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Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Published by HM Publisher
ISSN : -     EISSN : 28072820     DOI : https://doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal
Core Subject : Health, Science, Social, Engineering,
Aerospace Engineering Astronomy Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Dentistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Physics Social Sciences Transportation
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal (NASET Journal) concern with publishing the original research articles, review articles from contributors, and the current issues related to engineering, technology, and natural sciences. The main objective of NASET Journal is to provide a platform for international scholars, academicians, and researchers. It also aimed to promote interdisciplinary technology studies in Informatic Engineering, Electronica Engineering, Civil Engineering, Informatic System, Computer System, Architecture, and Natural Sciences in the world.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 60 Documents
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Quality Control of Sunscreen Products: A Validated HPLC Method for the Analysis of Avobenzone and Oxybenzone Novy Inti Fauziah; Aqnes Budiarti; Khoirul Anwar
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i1.63

Abstract

Avobenzone and oxybenzone are commonly used ultraviolet (UV) filters in sunscreen products, offering broad-spectrum protection against harmful solar radiation. Accurate determination of these compounds in sunscreen formulations is crucial for quality control and ensuring consumer safety. This study aimed to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of avobenzone and oxybenzone in commercial sunscreens. The HPLC method utilized a C₁₈ column with a mobile phase of methanol:aquabidest (93:7, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a detection wavelength of 320 nm. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy. The validated method was then applied to quantify avobenzone and oxybenzone in three different brands of commercial sunscreen products. The developed HPLC method demonstrated excellent linearity for both avobenzone (r = 0.9998) and oxybenzone (r = 0.9995). The method was also highly sensitive with low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for avobenzone (0.13 μg/mL and 0.43 μg/mL, respectively) and oxybenzone (0.35 μg/mL and 1.15 μg/mL, respectively). The method exhibited good selectivity and precision (%RSD ≤ 2%). Accuracy, as determined by recovery experiments, was within the acceptable range (100.01%-100.77% for avobenzone and 99.66%-100.81% for oxybenzone). The levels of avobenzone and oxybenzone in the analyzed sunscreen brands (A, B, and C) were found to be within the regulatory limits. In conclusion, the validated HPLC method provides a reliable and efficient means for the simultaneous quantification of avobenzone and oxybenzone in sunscreen products, contributing to the quality control and safety of these widely used formulations.
Factorial Design Optimization of Antioxidant Cream from Kepok Banana Peel Extract: Formulation, Characterization, and Stability Evaluation Gabriella Sharen Allolinggi; Wahyuning Setyani
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i1.64

Abstract

Kepok banana peel, a rich source of flavonoids and phenols with potent antioxidant activity, presents a promising natural ingredient for topical applications. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of an antioxidant cream using kepok banana peel ethanol extract, focusing on the emulsifier combination of stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA) for enhanced physical properties and stability. A two-factor, two-level factorial design was employed to investigate the effects and interactions of stearic acid and TEA concentrations on the cream's organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed using the DPPH assay. The optimal formula was determined using Design Expert 13 software with ANOVA at a 95% confidence level. The ethanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC50 84.25 ppm). The optimal cream formulation, containing 10 grams of stearic acid and 2 grams of TEA, demonstrated desirable physical properties, including smooth texture, homogenous appearance, and excellent spreadability, meeting the criteria for a stable and effective topical product. In conclusion, Kepok banana peel extract holds significant potential as a natural antioxidant for topical applications. The optimized cream formulation, achieved through factorial design, provides a stable and effective delivery system for harnessing the therapeutic benefits of this natural extract.
Enhancing Phishing Detection in Sulu, Philippines: A Machine Learning Approach to Combat Evolving Cyber Threats Benladin J. Warki; Aldam S. Ayyub; Ar-gifari A. Abdul Muktar; Sahier S. Ibrahim; Yusop S. Arbani; Ronnie E. Omar; Jurmilyn L. Muid; Jenelyn M. Mansul; Narsisa R. Ghamrasil; Nirfaisa E. Abduharim; Shernahar K. Tahil
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i1.65

Abstract

Phishing attacks are a growing threat to individuals and organizations worldwide, and Sulu, Philippines, is no exception. These attacks use deceptive emails, websites, and text messages to trick victims into revealing sensitive information such as login credentials, financial data, and personal details. Machine learning (ML) techniques have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing phishing detection due to their ability to learn patterns and adapt to new threats. This study investigates the effectiveness of ML approaches in enhancing phishing detection in Sulu, Philippines. A comprehensive dataset of phishing and legitimate websites was collected, incorporating features relevant to Sulu's context, such as local e-commerce platforms, government services, and banking institutions. Various ML algorithms, including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes, were trained and evaluated on this dataset. The ML models demonstrated high accuracy in detecting phishing websites. The Random Forest model achieved the highest accuracy of 98.7%, followed by the Support Vector Machine with 96.5% accuracy and the Naive Bayes with 94.2% accuracy. Feature importance analysis revealed that specific features, such as URL structure, domain age, and the presence of login forms, played a crucial role in accurate classification. In conclusion, the findings suggest that ML techniques can significantly enhance phishing detection capabilities in Sulu, Philippines. Implementing these techniques in security solutions can help protect individuals and organizations from falling victim to phishing attacks.
Evaluation of Hypochlorite Effectiveness as a Disinfectant Against Aerobic Bacteria Dian Yudianto; Anjas Wilapangga; Errol Rakhmad Noordam; Bangun Sutyono; Trisna Permadi
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i1.66

Abstract

Hypochlorite compounds, including calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)₂) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), are widely recognized for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hypochlorite as a disinfectant against aerobic bacteria, providing insights into its application in infection control and water treatment. The study employed the aerobic bacteria number test, also known as the total plate count method, to enumerate bacterial colonies before and after exposure to varying concentrations of hypochlorite solution. Water samples were collected from different sources, including an emergency room floor, a pharmaceutical installation, and a hospital inpatient room. Serial dilutions of the water samples were prepared and plated on nutrient agar, followed by incubation and colony counting to determine the bacterial load. The percentage reduction in bacterial numbers was calculated for each hypochlorite dose. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial populations following hypochlorite treatment. A dose of 30 mL/5 L (6 μL/mL) reduced the average number of bacteria by 83.29%, A dose of 60 mL/5 L (12 μL/mL) reduced the average number of bacteria by 98.60%, A dose of 120 mL/5 L (24 μL/mL) reduced the average number of bacteria by 99.84%, A dose of 240 mL/5L (48 μL/mL) reduced the average number of bacteria by 99.98%, A dose of 480 mL/5L (96 μL/mL) reduced the average number of bacteria by 100%. The extent of bacterial reduction was directly proportional to the hypochlorite dose, indicating a clear dose-response relationship. In conclusion, this study confirms the efficacy of hypochlorite as a disinfectant against aerobic bacteria. A hypochlorite dose of 480mL/5L (96 μL/mL) effectively achieved complete bacterial elimination under the tested conditions. The results support its use in various applications, including disinfection of surfaces and water purification.
Unlocking the Bioactive Potential of Pandanus conoideus Lim: A Process-Modified Approach to Double the Oil Yield and Enhance In Vitro Radical Scavenging Activity Siti Hartinah; I Made Budi; Rini Dwiastuti
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.67

Abstract

Pandanus conoideus Lim (Red Fruit), an indigenous plant of Papua, Indonesia, is a traditionally valued source of natural antioxidants. However, community-based oil extraction methods are often inefficient, leading to low yields and thermal degradation of bioactive compounds, thereby limiting the product's quality and standardization potential. This study aimed to develop and validate a process-modified extraction technique to improve both the yield and a key chemical quality marker—the in vitro antioxidant efficacy—of Red Fruit oil. Oil was extracted from Pandanus conoideus fruit using two methods: a traditional empiric method (aqueous boiling, manual pressing) and a novel modified method (steam distillation, mechanical screw pressing, centrifugation at 3500 x g, and controlled-temperature vacuum evaporation at 50°C). Oil yields were quantified on both wet and dry weight bases. The in vitro antioxidant capacity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) calculated from scavenging activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm. Commercial Vitamin E was used as a positive control. The process-modified extraction method produced a substantially greater oil yield (20.0% w/w) compared to the empiric method (10.8% w/w), representing an 85.2% increase in production efficiency. In the DPPH assay, the oil from the modified method exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging potency, with an IC₅₀ value of 63.94 ± 2.15 ppm. This was superior to the empiric method extract (IC₅₀ = 95.55 ± 3.41 ppm; p < 0.01) and the 300 IU Vitamin E standard (IC₅₀ = 75.48 ± 2.88 ppm). In conclusion, the integrated, process-modified extraction strategy successfully overcomes the critical limitations of traditional methods by improving process efficiency and preserving chemical integrity. It nearly doubles the oil yield and significantly enhances the in vitro radical scavenging activity by minimizing thermal degradation of bioactive compounds. This validated approach provides a robust framework for the standardized production of high-quality P. conoideus oil, establishing a scientific foundation for its development as a high-value, evidence-based natural product.
Targeted Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for High-Efficiency Valorization of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Superior-Quality Bioplastics Diana, Nur; Ahmad, Zaki; Fajic, Selma
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.70

Abstract

The global transition towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy urgently requires innovative platforms for converting renewable waste streams into value-added products. Lignocellulosic biomass, particularly agricultural residue like rice straw, stands as a vast, underutilized carbon source. This study details the systematic metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the high-efficiency production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biodegradable bioplastic, from rice straw hydrolysate. A multi-faceted synthetic biology approach was implemented in S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C. A robust xylose co-utilization pathway was integrated using codon-optimized genes from Scheffersomyces stipitis. The PHB biosynthesis pathway from Cupriavidus necator was introduced using a cassette of strong, constitutive yeast promoters (pTDH3, pTEF1, pPGK1). To maximize carbon flux towards PHB, key competing pathways were eliminated via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockouts of the primary alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) genes. The performance of the final engineered strain was evaluated in high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation using detoxified rice straw hydrolysate sourced from Palembang, Indonesia. The final engineered strain, YL-PHB-05 (Δadh1 Δgpd1), demonstrated superior performance. In fed-batch bioreactor cultivation, it achieved a final cell dry weight of 33.8 ± 1.5 g/L and a PHB titer of 15.2 ± 0.7 g/L, with an intracellular PHB accumulation of 45.0 ± 1.2% of cell dry weight. This corresponds to a high yield of 0.28 g PHB per gram of consumed sugars. Crucially, the produced PHB exhibited a superior weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.2 x 10⁶ Da with a polydispersity index of 2.1. In conclusion, this work successfully demonstrates a robust strategy for engineering S. cerevisiae into an efficient cell factory for producing high-quality bioplastics from a globally relevant agricultural waste stream. The high titers, yields, and superior polymer properties achieved present a significant advancement towards establishing an economically viable and sustainable process for bioplastic production within a circular bioeconomy.
An In-Silico Investigation of Machine Learning for Integrating Genomic and Digital Biomarker Data in Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Simbolon, Immanuel; Susanti, Cindy; Putri, Gayatri; Chandra, Karina; Yoshandi, Muhammad; Maulana, Daniel Hilman
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.71

Abstract

Conventional models for stratifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have limitations. The integration of static genomic data and dynamic digital biomarkers from wearable technology holds theoretical promise, but its potential quantitative impact remains poorly defined. This study aimed to develop and validate an in-silico framework to quantify the theoretical maximum predictive gain of an integrated risk model under idealized conditions. We developed a sophisticated data generating process (DGP) to create a synthetic dataset of 5,000 individuals. The DGP incorporated demographic and clinical variables with distributions and correlations based on epidemiological literature. It included a simulated polygenic risk score (PRS) for coronary artery disease and advanced digital biomarkers derived from wireless health monitoring data, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The 10-year risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) was generated via a defined logistic function incorporating these variables plus stochastic noise. We compared the performance of the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) against several machine learning models (Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost) using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), precision, recall, and F1-score. In this simulated environment, the integrated XGBoost model achieved near-optimal predictive performance with an AUC-ROC of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90-0.94), significantly outperforming the benchmark PCE model (AUC-ROC 0.76; 95% CI, 0.73-0.79; p < 0.001). The inclusion of the PRS and, most notably, dynamic digital biomarkers like HRV, provided substantial incremental improvements in risk discrimination over traditional factors alone. In conclusion, this in-silico study demonstrates the substantial theoretical potential of integrating genomic and advanced digital biomarker data through machine learning for CVD risk stratification. While these idealized results are not directly generalizable, they provide a quantitative rationale for pursuing real-world data collection and validation studies. This work establishes a methodological proof-of-concept and highlights the potential for a paradigm shift toward more dynamic and personalized cardiovascular risk assessment.
Nature-Based Solutions for Climate-Resilient Stormwater Management in Jakarta: A Comparative Modeling of Green Roof and Permeable Pavement Performance Fatmawati, Anies; Silalahi, Grace Olivia; Fitriyanti, Fitriyanti; Wood, Mary-Jane
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.72

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and projected climate change impacts pose severe challenges to stormwater management in tropical megacities like Jakarta, Indonesia. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are critical for enhancing urban resilience, yet quantitative, context-specific performance data under future climate scenarios are scarce. This study provides a comprehensive, model-based comparative analysis of green roofs and permeable pavements for managing urban stormwater in Jakarta. An archetypal 1-hectare, medium-density urban catchment was developed in the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The model was rigorously calibrated and validated against published empirical data from analogous tropical regions (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency > 0.78). We evaluated the hydrological (runoff volume, peak flow) and water quality (TSS, TN) performance of green roofs and permeable pavements under partial and full implementation scenarios (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) for current and two future climate scenarios (RCP4.5, RCP8.5 for 2050). Permeable pavements consistently demonstrated superior hydrological control, achieving up to 82% runoff volume reduction and 88% peak flow attenuation under full implementation for a 2-year baseline storm. Green roofs achieved 48% and 55%, respectively. Under an extreme 25-year storm in the RCP8.5 scenario, performance diminished but remained substantial, with permeable pavements (100% implementation) reducing runoff by 68%. Green roofs provided more consistent pollutant removal, particularly for total nitrogen (approx. 52% removal across scenarios), due to biological processes. In conclusion, both NBS technologies significantly enhance stormwater management capacity, though a clear trade-off exists between the superior hydrological control of permeable pavements and the balanced performance and co-benefits of green roofs. These findings provide a quantitative basis for integrating NBS into urban planning policy in Indonesia to foster climate-adaptive and resilient cities.
A Solvent-Free, Mechanochemical Process for Sustainable Recycling of Neodymium and Dysprosium from E-Waste Magnets Raziqin, Khairul; Ganendra, Arya; Malik, Abdul
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.73

Abstract

The escalating demand for rare earth elements (REEs), particularly neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), for high-performance NdFeB magnets, has created significant supply chain vulnerabilities and environmental concerns associated with primary mining. End-of-life electronic waste (e-waste) represents a substantial secondary resource for these critical materials. This study introduces a novel, environmentally benign approach for recovering Nd and Dy from waste NdFeB magnets. A solvent-free mechanochemical process was developed and optimized. Waste NdFeB magnet powder, sourced from discarded hard disk drives collected in Indonesia, was co-milled with ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) in a high-energy planetary ball mill. The influence of key process parameters, including milling time (60-360 min), milling speed (200-500 rpm), and the mass ratio of NH₄Cl to magnet powder (1:1 to 5:1), on the extraction efficiency of Nd and Dy was systematically investigated. The structural and morphological transformations were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Metal recovery was quantified via subsequent water leaching and analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mechanochemical treatment successfully converted the insoluble rare earth phases within the magnet matrix into water-soluble rare earth chlorides. Under optimal conditions—a milling time of 240 minutes, a speed of 400 rpm, and a NH₄Cl-to-magnet mass ratio of 3:1—the process achieved remarkable extraction efficiencies of 98.6% for Nd and 96.2% for Dy. XRD analysis confirmed the transformation of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase into REE chlorides, alongside iron and iron boride phases. SEM imaging revealed a significant reduction in particle size and the formation of agglomerated composite particles, crucial for the solid-state reaction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that solvent-free mechanochemistry is a highly effective and sustainable alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods. The process operates at ambient temperature, eliminates the need for corrosive acids and organic solvents, and exhibits high recovery rates, presenting a viable pathway towards a circular economy for critical rare earth elements from e-waste.
Elicitation of Systemic Acquired Resistance by a Novel Plant-Derived Biostimulant Composition Confers Robust Protection Against Botrytis cinerea in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Wulandari, Aleisha; Sudarto, Sudarto; Ardinanti, Fifia; Helsey, Bryan; Huang, Yi-Fen
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.74

Abstract

Gray mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, is a devastating disease in tomato production worldwide, necessitating the development of sustainable and effective control strategies. Plant-derived biostimulants offer a promising eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides by enhancing the plant's innate immune system. This study, conducted in greenhouse facilities in Palembang, Indonesia, evaluated the efficacy of a novel plant-derived biostimulant (PDB-MX7), a composition of Ascophyllum nodosum and Moringa oleifera extracts, in controlling gray mold in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Mutiara'). Tomato plants were treated with PDB-MX7 and subsequently inoculated with a virulent B. cinerea isolate. We assessed disease progression, plant growth parameters, and a suite of underlying defense mechanisms. These included the quantification of oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂, MDA), the activity of key defense-related enzymes (PAL, PPO, SOD, CAT), the accumulation of defense phytohormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid), and the expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1, PDF1.2) via RT-qPCR. Pre-treatment with PDB-MX7 significantly reduced gray mold disease severity by 76.4% and lesion diameter by 71.8% compared to untreated, inoculated plants. This protective effect was associated with a significant priming of the plant's defense system. PDB-MX7-treated plants exhibited lower levels of H₂O₂ and MDA upon infection, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, these plants showed a rapid and potent induction of PAL and PPO activity (3.1-fold and 2.8-fold higher than controls at 48 hpi, respectively). This was corroborated by a significant accumulation of salicylic acid and a more than 5-fold upregulation in the expression of the SA-responsive gene PR-1, indicating the activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). In conclusion, the novel biostimulant composition PDB-MX7 confers substantial resistance against B. cinerea in tomato by priming the plant's innate immunity, primarily through the activation of the SA-mediated SAR pathway. This study highlights the potential of PDB-MX7 as a powerful tool for integrated pest management programs in sustainable tomato cultivation.

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