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Pharmaceutical And Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
ISSN : 27152979     EISSN : 27156702     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15408/pbsj
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal is an official peer-reviewed, open access journal that is managed by the Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. This journal publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communications covering all aspects of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical dan Biomedical Sciences in both Bahasa Indonesia and English. The journal includes various fields of Pharmacy, pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences such as: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacokinetics, Community and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutics,Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Alternative medicines, Biochemistry& Biomedic.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 155 Documents
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Formulation of sheet mask utilizing Pometia pinnata Fruit Peel Waste as Anti-Aging and Anti-Bacterial Agent in Facial Skin Carekin Care Rizki Safarudin; M. Rafly Syahputra; Vivi Anggia; Isra Janatiningrum
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.39057

Abstract

Pometia pinnata fruit peel extract contains secondary metabolites, such as tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, which demonstrate both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Despite the potential identified in matoa fruit peel, its utilization remains constrained. Consequently, there is a necessity for innovative approaches to unlock its latent capabilities. Universal desires for skin health and beauty exist among individuals. Nonetheless, various factors contribute to facial skin issues, including exposure to free radicals during outdoor activities. Recently, sheet masks have gained popularity as a hygiene and efficient method for facial care. Therefore, this study aims to incorporate matoa fruit peel as an active component in sheet masks. These masks will be formulated and subjected to tests measuring antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, as well as antibacterial activity through the disc diffusion method to assess inhibition zones against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The assessment encompasses organoleptic tests, pH measurement, homogeneity, and stability. Findings from the study reveal that the sheet mask formulation is slightly viscous, possessing a distinctive odor and a light brown color. The pH of the sheet mask formulation ranges between 5.3 and 5.15. The formulation exhibits homogeneity at both 3°C and room temperature. Stability is maintained with no observable changes in color, odor, or consistency at 3°C and room temperature. Additionally, there were no reported irritations by the 12 volunteers during the skin irritation test. Antioxidant testing demonstrates high activity, with inhibition percentages of 74.47% (1:1) and 42.68% (0.5:1). In contrast, antibacterial testing indicates moderate efficacy, with an inhibition zone of 5.8667 mm. The research affirms that the matoa fruit peel extract formulated in the sheet mask exhibits both antioxidant and antibacterial    properties suitable for addressing acne in facial skincare.
Study of Potential Drug Interactions in COVID-19 Patients with Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at The General Hospital in South Tangerang City, Period 2021ral Hospital in South Tangerang City Nurmeilis; Yusroh Umami; Nurhaida; Delila Eliza
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.39167

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common comorbidities found in COVID-19 patients. The use of large amounts of medication (polypharmacy) in COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus can increase the possibility of drug interactions. The study aimed to determine the potential drug-drug interactions and it is the relationship with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus at the General Hospital in South Tangerang City. The study was a retrospective study conducted in the hospital by using patients medical records from January-December 2021. Potential drug-drug interactions were analyzed by using the software, Medscape, and Drugs.com. The 97 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of the study were found in 40 patients who experience drug interactions with COVID-19 drugs and antidiabetics (58.2%), the majority of them are in moderate severity degree (78.5%), major severity degree (21.5%), with pharmacodynamic mechanism (100%). There is no significant relationship between drug interactions and clinical outcomes of patients (P>0.05). The interactions found were all pharmacodynamic, although there was no significant relationship to clinical outcomes, therapeutic monitoring was still required.
Optimasi dan Evaluasi Mikroemulsi Minyak Prepupa Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Adhitya Jessica; Erizal Zaini; Nabila Maulidya Khairunnisa
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.42172

Abstract

Hermetia illucens, commonly known as the Black Soldier Fly (BSF), is an insect rich in fatty acids and has potential for use as an active cosmetic ingredient, particularly for anti-aging applications. To ensure stability and achieve optimal efficacy, BSF prepupal oil was formulated into a microemulsion system. This study aimed to optimize the microemulsion formulation of BSF prepupal oil using a combination of Tween 80 as a surfactant and PEG 400, Pluronic 127, and ethanol as candidate of cosurfactants, and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and stability. The formulation process began with the selection of an appropriate surfactant–cosurfactant combination, followed by optimization of the selected surfactant–cosurfactant concentrations using the Simple Lattice Design method in Design Expert® 13 software. The optimized formulations were then evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, transmittance, globule size, and stability through temperature cycling and centrifugation tests. The results showed that the combination of Tween 80 and PEG 400 produced a stable microemulsion with high clarity. The optimal formulation (F12) consisted of 55.56% Tween 80, 22.22% PEG 400, and 11.11% BSF prepupal oil, exhibiting a transmittance of 98.30 ± 0.26%, a pH range of 5.19–5.70, a viscosity of 375 ± 0.54 cP, and a globule size of 550.71 ± 0.32 nm. This formulation remained stable under thermal stress and accelerated centrifugation without phase separation. Based on these findings, BSF prepupal oil can be effectively formulated into a stable microemulsion and shows potential for further development as an active cosmetic ingredient.
Potensi Tanaman Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) Sebagai Antioksidan, Antitumor dan Antikanker: Tinjauan Pustaka Aulia Nurazizah; Waode Rahmah Audifa; Nasywa Aura Yudia Aslah; Ahmad Firdaus Nasution; Eka Putri
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.43435

Abstract

Abstrak: Gynura procumbens dikenal sebagai "Daun Dewa" atau "Sambung Nyawa," adalah tanaman obat yang tumbuh di Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia. Tanaman ini digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk mengatasi berbagai penyakit berkat kandungan senyawa aktifnya, seperti flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tanin, rutin, kaempferol, serta dua zat antioksidan potensial, yaitu kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside dan astragalin. Gynura procumbens memiliki potensi sebagai agen antioksidan yang kuat, yang dapat melindungi sel-sel tubuh dari kerusakan akibat radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi efektivitas Gynura procumbens dalam mengatasi kanker dan stres oksidatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur, didapatkan 34 referensi ilmiah relevan mengenai aktivitas antioksidan, antitumor, dan antikanker tanaman ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang signifikan serta mampu menghambat proliferasi sel kanker, khususnya pada kanker payudara dan kolorektal. Temuan ini mengindikasikan potensi Gynura procumbens sebagai terapi alternatif dalam pencegahan dan pengobatan kanker, serta sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun ini memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang signifikan, dengan nilai IC50 rendah, menunjukkan kemampuannya dalam menangkap radikal bebas. Selain itu, Gynura procumbens juga menunjukkan efek antikanker dan antitumor yang menjanjikan.
Physical Stability Test and Total Phenolic Content Determination of Spray Gel Formulation with Ethanol 70% Melinjo Leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) Extract with Combination of Carbopol 940 and HPMC as Gelling Agent Nelly Suryani; Vivi Anggia; Halimah Dewi; Rosa Adelina; Sabrina Dahlizar; Ofa Suzanti betha; Estu Mahanani Dhilasari; Ismiarni Komala; Yardi Saibi
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.45975

Abstract

The stability of a pharmaceutical preparation is very important in formulation to ensure product efficacy and safety. This research aims to test the physical stability and total phenolic content of a spray gel preparation made from 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves (Gnetum gnemon L.) with a combination of Carbopol 940 and HPMC as gelling agents. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method, while total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and expressed in gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE/g). The results analysis of total phenolic content in the 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves showed a value of 46.237 mg GAE/g. Meanwhile, the total phenolic content in the spray gel formulation of the 70% ethanol extract of melinjo leaves was recorded at 0.88 mg GAE/g."Based on evaluation, the best formula is a combination of Carbopol and Hidroxypropyl methylCellulosa, HPMC (0.4%:0.4%), but the stability test results show physical instability. Further modifications are required to produce a physically stable formula.  
Impact of National Antibiotic Guideline Implementation on Meropenem Utilization in a Teaching Hospital in Bengkulu, Indonesia Yusna Fadliyyah Apriyanti; Susi Delvera; Bella Donna Perdana Putra
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.46946

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) classified antibiotics into the AWaRe categories to encourage rational prescribing and reduce inappropriate use of broad-spectrum agents. Indonesia adopted this framework through the National Antibiotic Guideline outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 28/2021, which strengthened antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) efforts in hospitals. Although WHO categorized meropenem in the Watch group, the national guideline reclassified it as a Reserve antibiotic, highlighting its critical role as a last-line treatment for multidrug-resistant infections and the need for strict oversight. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the guideline’s implementation on meropenem utilization in a teaching hospital and assess its position within the Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) segment from 2020 to 2022. Using a cross-sectional design, aggregated inpatient antibiotic consumption data were analyzed across pre-intervention (May 2020–August 2021) and post-intervention (September 2021–December 2022) periods. Antibiotic use was quantified using Defined Daily Doses per 100 patient-days (DDD/100 PD) according to the ATC/DDD methodology, and DU90% analysis was applied to identify antibiotics accounting for 90% of total consumption. Meropenem showed a significant 43% reduction in the DDD/100 PD score during the post-intervention period (t = 4.427; p < 0.05), suggesting that the guideline contributed to a more controlled, optimized use of this high-priority antibiotic. However, meropenem consistently remained within the DU90% segment throughout the three years, indicating that despite reduced utilization, it continued to account for a substantial proportion of antibiotic use in the hospital. These findings underscored the importance of sustained AMS implementation and strict regulatory adherence to preserve meropenem effectiveness and mitigate the risk of antimicrobial resistance.
Perilaku Manajemen Diri dan Profil Temperamen pada Karyawan Universitas Prediabetes: Studi Kuantitatif Deskriptif Barita Juliano Siregar; Almahdy A; Dedy Almasdy; Ofa Suzanti betha; Edi Rohaedi; Rafly Syah Putra
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.47019

Abstract

This descriptive study (n = 39) investigated diabetes self‑management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and temperament profiles among university employees with prediabetes risk. DSMQ subscales (glucose management, dietary control, physical activity, healthcare use) were assessed alongside 75‑g OGTT categories (IFG/IGT) using ADA‑standard definitions. Most participants had low DSMQ scores (79.5%), with dietary control and physical activity as the weakest domains. Overweight/obesity was highly prevalent (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²; 85%), and routine check‑ups were infrequent. BMI correlated with prediabetes (r = 0.436; p = 0.005) and hypertension (r = 0.466; p = 0.003). Dominant temperament was associated with 2‑hour plasma glucose during OGTT (ρ = 0.321; p = 0.045), whereas subdominant temperament was not significant (ρ = 0.285; p = 0.071). We clarified DSMQ structure (16 items; reverse‑coded items; sum scale) and standardized IFG/IGT/75‑g OGTT terms in line with ADA 2025. Findings highlight the need for workplace multicomponent programs integrating nutrition education, structured physical activity, weight management, and temperament‑informed counseling. Limitations include descriptive design (n = 39), purposive sampling, potential confounding, and the non‑causal nature of correlations. In settings with low health service utilization, pragmatic screening and regular follow‑up combined with personalized behavior change strategies may help prevent progression to type 2 diabetes.
Formulation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Clay Masks Containing Robusta Coffee Pulp Extract Fith Khaira Nursal; Anisa Amalia; Karsiti Karsiti; Sri Nevi Gantini
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.47124

Abstract

The pulp of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) is known to contain chlorogenic acid compounds that have potential as antioxidants. The content of this compound can be utilized as an active ingredient in cosmetics such as clay masks. The main component that affects the physical properties of a clay mask is the clay base. This study aims to develop a clay mask formulation from robusta coffee pulp extract with variations in the concentration of base combinations, namely bentonite and kaolin, and to observe their effects on the physical properties of the dosage form. The base concentration variations used were 20% (F1), 25% (F2), and 30% (F3) with a bentonite to kaolin ratio of 1:2. The evaluation of physical properties included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, viscosity tests, and drying time measurements. The evaluation results showed that all clay masks were homogeneous with pH values ranging from 5.15 ± 0.04 to 5.29 ± 0.12, spreadability values of 4.60 ± 0.22 to 4.74 ± 0.37 cm, adhesion values of 0.82 ± 0.11 to 1.16 ± 0.15 seconds, and viscosity ranged from 5501 ± 670.22 to 7567.67 ± 220.30 mPa.s, and drying time ranged from 20.60 ± 0.39 to 25.34 ± 0.80 minutes. Results of the antioxidant activity test indicated that the clay mask made from robusta coffee pulp extract is a powerful antioxidant with IC50 values of 28.31 ± 4.72 to 30.45 ± 5.69 ppm. Variations in the concentration of the clay mask base significantly (p < 0.05) affected the viscosity and drying time of the dosage form. In summary, the clay mask formulations satisfied the essential physical criteria and showed promise for cosmetic application. F3 emerged as the leading formula, exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacity, evidenced by its lowest IC₅₀ value.
Analisis Kandungan Hidrokuinon dan Niasinamid pada Krim Pemutih Racikan di Klinik Kecantikan Wilayah Bekasi Selatan Novia Ramadhani; Supandi; Estu Mahanani Dhilasari; Mabrurotul Mustafidah; Nelly Suryani; Marvel
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.48740

Abstract

Hydroquinone and niacinamide are whitening agents used alone or combined with cream products. Currently, the level of hydroquinone still exceeds the recommended safety limit. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of hydroquinone and niacinamide in whitening creams prescribed by a beauty clinic in South Bekasi. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry was performed simultaneously. This study begins with the validation of analytical methods using validation parameters. Hydroquinone and niacinamide were identified using five samples, determined by purposive sampling, and measured at the maximum wavelengths of hydroquinone (293.4 nm) and niacinamide (261.4 nm). The results of the method validation showed that the linearity values expressed in the correlation coefficient (r) at concentrations of hydroquinone 8-28 µg/mL and niacinamide 10-34 µg/mL were 0,9999 and 0.998, LOD values 0,3990 and 0,3525 µg/mL, LOQ values were 1,3299 and 1,1749 µg/mL, RSD values of 0,0909% and 0,2591%, and recovery values were in the range of 99,154±0,223% to 107,387±0,121%. Based on the research data, it can be concluded that the five samples contained hydroquinone and niacinamide compounds at levels of 17,246% and 1,211% (A), 18,002% and 2,034% (B), 5,033% and 0,823% (C), 0,952% and 0,575% (D), and 0,10% and 5,367% (E). Samples A, B, and C have hydroquinone content exceeding the permitted maximum, while sample E contains niacinamide in an amount exceeding the recommendation.
Perbandingan Kadar Hesperidin pada Beberapa Kulit Jeruk Menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis Farhan Rassya Fadhilah; Vivi Anggia; Priyanti Priyanti; Hendri Aldrat
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i2.49051

Abstract

Orange peel is a high-potential agro-waste and a rich natural source of hesperidin, a flavonoid compound with multiple health benefits, yet comparative data on hesperidin level across different citrus varieties are still limited. This study aimed to compare the yield and content of hesperidin among different citrus peels and to evaluate the reliability of UV-Vis spectroscopy for its quantification determination. Peels from Medan orange (C. sinensis), baby Java (C. sinensis), key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), jeruk limo (C. amblicarpa), and kaffir lime (C. hystrix). Samples were extracted through a tiered Soxhletation process with n-hexane and methanol solvents, followed by acidification and crystallization to obtain hesperidin. Characterization was carried out using melting point analysis and thin-layer chromatography, while hesperidin content was determined with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 283 nm. The results showed that citrus species significantly affected hesperidin yield and content, with with baby Java orange peel producing the highest amount (5.72%), followed by Medan orange (3.98%), lime (0.46%), jeruk limo (0.37%), and kaffir lime (0.16%). The UV-Vis spectrophotometry method proved reliable, showing linearity (r² = 0.998), accuracy (82.00%), and precision (%RSD = 0.964%). Content analysis confirmed that baby Java orange peel isolate had the highest hesperidin concentration (11.59 ppm, purity 86.14%) among other orange peel isolates compared to standard pure hesperidin. These findings highlight the variability of hesperidin content among citrus species and emphasize the importance of raw material selection for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical application.

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