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CORD
Published by International Coconut Community
ISSN : 02151162     EISSN : 27218856     DOI : 10.37833/cord
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Library & Information Science
Aims CORD aims to publish original research results and reviews on research and development. While encouraging those involved in research and developments to disseminate their finding it also assists policy makers and planners to be aware of the latest developments in the sector Scope CORD encompasses a broad range of research topics in animal sciences: seedlings and genetics, farming, harvesting, production, health, biotechnology, and production, socio-economic, and policy.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 390 Documents
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Development of Coconut Palm Wood Seasoning Schedules Mukundan, Gayathri; Anoop, E. V.; Chathoth, Anish Mavila; Shibu, Comath
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.451

Abstract

Coconut palm is a versatile and commercially important palm in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. This study attempts to standardise moisture content-based kiln seasoning schedules for high-density and medium-densitycoconut palm wood and also understand relationship between Pilodyn Penetration Depth (PPD) and basic density for three density classes (high, medium and low). Quick drying test was conducted to study the degree and type of drying defects viz., surface cracking, end splitting, honeycombing and deformation. Defects were graded according to the Terasawa (1965) scale. The baseline parameters such as initial dry bulb temperature, final dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb depression for high and medium-density coconut palm wood were chosen by considering the major seasoning defects. The samples were subjected to different seasoning schedule treatments in a convection kiln to determine the best treatment based on grading of defects. The ideal drying period obtained for high-density coconut palm wood was 11 days, whereas for medium-density coconut palm wood it was 12 days. The schedule developed has good potential for industrial application in seasoning of coconut palm wood lumber with reduced defects in coconut growing regions of the world. Keywords: Coconut palm wood, seasoning schedule, kiln drying, Terasawa scale
Detection of the Phytoplasma Associated with Lethal Yellowing-Type Syndrome of Coconut in Ghana in Three Weed Species Yankey, Egya Ndede; Owusu-Bremang, Felix; Andoh-Mensah, Sebastian; Dickinson, Matthew
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.460

Abstract

The lethal yellowing-type syndrome of coconut in Ghana, locally called Cape St. Paul wilt disease (CSPWD) is considered as the foremost threat to the survival of the coconut industry in the country. The syndrome is associated with a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrXXII-B subgroup. In Ghana, no alternative hosts of the phytoplasma have been identified. To identify alternative hosts of the phytoplasma associated with CSPWD, 21 plant species belonging to 16 plant families were sampled from within and around the vicinity of 10 CSPWD affected farms in the Western, Central and Volta Regions of Ghana. Nested PCR and sequencing using assays based on the 16SrRNA gene were used to detect the CSPWD associated phytoplasma in the plant species, Laportea aestuans, Starchtarpheta indica and Pentodon pentandrus. Removal ofthese non-coconut plant species will be incorporated into existing management strategies for CSPWD in Ghana. The plants will be further investigated for their role in the epidemiological cycle of the disease.
Hengniu: Fast Bearing and High Yielding Coconut Varieties Novarianto, Hengky; Tulalo, Meity A.; Mawardi, Sukmawati; Mahayu, Weda Makarti
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.477

Abstract

Benefits of coconut varieties that stakeholders want are early bearing, high yielding, short stems, and slow growth for height. Most local tall coconut palms in Indonesia have stem height above 20 m, making it increasingly difficult to climb to harvest fruit or tapping sap thereby making the harvesting cost high. To breed varieties of desired characters, an evaluation trial was initiated in 2014 with BYD x MTT-S4, RAD x MTT-S4, and KHINA-1 as a control. The crossing was done in 2012 and seedlings planted in January 2014 at Mapanget Experimental Garden, Indonesian Palma Crops Research Institute, North Sulawesi. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) of three types of coconut hybrids, four replications with a plot size of 16 trees. Morphological observations were carried out on stem, crown and leaf characters, inflorescences and flowers, nut production, fruit components, copra, oil content, and fatty acid composition. The results of ANOVA analysis and statistical tests obtained those vegetative characters, such as stem circumference and number of leaf, generative characters namely the number of bunches, first flowering, and fruit production of these three crosses at the age of 4 years after planting, did not show a significant difference. The first initial flowering was in the coconut hybrid of RBD x MTT-S4, which is 26 months, followed by BYD x MTT-S4 in 32 months and KHINA-1 in 36 months after planting. The results of the analysis of fruit and copra production at the age of 5 years showed a significant increase between hybrid coconuts. The highest to lowest fruit production was obtained in BYD x MTT-S4 hybrid coconut, RBD x MTT-S4, KHINA-1, which were 64 nuts, 44 nuts and 26 nuts /palm respectively, or estimated copra production was 2.26 tons, 1.45 tons and 0.88 tons copra/ha. At 6 years old the harvest of fruits from the three hybrid coconuts is obtained sequentially 118 nuts, 99 nuts and 94 nuts/palm. While estimation of copra yield per hectare is found the highest in BYD x MTT-S4 hybrid coconut is 3.86 ton/ha/year and this yield differently significant compare with RBD x MTT-S4 is found 3.04 ton/ha/year, and control hybrid of KHINA-1, which is about 2.74 ton/ha/year. Based on the production potential, hence the estimated optimum production when aged over 10 years can reach more than 5 tons/ha/year. The hybrid coconut variety BYD x MTT-S4 is released in October 2019 under the name HENGNIU.
Creamed Coconut Testa and Creamed Coconut as Substitutes for Coconut Milk in Culinary Uses Kumari, K. G. S. N.; Ulpathakumbura, B. S. K.; Gunarathna, K. M. R. U.; Lai, Oi Ming; Marikkar, J. M. N.
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.483

Abstract

Coconut milk plays a crucial role in preparation ofcurries and other savoury dishes in Sri Lanka.While squeezing grated coconut manually, there is a wastage ofcoconut as well as coconut testa which is a significant by-product of coconut processing industries. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of utilizing creamed coconut (CC) and creamed coconut testa (CCT) as a viable substitute for coconut milk in culinary uses. To attain this objective, the nutritional composition ofCC and CCT was determined and sensory evaluation was undertaken to test the suitability of these two products as cooking medium on a potato curry using a group of thirty semi-trained panelists. Four formulations of CCT incorporated potato curry were prepared coded as F₁ (CCT:water = 1:9), F₂ (CCT:water =1:4), F₃ (CCT:water = 3:7) and F₄ (CCT:water = 2:3). Besides, P₁ (CC:water = 1:9), P₂ (CC:water = 1:4), P₃ (CC:water = 3:7), P₄ (CC:water = 2:3) were coded as the four formulations of potato curry, incorporating CC. The analysis revealed that fat, crude protein and carbohydrate in CC was higher than CCT except crude fiber content. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in ash and moisture contents. According to sensory evaluation, F₁ (CC:water = 1:9) and P₂ (CC:water = 1:4) were identified as the most preferred potato curry formulations incorporating CCT and CC respectively. In conclusion, there was a potential ofutilizing and maximizing coconut meat and testa as a viable substitute for coconut milk in culinary applications.
Factors Influencing Coconut Growers’ Decision-Making Process in Fertilizer Application through the Lens of Theory of Planned Behavior and Self-Determination Theory Herath, C. S.; Wijekoon, Rusitha
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 40 (2024): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v40i.446

Abstract

The small-scale, poor, rural coconut growers in Sri Lanka are generally characterized by low productivity. The low yield of coconuts is primarily attributed to the improper application of fertilizers. The decision to apply fertilizer is mainly depends on the growers’ change in behaviour, in turn, influenced by the growers’ salient beliefs. Assessing the beliefs plays a significant role in understanding why farmers behave differently in making decisions regarding fertilizer application. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Theory of Self Determination (TSD) were employed to find a more realistic solution to the above research problem. Hence, the current research was carried out to observe the relationship between the beliefs of the coconut growers and their behaviour with respect to fertilizer application in coconut fields. Results of the study reveal that perceived behavioural control was the highest contributor to developing the intention followed by the attitude. Further, there is no influence from the social pressure for the intention development. Moreover, intrinsic motivation predicts the fertilizer application behaviour from intention in stronger strength than that of extrinsic motivation. Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation influences the intention-behavioural relationship. Consequently, it gives evidence for policymakers to introduce policy guidelines in order to enhance the use of fertilizer efficiently and effectively. And, motivation does have a moderating effect on coconut growers’ fertilizer application behaviour.
Crop nutrition and fertilizer management of embryo-cultured seedlings of Makapuno and Laguna Tall coconuts with special reference to their response to different levels of NaCl and chicken manure M.B. Areza-Ubaldo; S.S. Magat; E.P. Rillo; M.I. Secretaria
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 22 No 2 (2006): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v22i2.170

Abstract

A two-year nursery study of embryo-cultured Laguna Tall (ECLAGT) and embryo-cultured Makapuno Tall (ECMAKT) coconut seedlings was conducted at the Philippine Coconut Authority - Albay Research Center, Guinobatan, Albay aimed to know the effects of applying different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (common table salt) and chicken manure (CM) on the vegetative growth and leaf nutrient status of the seedlings. The soil used in the study is a volcanic ash- rich Guinobatan silt loam, classified as Entic Dystrandept soil subgroup (U.S. Soil Taxonomy/Classification). EC seedlings with the application of NaCl at a total dose of 18-54 g/seedling and chicken manure at 250-750 g/seedling, applied within the 12-month nursery (at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10 months) significantly produced taller seedlings with bigger girth and more total living fronds than the unfertilized ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings. The levels of nutrient application (fertilization) on EC seedlings is clearly much lower than that of the average rates used in growing ordinary seedlings from seednuts, i.e. seedling with embryo attached to the whole nut in the nursery. The better growth of ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings in terms of their girth, plant height and total living fronds produced was significantly associated with higher or very satisfactory levels of leaf N, P, K, Cl, Ca, Na, Mg, S, B, and Fe (leaf #4 of 12-month old EC seedlings). The overall results clearly indicate the practical need to apply a combination of sodium chloride and dried chicken manure, even at moderate rates (total) of 18 g/seedling and 250 g/seedling respectively, divided equally during the 12-month nursery stage for normal growth and proper nutrition of EC seedlings. This recommended fertilization management practice should ensure healthy and good quality ECMAKT seedlings as planting materials.
Fortification of coconut oil with sesame oil through micro expeller extraction process J.M.N. Marikkar
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 22 No 2 (2006): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v22i2.171

Abstract

Value addition to coconut oil is highly desirable in order to increase the range of coconut products. A study was conducted to formulate palatable coconut oil (CNO) blends enriched with essential fatty acid (EFA) using sesame seed as the supplementary source of EFA. For this purpose, micro-expelling process was employed to extract oil blends out of the dried coconut grating mixed with varying proportion of sesame seed (w/w; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10%). A sensory evaluation by a 30-member semi-trained panel was conducted using a seven-point hedonic scale in order to determine the critical limit of CNO fortification with sesame. Similarly, changes in fatty acid composition were determined using Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC). Statistical analysis of the sensory data showed that a mild odor of sesame started to appear in the oil blends at 4% level of sesame mixed with dried coconut gratings. According to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, the relative increase in linoleic acid was only marginal although there was a substantial increase in unsaturated fatty acid component. At 5% level of fortification, the increment in linoleic acid was 9.2%.
Physical, nutritional and functional quality of defatted coconut residue from four coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties; as a dietary supplement for the food industry Pathirana, H. P. D. T. Hewa; Lakdusinghe, W. Meththa Kumari; Yalegama, L. L. W. Chandi; Chandrapeli, C. A. Thamali Dhanushika; Marikkar, J. M. Nazrim
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.484

Abstract

The value addition to the by-products enhances the profitability of the industry with a zero-waste concept. Defatted desiccated coconut flour (DCF) is a residue after the extraction of virgin coconut oil (VCO). This research aims to identify the effect of a variety of coconuts on the physical, nutritional and functional quality of DCF compared to whole wheat flour (WWF). Mature coconuts of four different varieties: Tall×Tall (TT), Ran Thambili (RT), San Ramon (SR), and Gon Thambili (GT) were used for the VCO extraction process by the cold press extraction followed by conversion of residue into flour (DCF). The average residue recovery is 15.33 ± 0.41% (p>0.05). The particle size of DCF is significantly higher than WWF, and only 23.16% of DCF is at the 250 µm level. The highest wettability (27.46±0.00 s) and swelling capacity (49.00±0.00 ml) have been identified in GT with a significantly (p
Instant Unfermented Coconut Sap Beverage as a Nutritive Beverage with Potential Health Benefits Pathirana, H. P. D. T. Hewa; Hitigedera, C. N.; Lakdushighe, W. M. K.; Yalegama, L. L. W. C.; Madusanka, J. A. D.
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.502

Abstract

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) sap is a nutritious liquid which oozes from the phloem vessels of coconut inflorescence. Dried coconut sap powder was developed as an instant beverage from unfermented coconut sap collected from a novel sap collection device and its quality was assessed. The sap was mixed with maltodextrin (DE-10) (Treatment 1; 3%, Treatment 2; 4%, Treatment 3; 5% and Treatment 4; 6%) and the solution was fed to a spray dryer. The powder of sap was packed in a triple-laminated aluminium pouch and stored at 4±2 oC for quality analysis. The data was analyzed through Minitab 16 software. The recovery percentage of powder was 17.05±2.45% and it showed good quality character for moisture (0.80±0.20%), bulk density (0.05±0.00 g/L), tapped density (0.068±0.00 g/L), hygroscopicity (19.05±0.34%), and solubility (96.72±0.87 %). The browning index (13.53±0.00) and lightness (86.75±2.17) of the sample were assessed. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) view showed an even distribution of particles. The dilution ratio (D1:8 %, D2: 10 %, D3: 12 %) of powder was analyzed through sensory evaluation. Appearance and odour of the beverage were not affected significantly (p>0.05) with the dilution ratio. The analysis showed that it contained protein (1.44 ±0.11%), ash (0.99±0.01%), mineral (Na: 15.4±0.13mg/Kg, K: 369.4±0.87 mg/Kg, Ca: 46.8±0.89 mg/Kg, Mg: 7.7±0.52 mg/Kg), crude fiber (0.08±0.01%), total sugar (90.67±2.66%), moltodextrin (24.40±2.55%), sucrose (31.47±2.77%), glucose (16.04±0.23%), fructose (18.76±1.25%) and total phenol (138.69±0.17 mg GAE/ 100 g). One cup (100 ml) of sap contains higher nutrients with natural minerals to achieve high consumer demand.
Physicochemical and Biochemical Properties of Coconut Water Across Maturity Stages in Aromatic Dwarf, Catigan Dwarf, and Laguna Tall Cultivars Deocaris, Chester; Masa, Dina
International Coconut Community Journal Vol 41 (2025): CORD
Publisher : International Coconut Community

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37833/cord.v41i.504

Abstract

This study examines the biochemical and physicochemical properties of coconut water from three coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) cultivars—Aromatic Dwarf (AROD), Catigan Dwarf (CATD), and Laguna Tall (LAGT)—across maturity stages ranging from 5 to 12 months. Key parameters analyzed included pH, total soluble solids (TSS), specific gravity, glucose, protein, and electrolyte composition (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride). Results revealed significant variations influenced by both cultivar and maturity. AROD exhibited the highest glucose and TSS levels at early maturity, making it ideal for naturally sweet beverages. LAGT maintained stable electrolyte concentrations, supporting its application in rehydration formulations. CATD had the highest calcium and magnesium levels, suggesting potential benefits for bone and muscle health. Trends in pH and specific gravity provided insights into compositional shifts during maturation. These findings highlight the diverse functional properties of coconut water across cultivars, offering valuable insights for optimizing harvest timing, product formulation, and market positioning in the functional beverage and nutraceutical industries.

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