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Muhammad Ridwan
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Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences
Published by Budapest International Research and Critics University Journal
ISSN : 26151715     EISSN : 26153076     DOI : DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birci
Core Subject : Religion, Economy, Humanities, Art, Social,
Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences is a peer-reviewed journal published in February, May, August and November by Budapest International Research and Critics University Journal (BIRCU-Journal). BIRCI welcomes research papers in Humanities: Language and Linguistics, History, Literature, Performing Art, Philosophy, Religion, Visual Arts. Social Sciences: Economics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Geography, Culture and Ethics Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Area Studies, Archaeology, and other related areas and it is published in both online and printed versions.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 5,360 Documents
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Understanding Media Convergence in the Digital Age Florence, Monye I.; Ridwan, Muhammad
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 1 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute February
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i1.8166

Abstract

Digital technologies and evolving practices among the audience have turned media convergence into a characteristic of modern communication. This paper evaluates the idea of media convergence by analyzing its historical background, theoretical underpinning, and how it is practiced today in the digital media contexts. It explains the various forms of convergence and the influence of the digital media in transforming the process of creating, distributing and consuming content. The paper describes the way in which audiences interact with converged media platforms and how media influence works in a networked society based on applicable communication theories. The paper further discusses how media convergence has affected journalism, entertainment and education and identifies some of the major issues that have emerged as a result of media convergence including information overload, concentration of media ownership and regulatory complexity. This paper concludes that media convergence is a dynamic and an evolving phenomenon that keeps altering media practices and institutions in an ever more interconnected media environment.
Perception of Nigerian Films by Christian Youths in Mowe Community Oyinloye, Deborah Oluwadamilola; Aondover, Perpetua Ogechi; Ogunbola, Omotola; Onyejelem, Timothy Ekeledirichukwu
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 1 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute February
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i1.8155

Abstract

The research work examined, “Perception of Nigerian films by Christian youths in Mowe community.” The study examined the perception of Christian films by youths of Mowe community with issues such as poor performance and production, which impacts the perception of Christian films negatively. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of exposure of Christian youths in Mowe community to Nigerian Christian films, examine the perception of Nigerian Christian films among Christian youths in Mowe community, and also explore the influence of Christian films on the religious beliefs and practices of these Christian youths in Mowe community. The research questions were; what is the extent of exposure of Christian youths in Mowe community to Nigerian Christian films, how do Christian youths in Mowe community perceive Nigerian Christian films, and in what ways do these perceptions influence their religious beliefs and practices. Perception theory and cultivation theory were the theories used in this study. The research method used was survey method. This enabled the researcher to objectively collect, evaluate, verify information gathered through the use of questionnaires and synthesize evidence by establishing facts and reaching defensible conclusions. The findings of the study was that a large number of Mowe youths are exposed to Nigerian Christian films, as they frequently watch these films. According to these youths, Christian films do have some improvement to do, even though their movies have a positive impact on their faith. The recommendations were that efforts should be made by Nigerian Christian filmmakers to improve the quality of their films, as they continue to produce films that promotes Christian messages and values.
Social Media and Political Communication in the 2023 Campaign in Nigeria Iloh, Mmesomachukwu Chukwuemeka; Saint, Ekpali Joseph; Maiwada, Abdullahi Aliyu; Onyejelem, Timothy Ekeledirichukwu
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 1 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute February
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i1.8156

Abstract

This paper examines the role of social media in shaping political communication during the 2023 general election campaign in Nigeria. It investigates how political actors, parties, and citizen networks used digital platforms to disseminate messages, mobilise supporters, counter opposition narratives, and influence public opinion. Secondary data was used to generate relevant information on social media platform like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, and WhatsApp, to identify communication patterns, strategies, and audience engagement behaviour. The paper argues that social media served as a critical arena for agenda-setting, political persuasion, real-time interaction, and participatory discourse, while also amplifying misinformation, emotional appeals, and polarising content. The paper concludes that social media significantly reshaped Nigeria’s 2023 campaign landscape by expanding political reach, enhancing youth participation, and redefining how political messages are produced, circulated, and contested. Nigerian political candidates have endeavoured to navigate the complex social media landscape. Initiatives such as fact-checking organisations and partnerships with digital influencers came as countermeasures to misinformation and targeted messaging.
Assessing the Relevance of the Normative Theory of the Press in Contemporary Nigerian Media Olajumoke, Akinyeye Bolanle
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 1 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute February
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i1.8175

Abstract

This paper examines the relevance of the Normative Theory of the Press in contemporary Nigerian media, focusing on the balance between press freedom, social responsibility, and developmental objectives. The Normative Theory, which categorizes press systems into models such as the authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and Soviet-communist frameworks, provides a conceptual lens for evaluating how media institutions operate within political, economic, and cultural contexts. In Nigeria, the media landscape has evolved from a state-controlled press to a dynamic, pluralistic environment characterized by private ownership, digital innovation, and a proliferation of social media platforms. The study explores how Nigerian journalists and media organizations negotiate the tension between exercising freedom of expression and fulfilling societal obligations, including promoting democracy, public accountability, and national development. It highlights the challenges posed by political interference, economic pressures, ethical lapses, and the rise of misinformation, which test the applicability of traditional normative frameworks. Drawing on recent media practices and regulatory policies as well as existing literature, the paper argues that while the Normative Theory of the Press remains a valuable analytical tool, its relevance in Nigeria requires adaptation to contemporary realities, particularly in the digital era where media influence extends beyond conventional print and broadcast platforms. The analysis contributes to scholarly debates on media ethics, governance, and development communication by demonstrating that normative principles must be contextually interpreted to guide responsible journalism in a rapidly changing Nigerian media environment.
Technological Determinism and Diffusion of Innovation Theories: A Conceptual Analysis Using Apple Products and Immunization among Health Practitioners in Nigeria Mojolaoluwa Yeri
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute May
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The advancement of technology continues to reshape global societies, as it influences the way we communicate, modern systems of the economy, and public health practices. This conceptual paper examines Technological Determinism and Diffusion of Innovations with a use case of Apple products as an example of end user equipment and immunization adaptation among health practitioners in Nigeria as public health advancement. The analysis argues that while Technological Determinism provides insight into how digital tools and biomedical technologies reconfigure professional routines and healthcare delivery, it risks overstating the autonomous power of technology. Diffusion of Innovation theory offers a more socially embedded explanation, highlighting communication channels, opinion leaders, and organizational support systems as critical determinants of adoption. By juxtaposing consumer technology adoption with immunization practices, the paper demonstrates that innovation uptake in Nigeria’s health sector cannot be understood solely through technological capability; rather, it emerges from a dynamic interaction between technology, social structure, policy environment, and professional identity. Even though Technological Determinism argues that technology drives social transformation, Diffusion of Innovation Theory also emphasizes social systems, information sharing mechanisms, and institutional structures and frameworks. By including Nigerian discussion settings in the term paper, allows easy identification of theoretical gaps and recommends an integrated framework that permits both technological framework and cross-cultural societal communication. This review points that innovation adoption in Nigeria is shaped not only by technological availability but also by trust, institutional strength, cultural beliefs, and economic realities.
Media Framing and the Construction of Conflict Narratives in the Digital Age Kofoworola, Assan Halima
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 1 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute February
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i1.8174

Abstract

The paper examines the challenges of regulations, ethical issues, digital disinformation and algorithmic influence of social media on public discourse. It established that media literacy, professional ethics and regulation are the solutions to the problems that will make the media serve as peace makers in conflict and national unity in Nigeria. Conflict sensitive reporting as a tool for peace journalism was concluded as the best medium to avoid the tensions that arise from false information and biased reporting. This proactive approach not only addresses the immediate challenges but also lays the groundwork for a more resilient society. This paper discusses the Farmer herder, tribal and religious crisis, protest movement (EndSARS protest). Based on Framing Theory, and Agenda-Setting Theory, the paper explained that Nigeria media serve as a double-edged sword as they are both war mongers and peace makers. Sensible reports and factual information reduce conflicts and tension arising from fake news and disinformation. It concludes that media literacy, professional ethics and regulation are the solutions to the problems that will make the media serve as peace makers in conflict and national unity in Nigeria. Drawing from the theoretical postulation of Framing Theory, and Agenda-setting theories, the paper argues that Nigeria’s media acts as both an instigator and a peacemaker that connotes the functionality of two sides of one coin.
Climate Change, Gender and Media in Nigeria: Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change Reporting Funmi Falobi; Margaret Solo-Anaeto; Joseph Ifeoluwa Joy; Abdullahi Aliyu Maiwada
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute May
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i2.8202

Abstract

Climate change represents one of the most pressing global challenges, with far-reaching impacts across social, economic, and environmental systems. However, its effects are not evenly distributed, as existing inequalities shape differential vulnerabilities among populations. This paper interrogates the gendered dimensions of climate change, arguing that women and marginalised groups particularly in developing countries, experience disproportionate impacts due to entrenched socio-economic, cultural, and political disparities. Based on secondary data from the existing literature, the study highlights how climate change exacerbates challenges related to health, food security, water access, livelihoods, education, and exposure to violence, thereby reinforcing gender inequality. Anchored in framing theory, the paper analyses how media representations influence perception, agenda-setting, and policy prioritisation. It argues that the media serves as a powerful agent in raising awareness, amplifying marginalised voices, and promoting gender-sensitive narratives that can drive inclusive climate action. Through illustrative case studies from Nigerian print media, the paper demonstrates emerging efforts and best practices in mainstreaming gender into climate reporting, while also identifying gaps in representation and depth of coverage. The paper concludes that effective climate action requires the integration of gender perspectives into communication, policy, and practice.
Internet Memes as Alternative Frames in Global Media Coverage of the Gaza Conflict Margaret Solo-Anaeto; Funmi Falobi; Abdullahi Aliyu Maiwada; Joseph Ifeoluwa Joy
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute May
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i2.8203

Abstract

The rapid evolution of digital communication technologies has significantly transformed the ways in which global audiences access and interpret international news, with social media platforms emerging as dominant channels of information dissemination. Within this digital ecosystem, internet memes have evolved from mere entertainment artifacts into powerful tools of communication that shape political discourse and public opinion. This paper examines the role of internet memes as instruments of international coverage of the Gaza War, exploring their capacity to simplify complex conflict narratives, influence audience perceptions, and contribute to the framing of global events. Within the context of the existing literature, the paper conceptualises memes as participatory media forms that combine visual and textual elements, enabling rapid circulation, emotional engagement, and ideological expression across diverse audiences. Using Framing Theory, the paper analyses how memes selectively present aspects of the Gaza conflict, emphasizing particular viewpoints, emotions, and interpretations while potentially marginalising others. The paper argues that memes function as alternative communicative frames that can both legitimize and delegitimize political actors, amplify humanitarian concerns, and foster global solidarity. At the same time, their brevity, humor, and symbolic nature pose risks of oversimplification, misinformation, and ideological distortion, particularly within the fast-paced and algorithm-driven environment of social media. The paper concludes that internet memes occupy a dual position as both facilitators of engagement and potential sources of distortion in international conflict reporting. As digital culture continues to evolve, memes will remain central to how global audiences consume, interpret, and respond to international events.
Machine Learning-Enhanced Prediction of Lunar Crescent Visibility for Unified Hijri Calendar Determination: A Global and Regional Framework Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute May
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The lunar Hijri calendar governs religious observances for approximately 1.9 billion Muslims worldwide, yet disunity in crescent sighting criteria leads to inconsistent Ramadan and Eid dates across regions. Traditional visibility criteria (Yallop, Odeh) rely on simplified parametric approximations that inadequately capture complex atmospheric and geographical interactions. This study develops and validates a machine learning-enhanced framework for predicting lunar crescent visibility to support unified Hijri calendar determination through global and regionally-adapted models. A comprehensive dataset of 7,488 observations spanning 13 years (2013–2025) across 24 countries and five geographical regions was compiled. Feature engineering created 15 predictive parameters including interaction terms and composite indices. Eight supervised learning algorithms were evaluated with hyperparameter optimization using randomized search, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization. Ensemble methods including voting, stacking, and hybrid configurations were developed and validated using 5-fold cross-validation. Findings: The hybrid ensemble model achieved superior performance (AUC 0.906, F1-score 0.888), outperforming traditional criteria by 17–19%. Engineered interaction features (elongation × altitude, lag time × altitude) demonstrated highest predictive importance. Regional analysis revealed visibility rate variations from 97.7% (Oceania) to 98.7% (Asia), supporting geographically-calibrated models. Long-term Ramadan predictions (2027–2075) confirmed the 33-year lunar cycle with mean interval of 354.37 days. Conclusion: Machine learning provides robust, evidence-based crescent visibility prediction that exceeds traditional criteria accuracy while capturing complex parameter interactions. The framework supports both global unification and region-specific applications. Recommendation: Religious authorities should adopt probabilistic, multi-model ensemble predictions with confidence scoring for calendar determination, supported by continuous validation against global observational networks.
Communicating the Results of Capacity-Building Initiatives More Effectively: Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) Experience and Lessons Learned Abdullahi Aliyu Maiwada
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute May
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i2.8194

Abstract

Capacity building has become a central pillar of institutional reform in public sector organisations, particularly in customs administrations that operate at the intersection of trade facilitation, national security, and revenue generation. However, the effectiveness of such initiatives depends not only on technical reforms but also on the ability of institutions to communicate their outcomes to internal and external stakeholders. This paper examines the strategic communication framework adopted by the Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) in communicating the results of its capacity-building initiatives. Based on institutional reforms implemented in alignment with the Nigeria Customs Service Act of 2023, the paper analyses communication practices related to institutional modernisation, human resource development, and stakeholder engagement. Using empirical examples such as the Time Release Study (TRS), Advance Ruling system, Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) programme, and the B’Odogwu indigenous customs management system, the paper demonstrates how communication strategies transformed technical reforms into measurable institutional credibility and stakeholder trust. The paper situates the NCS experience within broader theoretical discussions on strategic communication, public sector transparency, and trade facilitation governance. The paper argues that communication that emphasises transparency, evidence-based messaging, and stakeholder participation can significantly improve compliance behaviour, institutional legitimacy, and policy outcomes. The paper concludes that communication should be integrated into the design of capacity-building initiatives from the outset, rather than treated as a post-implementation publicity exercise.

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