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Belli Ac Pacis (jurnal hukum internasional)
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 24605247     EISSN : 27210596     DOI : https://doi.org/10.20961/belli.v7i2
Core Subject : Humanities, Social,
Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Modern international law in the last few decades has experienced very rapid development, this is characterized by the emerge of the State in a modern sense, as well as a legal system that regulates relations between countries and international legal entities with each other. Relations between countries are no longer limited by absolute sovereignty, for example in the case of war crimes, the international community could sue countries or even individuals to be responsible for these actions based on universal principles. Recently, State practices is shifting from the hard law legal system to soft law which can be an alternative solution in breaking the deadlock when international political compromises are difficult to realize. Various international law development shows that there is a need for the international community to form a legal system that is acceptable to all parties, especially the State as a subject of international law par excellence. Therefore, the Belli ac Pacis Journal presents the multifarious developments in contemporary international law as a study of current State practices. The Belli ac Pacis Journal encompasses Public International Law, International Law of the Sea, International Humanitarian Law, International Environmental Law, International Criminal Law, International Organizational Law, International Dispute Settlement Law, Diplomatic Law, Air and Space Law, International Trade Organization Law, ASEAN Law, and International Economic Law.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 40 Documents
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ANALISIS MENGENAI PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KOMANDO TERHADAP KEJAHATAN SEKSUAL DAN BERBASIS GENDER (KSBG) YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH BAWAHAN (DITINJAU DARI PUTUSAN ICC NO. ICC-01/05-01/08 DALAM KASUS PROSECUTOR V. JEAN-PIERRE BEMBA GOMBO) Putri, Bella Kurnia
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 9, No 1 (2023): June 2023
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v9i1.68554

Abstract

This study examines the legal argument of the doctrine of command responsibility in relation to sexual and gender based crimes in the light of the case of Prosecutor v. Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo  (NO. ICC-01/05-01/08). To achieve such aim, the author analyzed the ICC Trial Chamber and Appeals Chamber judgements of the Gombo’s cases and was using a statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. The author argues that the Trial Chamber judgement to sentence Gombo with 18 years of prison based on command responsibility under article 28 (a) of the Rome Statute is legally in compliance with international criminal law in which Gombo’s actions have fulfilled all the elements of command responsibility.The Trial Chamber’s judgement was also in line with international norms applicable in other areas of international law, such as international humanitarian law and international human rights law which prohibit any form of sexual violence. However, the Appeals Chamber’s judgement to acquit Gombo from all charges was rather controversial as there was a change of standard of review and a different view of the “necessary and reasonable measure” as one of the elements required in crimes relates to command responsibility.
International Transportation of Nuclear and Radioactive Materials through the Lombok Strait as Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane Prawira, Muhammad Sujana; Harianto, Rahmat Edhi
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 10, No 2 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v10i2.100753

Abstract

A literature review has been carried out to determine international and national legal frameworks regarding international transportation of nuclear and radioactive materials through the Lombok Strait in Indonesia. The Lombok Strait is one of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes which has been regulated both in the national and international legal frameworks as a pathway between two oceans that passes through Indonesian waters. Transportation of goods by ship is passage of innocent as stated in Sea Law Convention. However, due to nuclear and radioactive materials are not ordinary goods, the safety and security of nuclear and radioactive materials should be ensured. The paper examines Indonesian national laws on nuclear and radioactive materials transport through Lombok Strait. Review results that apart from the carrier should comply with national and international legal frameworks, coordination between governmental agencies in Indonesia including local governments plays an important role in the innocent passage through the Lombok Strait. Finally, ensuring nuclear and radioactive materials transports are safe and secure in the context of international shipment is a necessity to ensure safety and security for workers, public and the environment.Keywords: Lombok Strait; nuclear; transport.
KEABSAHAN PERJANJIAN ARBITRASE ASIMETRIS BERDASARKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL Latip, Purkon Abdul
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 9, No 2 (2023): December 2023
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v9i2.91041

Abstract

This research analyzes the problem of the validity of an asymmetrical arbitration agreement in international commercial arbitrations based on international law such as the New York Convention, the UNCITRAL Model Law and the principle of general law. This research is normative legal research. Data used secondary one including primary legal materials, secondary, and tertiary ones. The data collection technique used library research, and deductive logic data as an analysis techniques. The results show that the validity of the arbitration agreement is influenced by the national law governing the agreement between the parties, the national law where the place where an award is made and will be enforced as it in accordance with the New York Convention, and the UNCITRAL Model Law provisions. Thus, each jurisdiction will have different considerations and decisions in granting the validity of the asymmetric arbitration agreement as it influenced by the principle of general law interpretation each jurisdiction.
PEMENUHAN HAK PENDIDIKAN ANAK BAGI PENGUNGSI DAN PENCARI SUAKA DI INDONESIA (Tinjauan Berdasarkan Konvensi Hak Anak Tahun 1989) Nethania, Etta
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 9, No 1 (2023): June 2023
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v9i1.85237

Abstract

Terhitung pada Juli 2023, data resmi yang dikeluarkan oleh UNHCR mencatat sekitar 12.097 jiwa pengungsi mencari perlindungan di Indonesia meskipun Indonesia bukan merupakan negara penandatangan Konvensi Pengungsi 1951. Indonesia memang bukan merupakan negara peratifikasi Konvensi Pengungsi 1951, namun Indonesia merupakan negara bagian dari The United Nations Convention on The Right of Childs 1989 yang membuat Indonesia harus memenuhi peraturan yang ada pada konvensi, tidak terkecuali peraturan pemenuhan hak pendidikan bagi pengungsi anak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pemenuhan hak pendidikan pengungsi anak dan memberikan perbandingan ketentuan nasional yang dimiliki Indonesia dengan negara yang memiliki kondisi serupa seperti Thailand dan Malaysia sehingga menemukan best practice yang dapat digunakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam evaluasi ketentuan nasional bagi pemenuhan hak pendidikan pengungsi anak di Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat ketidaksesuaian dalam ketentuan nasional Indonesia terhadap pemenuhan hak pendidikan pengungsi anak.
Peran Organisasi IOSCO dalam Membuat Rekomendasi Regulasi Kripto Internasional dan Mengantisipasi Kejahatan Rug pull Pada Dunia Kripto Zidane, Fahrel Ahmad
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 10, No 2 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli.v10i2.100764

Abstract

Rug pull adalah bentuk penipuan dalam industri kripto yang terjadi ketika pengembang menarik likuiditas setelah mengumpulkan dana investor, menyebabkan token kehilangan nilai. Modus yang digunakan meliputi manipulasi harga (pump and dump), penyalahgunaan smart contract, dan roadmap palsu. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) mengeluarkan rekomendasi regulasi terkait pengawasan transaksi, pelaporan aktivitas mencurigakan, serta kepatuhan terhadap standar anti money laundering (AML) dan know your customer (KYC). Beberapa negara, seperti Singapura, Jepang, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa, telah menerapkan kebijakan ketat guna meningkatkan transparansi dan perlindungan investor. Namun, tantangan tetap ada, terutama dalam pengawasan bursa terdesentralisasi (DEX). Oleh karena itu, kerja sama internasional serta pengembangan teknologi regulasi diperlukan untuk mencegah rug pull dan menjaga stabilitas ekosistem kripto
Halal Certification and the National Treatment Principle: Challenges in Harmonizing Indonesian Regulations with the WTO Fatikha, Salsabila Nur
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 11, No 1 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli ac pacis.v11i1.106270

Abstract

This paper examines Indonesia’s mandatory halal certification policy under Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Assurance (UU JPH) and its implications within the framework of international trade law. The law requires all products, both domestic and imported, to obtain halal certification before entering the Indonesian market, aiming to safeguard the religious rights of Muslim consumers. However, as a domestic regulatory measure, this obligation may create unintended trade barriers, particularly for foreign producers, by imposing additional procedural and compliance burdens. This raises concerns about Indonesia's compliance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles, especially the national treatment obligation under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement. The study highlights the legal and policy tension between protecting public morals and ensuring non-discrimination in global trade. It concludes by stressing the need for Indonesia to reconcile its domestic religious and consumer protection objectives with its international commitments, to avoid potential violations of WTO obligations and to promote a fair and equitable trade environment.
The Implications of Jurisdictional Immunity in the Enforcement of State Responsibility for Violations of Jus Cogens Norms Syafiq, Muhammad Akhdan
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 11, No 1 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli ac pacis.v11i1.106679

Abstract

This study examines the evolving relationship between Jurisdictional Immunity and violations of Jus Cogens norms. While Jurisdictional Immunity traditionally shields states from foreign lawsuits, this research posits that such immunity cannot be absolute in the face of Jus Cogens breaches (e.g., torture, genocide), especially considering obligatio erga omnes principles. Through a normative legal analysis, this study proposes that Jus Cogens violations by acte jure imperii should not result in impunity. Current international practice indicates a growing consensus that state immunity should not protect grave peremptory norm violations. Exceptions to absolute immunity are emerging through customary international law and domestic jurisprudence, driven by human rights protection and victim access to justice. The current fragmentation in these exceptions necessitates a binding international convention to standardize accountability and reparations. Recodification of international law and strengthened international institutions are crucial for integrating humanitarian exceptions and universal jurisdiction, thereby upholding the supremacy of international law and ensuring substantive justice.
The Misuse of Medical Emblems as an Act of Perfidy in the Ibnu Sina Hospital Killing Incident Prawira, Muhammad Tsani
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 11, No 1 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli ac pacis.v11i1.104858

Abstract

This study examines the legality of the military operation conducted by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) targeting the Ibn Sina Hospital, with specific reference to the prohibition against the misuse of medical emblems as enshrined in Articles 37 and 38 of Additional Protocol I (AP I) to the Geneva Conventions. Reports indicate that approximately twelve IDF soldiers disguised themselves as medical personnel to execute a targeted killing operation. This incident potentially contravenes two core provisions of International Humanitarian Law (IHL): Article 37, which prohibits acts of perfidy, and Article 38, which forbids the misuse of protected emblems. The analysis reveals that the operation satisfies the requisite elements constituting an act of perfidy. First, the conduct involved a deliberate breach of legal protections granted under IHL through the feigned status of medical personnel. Second, the act was carried out with the intent to deceive and fatally target specific individuals, thereby unlawfully capitalizing on the protections afforded by IHL. Third, the operation resulted in the confirmed deaths of three Hamas members. Furthermore, the existence of a direct causal nexus between the deceptive appearance and the fatal outcome underscores the interdependence of the two elements. Accordingly, as all four cumulative conditions of perfidy are fulfilled, it can be concluded that the operation amounted to a violation of the prohibition against treacherous conduct as articulated in Article 37 of Additional Protocol I. 
Dampak Perjanjian Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Terhadap Kebijakan Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia Fayyadhindra, Muhammad Syandana Hibatullah
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 11, No 1 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli ac pacis.v11i1.106271

Abstract

Perjanjian Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) merupakan perjanjian perdagangan bebas antara ASEAN dan negara mitranya. Pelaksanaan RCEP dilakukan melalui metode liberalisasi perdagangan khususnya pada terbukanya akses perdagangan jasa dan investasi asing. Partisipasi Indonesia dalam perjanjian ini ditandai dengan ratifikasi ke dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan penyesuaian peraturan. Penyesuaian peraturan yang dilakukan seperti pengundangan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja dan peraturan turunannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif yang menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan konseptual, bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak pelaksanaan RCEP terhadap perlindungan tenaga kerja di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan Perjanjian RCEP di Indonesia memberikan dampak pada sektor ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia melalui keterbukaan akses masuk tenaga kerja asing. Masuknya tenaga kerja asing berdampak pada tergesernya tenaga kerja Indonesia akibat perbedaan daya saing hingga berkurangnya kesempatan bekerja. Perbedaan kompetensi menjadi salah satu penyebab perusahaan cenderung menggunakan tenaga kerja asing. Berkurangnya kesempatan tenaga kerja Indonesia dalam bekerja memaksa mereka untuk menerima pekerjaan di sektor informal yang rentan terhadap terjadinya eksploitasi dan tidak memiliki akses kepada hak-hak dasar tenaga kerja.
Implikasi Hukum Putusan ICSID dalam Kasus Churchill Mining Plc. Terhadap Kebijakan Perlindungan Investasi Asing di Indonesia Hanafiah, Rafina Wiyanti
BELLI AC PACIS (Jurnal Hukum Internasional) Vol 11, No 1 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/belli ac pacis.v11i1.106406

Abstract

The dispute between Churchill Mining Plc. and the Government of Indonesia at ICSID became a critical precedent for evaluating foreign investment protection in Indonesia’s mining sector. Churchill filed claims of expropriation and violation of the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) principle after the revocation of mining permits in the East Kutai Coal Project (EKCP). These permits, obtained through local partner Ridlatama Group, were later found to be based on forged documents. Although Churchill denied involvement, the tribunal ruled that the company failed to conduct proper due diligence, rendering its investment inadmissible. This paper analyzes the legal implications of the case on Indonesia’s regulatory framework. Despite Indonesia’s victory, the case exposed structural vulnerabilities in licensing supervision, coordination between government levels, and the limitations of the Indonesia–UK Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), particularly the absence of clauses addressing illegal conduct during the investment. As a response, Indonesia has revised its BITs and recentralized mining and forestry permit authorities to ensure stronger state control and legal certainty. The Churchill case demonstrates that international investment protection is not absolute, it requires investors to act with transparency and in good faith.

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