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Reni Ambarwati
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Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Gedung D1 Kampus UNESA Ketintang Surabaya Kode Pos 60213 E-mail: sainsmatematika@unesa.ac.id Telp : 031-8280009
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Sains dan Matematika
Published by Universitas Negeri Surabaya
ISSN : 23027290     EISSN : 25481835     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Education,
Astronomy Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Mathematics Physics
Jurnal ini menerbitkan artikel asli hasil penelitian di bidang biologi, fisika, kimia, dan matematika. Redaksi hanya menerima naskah asli yang belum pernah dipublikasikan dan tidak sedang dalam proses penerbitan di jurnal lain. Naskah dapat ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia, sesuai dengan ejaan yang baik dan benar atau bahasa Inggris yang baik dan benar.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 213 Documents
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Tahapan Perkembangan Organ Reproduksi Seksual Planaria dari Perairan Lereng Gunung Slamet, Baturraden, Banyumas Palupi, Endah Sri; Puspita Sari, IG.A.Ayu Ratna; Wibowo, Eko Setio
Sains & Matematika Vol 3, No 2 (2015): April, Sains & Matematika
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Planaria termasuk spesies dalam Filum Platyhelminthes Kelas Turbellaria. Planaria merupakan hewan triploblastik aselomata dengan bentuk tubuh simetri bilateral dengan habitat perairan tawar jernih, perairan laut dan terestrial. Planaria berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan fragmentasi dan secara seksual dengan pembentukan gamet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tahapan perkembangan organ reproduksi seksual Planaria dari perairan lereng Gunung Slamet, Baturraden, Banyumas. Planaria diperoleh dengan menangkap menggunakan umpan hati ayam segar, lokasi pengambilan sampel planaria di perairan lereng Gunung Slamet, yaitu Curug Bayan, Lokawisata Baturraden dan Telaga Sunyi Baturraden, Banyumas. Sampel difi ksasi menggunakan Bouin, dibuat sayatan histologis dan diwarnai menggunakan pewarna Hematoxylin dan Eosin untuk mendapatkan struktur mikroanatomi guna identifi kasi tahapan perkembangan organ reproduksi seksualnya. Hasil yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Planaria yang diperoleh di perairan Curug Bayan didominasi ukuran kecil dan sedang dengan perkembangan ovary tahap 2 dan testis tahap 3 dan beberapa tahap 5. Planaria yang diperoleh di perairan Lokawisata Baturraden didominasi ukuran kecil dan sedang dengan perkembangan ovary tahap 2 dan testis tahap 1, sedangkan Planaria yang diperoleh di perairan telaga Sunyi didominasi ukuran sedang dan besar dengan perkembangan ovary tahap 4 dan testis tahap 4. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tahapan perkembangan organ reproduksi seksual planaria yang paling matang adalah planaria dari perairan Telaga sunyi yang didominasi planaria berukuran sedang dan besar. Kondisi perairan yang lebih alami dengan temperatur yang lebih rendah dan serasah yang melimpah pada perairan Telaga Sunyi memungkinkan habitat yang sesuai bagi planaria untuk survive dan berkembang biak. Planarian is species of Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Turbellaria. Planarian is acelomate triplobastic animal, with a body of bilateral simetry and lives in clear freshwater, marine, and terrestrial as its habitat. Planarian reproduces asexually with fragmentation and sexually with gamet formation. The aim of this study was to describe planarian’s sexual reproduction organ development level in mount Slamet slope’s water, Baturraden, Banyumas. Planarians were obtained by baiting with fresh chicken liver; location of sampling on Mount Slamet were Curug Bayan, Lokawisata Baturraden, and Telaga Sunyi, Baturraden, Banyumas. Samples were fi xated with Bouin and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histological structure to identify the sexual reproduction organ development stage. The results were analyzed descriptively. Total number of obtained planarian varied, however it wasn’t signifi cantly diferrent among sampling locations. Planarians of Curug Bayan were mostly in small to moderate size with ovary development of stage 2, testis of stage 3 and some of stage 5. Planarians of Lokawisata Baturraden were mostly in small to moderate size with ovary development of stage 2 and testis of stage 1. Planarians of Telaga Sunyi were mostly in moderate and big size with ovary development of stage 4 and testis of stage 4. It was concluded that planarian of Telaga Sunyi, with mostly moderate and big size, had the most matured sexual reproduction organs development. More natural water condition including lower temperature and abundant litter in Telaga Sunyi allows suitable habitat for planarian survival and planarian breeding.
Penyerapan Pb dalam Daging Kupang Putih (Potamocorbula faba) dengan Pemberian Kitosan dari Cangkang Kupang Putih Sikana, Arina Mana; Kuntjoro, Sunu; Ambarwati, Reni
Sains & Matematika Vol 5, No 1 (2016): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Kupang putih (Potamocorbula faba) dikenal sebagai produk perikanan yang potensial, tetapi juga berbahaya karena terkontaminasi oleh Pb. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh perlakuan konsentrasi dan waktu perendaman kitosan untuk menurunkan kadar Pb dalam daging kupang putih serta untuk menentukan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik dalam menurunkan kandungan Pb dalam daging kupang putih. Kitosan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah optimalisasi kitin hasil transformasi cangkang kupang dengan derajat deasetilasi 70,21%. Sampel kupang diambil dari muara sungai Kepetingan, Sidoarjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan dua faktor, yaitu konsentrasi (0%, 1,5%, 2,0%, dan 2,5%) dan waktu perendaman (30, 60, dan 90 menit). Kadar Pb dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Pengaruh konsentrasi dan waktu perendaman terhadap kandungan Pb dalam daging kupang putih dianalisis dengan ANOVA dua arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji LSD untuk menentukan pengobatan kombinasi terbaik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi dan waktu perendaman berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kandungan Pb di kupang putih. Kombinasi perlakuan kitosan yang dioptimalkan pada konsentrasi 2,0% dengan waktu perendaman 60 menit memberikan pengurangan Pb yang optimal, sebesar 94,53%. White Kupang (Potamocorbula faba) is known as potential fishery products, but on the other hand It is also dangerous because It's contaminated by Pb. This research aimed to describe the treatment effect of concentration and immersion time of chitosan to decrease the content of Pb in the white kupang's flesh as well as to define the best treatment combination in decreasing the content of Pb in the white kupang's flesh. The chitosan used in this research was optimized chitin resulted from the transformation of kupang shell with the degree of deacetylation 70.21%. The samples of kupang were taken from the estuary of the river Kepetingan, Sidoarjo. This research used completely randomized design with two factors treatment items, namely concentration (0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%) and immersion time (30, 60, and 90 minutes). The content of Pb was analyzed by using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) method. The influence of concentration and immersion time to the content of Pb in the white kupang’s flesh was Analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Followed by LSD test to determine the best combination treatment. The results showed that the concentration and immersion time significantly affected on the content of Pb in white kupang. The combined treatment of optimized-chitosan at concentration of 2.0% with immersion time of 60 minutes gave the optimal reduction of Pb, amounting to 94.53%.
Sintesis Tris(Thiophen)n-butil Germanium melalui Reaksi Arilasi Senyawa Thiophen dengan n-butil Germanium Lesbani, Aldes; Mohadi, Risfidian
Sains & Matematika Vol 2, No 1 (2013): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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The arylation of 2-iodo thiophene and 3-iodo thiophen with n-butyl germanium using complex palladium as catalyst in argon atmospheric condition was carried out. Products of arylation were tris(2-thiophene)n-butil germanium (1) and tris(3-thiophene)n-butil germanium (2). Compounds (1) and (2) were characterized using GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR. The results showed that compounds (1) and (2) were colorless oil with the yield 20% and 25%, respectively. Both (1) and (2) have m/z 380. Measurement using 1H NMR gave different peaks of proton equivalent between (1) and (2) while 6 equivalent protons in (1) and 7 equivalent protons in (2). The measurement using 13C NMR gave 8 equivalent carbons both for compound (1) and (2).
Karakteristik Dielektrik Komposit Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) PVDF/SiO2 Pasir Vulkanik Kelud Mufida, Nur; Rohmawati, Lydia; Istiqomah, Istiqomah; Hefdea, Ajeng; Wulancahayani, Entang; Styarsih, Woro
Sains & Matematika Vol 6, No 1 (2017): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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PVDF yang dipadukan dengan bahan keramik akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap nilai dielektrik dan loss dielektriknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan sifat dielektrik PVDF/SiO2 dengan variasi penambahan massa SiO2 yang proses pencampurannya menggunakan surfaktan silika Tetramethylammonium hidroksida (TMAH). SiO2 disintesis dari pasir vulkanik Kelud menggunakan metode kopresipitasi dan dipanaskan pada suhu 800˚C selama 17 jam. Selanjutnya SiO2 dipadukan dengan PVDF yang ditambah TMAH dengan manipulasi komposisi SiO2 0 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%. Setelah itu dilakukan karakterisasi FTIR, SEM, dan LCR. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan silika memiliki fase kristalin (Trydimite 58.5%, Crystobalite 14.3%, dan Quartz 27.2%) dengan ukuran partikel 8.25 nm. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan fase-β muncul pada setiap komposisi komposit PVDF/SiO2. Hasil SEM-EDX menunjukkan bahwa komposit PVDF/SiO2 telah tercampur secara homogen. Pada uji LCR nilai dielektrik PVDF pada frekuensi 50 Hz sebesar 3.96x104 F/m, SiO2 sebesar 1.5x104 F/m, komposit PVDF/SiO2 sebesar 2.28x104 F/m dan loss dielektrik sebesar 7,52 dengan komposisi SiO2 4 %wt. PVDF which combined with ceramic materials will affect the dielectric value and dielectric loss. This study aims to describe the dielectric properties of PVDF / SiO2 with additional mass variations of SiO2 whose mixing process uses Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) silica surfactant. SiO2 was synthesized from Kelud volcanic sand using coprecipitation method and heated at 800˚C for 17 hours. Furthermore, SiO2 combined with PVDF was added by TMAH with manipulation of composition SiO2 0% by weight, 1% by weight, 2% by weight, 3% by weight, 4% by weight, 4% by weight, by 5% by weight. After that, the characterization of FTIR, SEM, and LCR was carried out. The XRD characterization results showed silica has a crystalline phase (Trydimite 58.5%, Crystobalite 14.3%, and Quartz 27.2%) with a particle size of 8.25 nm. FTIR results show that β-phases appear in every PVDF / SiO2 composite composition. The SEM-EDX results show that the PVDF / SiO2 composite has been homogeneously mixed. In the LCR test, the PVDF dielectric value at a frequency of 50 Hz is 3.96x104 F / m, SiO2 1.5x104 F / m, the composite PVDF / SiO2 is 2.28x104 F / m and 7.52 dielectric losses with a composition of 4% SiO2 weight.
Kajian Penggunaan Pupuk Hayati Kemasan untuk Tanaman Kacang Tanah di Lahan Kering Masam, Lampung Prihastuti, Prihastuti; Purwantoro, Purwantoro
Sains & Matematika Vol 3, No 1 (2014): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Penggunaan pupuk hayati merupakan suatu pilihan untuk dilakukan dalam upaya meningkatkan penyediaan unsur hara tanaman, terutama yang ditanam pada lahan-lahan marjinal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh penggunaan pupuk hayati kemasan untuk tanaman kacang tanah. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan enam jenis pupuk hayati yang diberikan secara tunggal ataupun kombinasi, masing-masing dengan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, hasil polong, dan jumlah polong. Analisis kimia tanah sebelum tanam meliputi pH, C-organik, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al-dd, H-dd. Parameter biologis yang diamati adalah jumlah bintil akar dan tingkat infeksi mikoriza pada akar, dengan jumlah sampel tiga tanaman untuk masing-masing ulangan. Analisis data menggunakan analisis varians dilanjutkan dengan uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mikrob yang diintroduksikan melalui pupuk hayati kurang dapat berkembang dengan baik, yang diikuti dengan pertumbuhan tanaman yang kurang baik pula. Ketersediaan air merupakan faktor pembatas bagi perkembangan mikrob dan tanaman sehingga pertanian di lahan kering perlu disesuaikan dengan musim. Rendahnya pH tanah menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri pembentuk bintil akar. Penggunaan pupuk hayati yang tidak sesuai dengan kondisi lapang, sekalipun tanaman kacang tanah mampu membentuk polong, namun tidak mampu membentuk biji. Pupuk hayati yang direkomendasikan untuk digunakan di lahan kering masam adalah yang mengandung bakteri pelarut fosfat dan mikoriza vesikular arbuskular. The use of bio-fertilizers is an option to conduct in the effort improving the supply of plant nutrients, especially those planted on marginal lands. The aim this study was to determine the effect of the use of commercial biological fertilizers for peanut at acid dry land. This research used a randomized complete block design with six types of commercial biological fertilizers given in single use or in combination, each was applied in three replications. Parameters measured were plant height, pod yield, and the number of pods. Chemical analysis of the soil before planting include pH, C-organic, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al-dd, H-dd. Biological parameters measured were the number of nodule and level of the mycorrhizal root infection, the number of samples were three plants for each replication. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by least signifi cant difference test (LSD). Results showed that the microbes that were introduced through bio-fertilizers were less well developed, followed by the growth of plants that were less good anyway. Water availability was a limiting factor for the development of microbes and plants, hence agriculture in dry land needs to be adjusted with the seasons. The low acidity of the soil inhibited the growth of nodule-forming bacteria. The use of biological fertilizer was not correspond to field conditions, even though peanut plants are capable of forming pods, however they are not capable to form a seed. Biological fertilizer that are recommended for usage on acid dry land is contained phosphate solubilizing bacteria and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Spatula dan Alligator sebagai Ikan Eksotik yang diperdagangkan di Surabaya Shaleh, Wahyu Khoirus; Fidya, Army Ista; Nikmah, Nurul Laily; Apriliana, Dwi Ulfa
Sains & Matematika Vol 4, No 2 (2016): April, Sains & Matematika
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Ikan eksotik merupakan ikan yang dimasukkan ke negara lain yang bukan habitat aslinya. Salah satu jenis ikan eksotik yang marak diperdagangkan adalah ikan buaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis ikan buaya yang diperdagangkan di Surabaya dan mendeskripsikan pandangan penjual dan pembeli ikan hias terhadap perdagangan ikan eksotik. Observasi dilakukan di sembilan pasar hewan di Surabaya. Identifikasi ikan buaya didasarkan pada karakter morfologi. Data tentang pandangan penjual dan pembeli terhadap perdagangan ikan eksotik serta data sekunder tentang ikan buaya diperoleh melalui wawancara. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan buaya yang diperdagangkan di Surabaya adalah  spatula (Atractosteus spatula) dan alligator (Lepisosteus oculatus). Sebesar 89% penjual dan 100% pembeli mengatakan bahwa ikan buaya boleh diperjualbelikan secara bebas. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak masyarakat yang belum mengetahui tentang larangan introduksi ikan buaya. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan sosialisasi sangat diperlukan.Exotic fishes are fishes that are indroduced from non-native-habitat country. One of exotic fishes that were frequently traded are alligator fishes. This study aimed to identify the species of alligator traded in Surabaya and describe the views of sellers and buyers of ornamental fish for exotic fish trade. Observations conducted in nine animal markets in Surabaya. Alligator identification based on morphological characters. Data about the views of sellers and buyers about the trading of exotic fish were obtained through interviews. The results showed that there were two species of alligator traded in Surabaya, namely spatulla (Atractosteus spatula) and alligator (Lepisosteus oculatus). Almost all of sellers (89%) and 100% of buyers argued that alligator can be traded freely. This finding indicated that many people have not got information that exotic fishes, including alligator fishes, are not allowed to be sold. Hence, some effort on socialisation should be done.
Karakterisasi Sifat Listrik dan Magnetik PANI/HCl/Fe3O4 akibat Penambahan Fe3O4 pada Komposit PANI/HCl Purwanto, Purwanto; Kusumawati, Diah Hari
Sains & Matematika Vol 2, No 1 (2013): Oktober, Sains & Matematika
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Fabrication PANi/HCl has been carried out by interfacial polymerization method, Fe3O4 nanoparticles by coprecipitation method and composite with compacting method. In the manufacture of composites, the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles aims to improve the electrical properties and characteristics of the magnetic properties of the composite PANi/HCl/Fe3O4. Characterization was conducted on the electrical conductivity measurements, characterization of XRD and VSM. Characterization results in this study could be seen that with the addition of Fe3O4 in PANi/HCl/Fe3O4 the electrical conductivity decreases significantly with increasing addition of Fe3O4. The maximum electrical conductivity of PANi/HCl at 16,667 S/cm decreased with the highest reduction at 40% Fe3O4 with a value of 21.1 × 10-4 S/cm. With the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles of the magnetic properties PANi/HCl in PANi/HCl/Fe3O4 composites increased significantly with increasing addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The enhancement magnetic properties was shown by the increasing value of saturation magnetization (Ms) PANi/HCl in the composite PANi/HCl/Fe3O4. For the PANi/HCl with a value of Ms = 25.48 × 10-4 emu/cm3 experienced the highest increase in the addition of 40% Fe3O4, that is the value of Ms = 18.5 emu/cm3.
Optimasi Pengawetan Produk Jamur Tiram Segar sebagai Upaya Penguatan Industri Olahan Jamur Anggarani, Mirwa Adiprahara; Rusijono, Rusijono
Sains & Matematika Vol 3, No 2 (2015): April, Sains & Matematika
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi proses pengawetan jamur tiram segar melalui penambahan zat tambahan makanan (aditif pangan) sebagai upaya meningkatkan nilai gunanya. Proses pengawetan jamur tiram segar dilakukan dengan merendam jamur tiram segar dalam beberapa jenis zat aditif, meliputi: (a) asam askorbat 0,05%; (b) asam sitrat 1%; (c) garam 2%; (d) kunyit 1%; (e) campuran asam askorbat 0,05%, asam sitrat 1%, dan garam 2%; (f) campuran asam askorbat 0,05%, asam sitrat 1%, garam 2%, dan kunyit 1%; (g) campuran natrium metabisulfi t 0,1%, garam 0,2%, asam askorbat 0,1%, asam sitrat 0,1%, dan kalium 0,1%; dan (h) campuran garam 2% dan kunyit 1%. Proses perendaman dilakukan selama 8 hari. Selanjutnya, untuk menentukan keberhasilan proses pengawetan jamur tiram segar, telah dilakukan pengukuran pH, serta jumlah jamur dan bakteri pada larutan pengawet setiap hari. jumlah kontaminasi mikrob dari hari ke hari dihitung menggunakan metode hitungan mikroskopis langsung. Sampel diletakkan di suatu ruang hitung (hemasitometer) dan jumlah sel dapat ditentukan secara langsung dengan bantuan mikroskop. Hasil analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan fungi dan bakteri paling dapat dihambat pada perendaman menggunakan asam sitrat 2%. This research aimed to optimize the process of preservation of fresh oyster mushrooms by adding food additives as an effort to increase the value point. Fresh oyster mushrooms preservation process was done by soaking the fresh oyster mushrooms in some types of additives, including: (a) ascorbic acid of 0.05%; (B) 1% citric acid; (C) salt 2%; (D) turmeric 1%; (E) a mixture of 0.05% ascorbic acid, citric acid 1% and 2% salt; (F) a mixture of 0.05% ascorbic acid, citric acid 1%, 2% salt, and turmeric 1%; (G) a mixture of sodium metabisulphite 0.1%, 0.2% salt, 0.1% ascorbic acid, citric acid 0.1%, and 0.1% potassium; and (h) a mixture of turmeric salt 2% and 1%. Soaking process conducted for 8 days. Furthermore, to determine the success of the process of preservation of fresh oyster mushrooms, has been carried out measurement of pH, as well as the number of fungi and bacteria in preservative solutions every day. the number of microbial contamination from day to day is calculated using the direct microscopic count method. Samples were placed in a room count (hemocytometer) and the number of cells can be determined directly with the aid of a microscope. Results of the analysis showed that the growth of fungi and bacteria have inhibited the immersion using citric acid 2%.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Cangkang Kupang Sebagai Sumber Kitin dan Kitosan Sikana, Arina Mana; Ningsih, Nur F.; Saputri, Miftahul R.; Wandani, Shelly A. T.; Ambarwati, Reni
Sains & Matematika Vol 4, No 2 (2016): April, Sains & Matematika
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Kupang merupakan nama lokal kerang kecil yang telah lama dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan lontong kupang, makanan khas asal Sidoarjo dan Surabaya. Produksi lontong kupang dilakukan setiap hari sehingga dihasilkan limbah berupa cangkang kupang yang sangat melimpah. Limbah cangkang kupang tersebut berpotensi menjadi bahan alternatif pembuatan kitin dan kitosan, yang selama ini lebih banyak diekstraksi dari cangkang krustasea dan gastropoda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi kitin dan kitosan dari limbah cangkang kupang putih (Potamocorbula faba) dan kupang merah (Muschulita senhausia) serta mengukur besar kandungan kitin dan kitosan tersebut. Sampel cangkang kupang diambil dari Desa Balongdowo, Candi, Sidoarjo. Pemurnian kitin dilakukan menggunakan metode Hong dan pembuatan kitosan dilakukan dengan metode Knorr. Validasi produk kitin dan kitosan dilakukan dengan spektrofotometer (Fourier Transform InfraRed) FTIR, kemudian hasilnya dianalisis menggunakan statistika deskriptif. Kitin yang didapat dari hasil deproteinasi dan demineralisasi limbah cangkang kupang merah dan putih sebesar 97% dan 93%. Kitosan yang didapat dari hasil deasetilasi limbah cangkang kupang merah dan putih sebesar 22% dan 16% dengan derajat deasetilasi masing-masing adalah 76,30% dan 70,21%. Kupang is small mussel that has been used by people of Sidoarjo and Surabaya as traditional food for a long time. Therefore, the waste of the shells is very abundant. The shells of those mussels are potential as raw materials of chitin and chitosan. This study aimed to extract chitin and chitosan from shells of white mussel (Potamocorbula faba) and red mussel (Muschulita senhausia) and measuring the content of chitin and chitosan. The samples of the shells are taken from the village of Balongdowo, Candi, Sidoarjo. Purification of chitin was performed using Hong’s method, while chitosan isolation is done by Knorr’s method. Identification of chitin and chitosan is done by FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectrophotometer, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Chitin obtained from the results of demineralization-deproteination of red and white mussel shells were 97% and 93% respectively. Chitosan resulted from deacetylation of red and white mussel shells were 22% and 16% respectively; and the deacetylation degree were 76.30% and 70.21% respectively.
Perambatan Gravity Current dalam Skala Laboratorium sebagai Pemodelan Lahar Dingin dan Intrusi Air Laut Budianto, Wawan Eko; Sucahyo, Imam; Prastowo, Tjipto; Rahmawati, Endah
Sains & Matematika Vol 1, No 2 (2013): April, Sains & Matematika
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In the context of problem-based learning, gravity current experiment to model saltwater intrusion and “lahar dingin” using a water tank available at the Laboratory of Earth Science in the Department of Physics, the State University of Surabaya is research breakthrough in physics education. This makes physics teaching meaningful as it is part of the introduction of disaster mitigation education to students in the department. The experiments were performed in two stages to determine the speed and depth of gravity current. In the first stage, a number of runs were conducted by varying density difference between saltwater and freshwater (1%, 3%, or 5%). The two fluids were filled in the tank at the total water depth of 10 cm or 20 cm. In the second stage, other runs were conducted using a water tank of the same length but twice narrower. The results show that the dimensionless speed is measured to be 0.44 ± 0.03, independent of the width of the tank. Relatively compared to the speed, the current depth is difficult to measure owing to the presence of mixing. However, experimental photos show that the current depth is best estimated to be 0.32-0.46 H, where H is the total depth 

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