much lower than that of the average rates used in growing ordinary seedlings from seednuts, i.e. seedling with embryo attached to the whole nut in the nursery. The better growth of ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings in terms of their girth, plant height and total living fronds produced was significantly associated with higher or very satisfactory levels of leaf N, P, K, Cl, Ca, Na, Mg, S, B, and Fe (leaf #4 of 12-month old EC seedlings). The overall results clearly indicate the practical need to apply a combination of sodium chloride and dried chicken manure, even at moderate rates (total) of 18 g/seedling and 250 g/seedling respectively, divided equally during the 12-month nursery stage for normal growth and proper nutrition of EC seedlings. This recommended fertilization management practice should ensure healthy and good quality ECMAKT seedlings as planting materials.
Fortification of coconut oil with sesame oil through micro expeller extraction process J.M.N. Marikkar
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 22 No 2 (2006): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v22i2.171

Abstract

Value addition to coconut oil is highly desirable in order to increase the range of coconut products. A study was conducted to formulate palatable coconut oil (CNO) blends enriched with essential fatty acid (EFA) using sesame seed as the supplementary source of EFA. For this purpose, micro-expelling process was employed to extract oil blends out of the dried coconut grating mixed with varying proportion of sesame seed (w/w; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10%). A sensory evaluation by a 30-member semi-trained panel was conducted using a seven-point hedonic scale in order to determine the critical limit of CNO fortification with sesame. Similarly, changes in fatty acid composition were determined using Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC). Statistical analysis of the sensory data showed that a mild odor of sesame started to appear in the oil blends at 4% level of sesame mixed with dried coconut gratings. According to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, the relative increase in linoleic acid was only marginal although there was a substantial increase in unsaturated fatty acid component. At 5% level of fortification, the increment in linoleic acid was 9.2%.
Physical, nutritional and functional quality of defatted coconut residue from four coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties; as a dietary supplement for the food industry Pathirana, H. P. D. T. Hewa; Lakdusinghe, W. Meththa Kumari; Yalegama, L. L. W. Chandi; Chandrapeli, C. A. Thamali Dhanushika; Marikkar, J. M. Nazrim
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.484

Abstract

The value addition to the by-products enhances the profitability of the industry with a zero-waste concept. Defatted desiccated coconut flour (DCF) is a residue after the extraction of virgin coconut oil (VCO). This research aims to identify the effect of a variety of coconuts on the physical, nutritional and functional quality of DCF compared to whole wheat flour (WWF). Mature coconuts of four different varieties: Tall×Tall (TT), Ran Thambili (RT), San Ramon (SR), and Gon Thambili (GT) were used for the VCO extraction process by the cold press extraction followed by conversion of residue into flour (DCF). The average residue recovery is 15.33 ± 0.41% (p>0.05). The particle size of DCF is significantly higher than WWF, and only 23.16% of DCF is at the 250 µm level. The highest wettability (27.46±0.00 s) and swelling capacity (49.00±0.00 ml) have been identified in GT with a significantly (p
Instant Unfermented Coconut Sap Beverage as a Nutritive Beverage with Potential Health Benefits Pathirana, H. P. D. T. Hewa; Hitigedera, C. N.; Lakdushighe, W. M. K.; Yalegama, L. L. W. C.; Madusanka, J. A. D.
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.502

Abstract

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) sap is a nutritious liquid which oozes from the phloem vessels of coconut inflorescence. Dried coconut sap powder was developed as an instant beverage from unfermented coconut sap collected from a novel sap collection device and its quality was assessed. The sap was mixed with maltodextrin (DE-10) (Treatment 1; 3%, Treatment 2; 4%, Treatment 3; 5% and Treatment 4; 6%) and the solution was fed to a spray dryer. The powder of sap was packed in a triple-laminated aluminium pouch and stored at 4±2 oC for quality analysis. The data was analyzed through Minitab 16 software. The recovery percentage of powder was 17.05±2.45% and it showed good quality character for moisture (0.80±0.20%), bulk density (0.05±0.00 g/L), tapped density (0.068±0.00 g/L), hygroscopicity (19.05±0.34%), and solubility (96.72±0.87 %). The browning index (13.53±0.00) and lightness (86.75±2.17) of the sample were assessed. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) view showed an even distribution of particles. The dilution ratio (D1:8 %, D2: 10 %, D3: 12 %) of powder was analyzed through sensory evaluation. Appearance and odour of the beverage were not affected significantly (p>0.05) with the dilution ratio. The analysis showed that it contained protein (1.44 ±0.11%), ash (0.99±0.01%), mineral (Na: 15.4±0.13mg/Kg, K: 369.4±0.87 mg/Kg, Ca: 46.8±0.89 mg/Kg, Mg: 7.7±0.52 mg/Kg), crude fiber (0.08±0.01%), total sugar (90.67±2.66%), moltodextrin (24.40±2.55%), sucrose (31.47±2.77%), glucose (16.04±0.23%), fructose (18.76±1.25%) and total phenol (138.69±0.17 mg GAE/ 100 g). One cup (100 ml) of sap contains higher nutrients with natural minerals to achieve high consumer demand.
Physicochemical and Biochemical Properties of Coconut Water Across Maturity Stages in Aromatic Dwarf, Catigan Dwarf, and Laguna Tall Cultivars Deocaris, Chester; Masa, Dina
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.504

Abstract

This study examines the biochemical and physicochemical properties of coconut water from three coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) cultivars—Aromatic Dwarf (AROD), Catigan Dwarf (CATD), and Laguna Tall (LAGT)—across maturity stages ranging from 5 to 12 months. Key parameters analyzed included pH, total soluble solids (TSS), specific gravity, glucose, protein, and electrolyte composition (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride). Results revealed significant variations influenced by both cultivar and maturity. AROD exhibited the highest glucose and TSS levels at early maturity, making it ideal for naturally sweet beverages. LAGT maintained stable electrolyte concentrations, supporting its application in rehydration formulations. CATD had the highest calcium and magnesium levels, suggesting potential benefits for bone and muscle health. Trends in pH and specific gravity provided insights into compositional shifts during maturation. These findings highlight the diverse functional properties of coconut water across cultivars, offering valuable insights for optimizing harvest timing, product formulation, and market positioning in the functional beverage and nutraceutical industries.
Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) on Coconut + Lanzones (Lansium domesticum Corr) Agro-ecosystem in Southern Mindanao, Philippines (1993 – 2007): with Emphasis on the Multi-Nutrient Coconut- Specific Mineral Fertilizer: Part I. Crop Productivity, Quality and Profitability Severino S. Magat; Millicent I. Secretaria; Junaldo A. Mantiquilla; Rogaciano Z. Margate
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 25 No 1 (2009): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v25i1.138

Abstract

A 15- year (1993-2007) long-term integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) study on coconut (‘Laguna’ tall variety) + lanzones fruit tree (‘Paete’ variety) agro-ecosystem was conducted using five fertilizer combinations (FCs) in a dominantly tropical wet climate growing zone (Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification, Kottek et al 2006) of Davao, Southern Mindanao, Philippines (07o05’N 125o37’E. One of the objectives of the study was to determine the response of this agro-ecosystem to the combined application of inorganic multinutrient fertilizer (MNF): N+P+K+Cl+S+B (14% N-5% P2O5-20% K2O, with 15.5% Cl, 4.5% S and 0.02% B) and organic fertilizer sources at different ratios by weight by tree (IF+OF at 1+0; 1+2; 2+4; 4+2 and 4+4) on: crop productivity; soil properties, and leaf nutrient levels of the agro-ecosystem. The influence of ISFM and MNF on yields and profitability of the agro-ecoystem coconut and lanzones fruit tree crop (Part I) had been presented earlier in the CORD J. (Magat et al 2009) Results as presented in the first part of the work report showed that the application of the multi-nutrient inorganic fertilizer even at its lowest rate for coconut (1 kg/tree/yr) produced a significant increase in annual nut and copra yield per ha from an average of 8,890 nuts or 1.6 tons to 3 - 4 tons after 2 years of fertilizer applications. The non-significant difference in nut and copra yields of fertilizer combinations (FCs) in almost all years showed that even with the application of FC-1 (1 kg of inorganic fertilizer), the lowest rate of the multi-nutrient fertilizer, even without organic fertilizer, an annual yield over 4 tons copra per ha (or over 17, 000 nuts per ha) was produced in most of years of production, seldom achieved in coconut farms in the country. The improvement of coconut yield and very productive lanzones fruiting stage in this cropping system may be attributed to the significant influence of fertilizer combinations on the crops’ leaf nutrient contents as N, P, K, Cl and B. The long term effect of organic fertilization contributed much to the improved or enhanced soil physical conditions as the soil bulk density. Soil chemical properties as soil acidity, organic carbon (C), organic matter, available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K) were generally enhanced during the 15 years of coconut and lanzones cropping under ISFM with multi-nutrient fertilizer application. This long-term coconut + lanzones cropping agro-ecosystem proved to be a sustainable farming system. The proper integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) as a major component of the integrated crop management (ICM) using the PCA-formulated crop-specific-fertilizer multi-nutrient 14(N)-5(P2O5)-20(K2O)-15.5(Cl)-4.5(S)-0.02(B) even at the lowest rate of fertilization contributed to stable soils resulting to the total productivity of the coconut + lanzones fruit tree agro-ecosystem.
Preliminary Results on the Production of Heart of Coconut in Vanuatu. Effect of the Planting Density on the Yield J. -P. Labouisse; T. Sileye; C. Hamelin; Xavier Bonneau; A. Rouzière
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 25 No 1 (2009): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v25i1.541

Abstract

This article presents the results of a field experiment on the production of heart of coconut (HOC) in Santo Island, Vanuatu. It demonstrated that the production of HOC is possible under the conditions of northern Vanuatu without irrigation and with low inputs. Only sodium chloride was applied as a fertiliser and the use of scrap copra sacks as a mulch was proved particularly efficient to reduce the weeds invasion and to preserve moisture. In this experiments, 3 densities of planting in an equilateral pattern with a spacing of 0.8 m, 1.4 m and 2.0 m were tested, and the growth parameters of the seedlings and the yield of the final product over a period of 2 years were recorded. It appeared that the higher the density of planting, the lower the weight of each HOC and the higher the yield by area unit. Two years after planting, the yield of HOC was 11.8 MT/hectare (0.8 m spacing), 7.7 MT/hectare (1.4 m) and 6.4 MT/hectare (2.0 m) with an average weight of HOC of 688 g, 1372 g and 2330 g respectively. The market requirement for HOC individual weight must be taken into account to choose the appropriate spacing and duration of cultivation. A strong relation between the stem girth and the HOC weight that can be described in the form of an allometric equation makes easy to estimate at any time the potential yield of HOC by measuring the stem girth of the whole palm.

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