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The aims of this research is to study various vegetation associations on Mount Salak. Sampling was done by using systematic sampling with random start. Cluster analysis was used to determine the vegetation association. The relationship between abiotic factors and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square statistic. There are 5 vegetation associations at alliance 1, 6 associations at alliance 2, and 7 associations at alliance 3. Calcium, phosphorus content of soil, soil’s texture a Muhammad Wiharto; Cecep Kusmana; Lilik Budi Prasetyo; Tukirin Partomihardjo
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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The aims of this research is to study various vegetation associations on Mount Salak. Sampling was done by using systematic sampling with random start. Cluster analysis was used to determine the vegetation association. The relationship between abiotic factors and vegetation association was analyzed using Chi-Square statistic. There are 5 vegetation associations at alliance 1, 6 associations at alliance 2, and 7 associations at alliance 3. Calcium, phosphorus content of soil, soil’s texture and slope direction are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 1. Calcium and phosphorus content of soil, and minimum altitude of plot are abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 2. Phosphorus content of soil and minimum altitude plot are the abiotic factors that affected the association at alliance 3. Key words: Mount Salak, vegetation association, cluster analysis, chi-square statistic

Rural banks (BPRs) have some roles to small industries especially in rural area. The roles of BPRs are very important to develop the small industries because their capitals still limited. But BPRs have some problems to conduct their roles. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify small industries that being client of BPRs in West Sumatra and (2) to analyze the impact of credit to the increasing of small industries performance. Those objectives can be analyzed using descriptive appro Zednita Azriani; Harianto .; Nunung Nuryartono
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Rural banks (BPRs) have some roles to small industries especially in rural area. The roles of BPRs are very important to develop the small industries because their capitals still limited. But BPRs have some problems to conduct their roles. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify small industries that being client of BPRs in West Sumatra and (2) to analyze the impact of credit to the increasing of small industries performance. Those objectives can be analyzed using descriptive approaches and econometrics in form of small industries model as simultaneous equation. The result showed that amount of credit that received by small industries was only significant to value small industries but not significant to using labor. There was no difference between the performance of constructed rural bank’s credit clients and non-constructed rural bank’s credit clients. Key words: credit, rural banks, financial performance, small industries

Migration is a natural process to distribute labor surplus in origin regions to destination regions having a high level of labor demand, but in recent years migration causes labor surplus and unemployment in the destination region. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of migration on labor market behavior and to evaluate the impact of internal migration policy on labor market behavior in Indonesia. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equation model containing 15 structur Safrida .; Bonar M. Sinaga; Hermanto Siregar; Harianto .
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 2 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Migration is a natural process to distribute labor surplus in origin regions to destination regions having a high level of labor demand, but in recent years migration causes labor surplus and unemployment in the destination region. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of migration on labor market behavior and to evaluate the impact of internal migration policy on labor market behavior in Indonesia. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equation model containing 15 structural equations and 5 identities equations are constructed. The analysis use time series 1985-2006 data. Model was estimated by 2SLS method and simulation was used the Newton method. The results of this research indicated that migration influence labor supply in Jawa, Kalimantan and other island. Factors that influence labor demand in Java are amount of industry and government development expenditure, but in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and other island influenced by total investment, government development expenditure and lag labor demand. The impact of internal migration policy on labor market by way of increasing minimum wage can not solve labor market problem because the policy cause increase unemployment in each island. The impact of increasing minimum wage and government development expenditure can solve labor market problem through decreasing unemployment, although average wage in each island is increasing. The policy can also solve distribution of population by way of decreasing migration to Jawa. Key words: internal migration, labor market

Groundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr. The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells. The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable. A research wa Suhardi .; Hidayat Pawitan; Budi Indra Setiawan; Roh Santoso B. Waspodo
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Groundwater in the District of Wajo is stored in Siwa-Pompanua basin covering an area of 93,900 ha and discharge of around 379 millions m3/yr. The groundwater is utilized to irrigate rain-fed rice fields privately by farmers by means of wells. The distance between wells and pumping rate are designed without considering the characteristics of the aquifer and adequate irrigation management so that damage in environment might occur and consequently farming might not be sustainable. A research was conducted with the objectives to study the aquifer characteristics and to develop environmentally friendly groundwater management. Mathematical models were developed by combining equations of conservation of fluid mass (continuity equations) and Darcy’s law, whereas models of groundwater management were based on crop water requirement and aquifer characteristics. Test of the model resulted in coefficient of determination equal to 0.848 for the prediction of the drawdown groundwater head. The result of the model optimization indicated the optimum discharge of each of the wells was different. One of the wells had a the biggest discharge of 1,268.33 m3/day irrigating 27.58 ha and one other of the wells had a the smallest discharge of 279.54 m3/day irrigating 6.08 ha of paddy fields based on the irrigation water requirement of 45.99 m3/ha.day. The reasonable minimum area (ha) determined with equation of power function in x, where x are irrigated hours per season. For one of planting season/yr, the coefficients of the power (α) equal to 0.0123 and the power functions (β) equal to 0.7247, while for two of planting season/yr with α equal to 0.0047 and β equal to 0.8413. Key words: sustainable groundwater utilization, paddy field irrigation, groundwater management model

The paper describes about rainfall zoning and rainfall prediction modeling and its use for rice availability and vulnerability analysis. The study used rainfall data from Station Baros (Banten region), Station Karawang and Station Kasomalang Subang (Northern Coastal of West-Java), and Station Tarogong (Garut). Fuzzy clustering methods, that was applied for rainfall zoning, used the representative data for El-Nino, La-Nina and normal means condition during 1980-2006 periods. Neural network ana Aris Pramudia; Yonny Koesmaryono; Irsal Las; Tania June; I Wayan Astika; Eleonora Runtunuwu
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 2 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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The paper describes about rainfall zoning and rainfall prediction modeling and its use for rice availability and vulnerability analysis. The study used rainfall data from Station Baros (Banten region), Station Karawang and Station Kasomalang Subang (Northern Coastal of West-Java), and Station Tarogong (Garut). Fuzzy clustering methods, that was applied for rainfall zoning, used the representative data for El-Nino, La-Nina and normal means condition during 1980-2006 periods. Neural network analysis technique was applied for rainfall prediction modeling. Training set of the model based on the rainfall data of 1990-2002 periods, and validation model based on data of 2003-2006 periods. The model were used to predict the rainfall of 2007-2008 periods. The distibution of equivalence value between rainfall stations was very variative under El-Nino, La-Nina and Normal condition. On the certain of equivalence level it could be derivated some different rainfall zone under El-Nino, La-Nina and normal condition. Model training set could explain 88% of Baros rainfall variability, 89% of Karawang rainfall variability, and 72% of Kasomalang rainfall variability. At Baros, Karawang and Subang, rainfall was predicted to be increased on November 2007-February 2008 period, and to be decreased on the March-June 2008, and to be increased on July-November 2008. The rainfall decreasing on the March-June would carry a losses of rice production up to 25%. But, applying the well irrigation management and suitable growing periods could decrease and mitigate the decreasing of paddy production. Key words: rainfall prediction model, fuzzy clustering, neural network analysis, rice vulnerability

The objectives of this research were analyzing the performance of agricultural sector and agroindustry, relation between fiscal policy and performance of agricultural sector and agroindustry; analyzing fiscal policy instruments which were effective in influencing the agricultural sector performance and agroindustry performance, and relation between agricultural sector performance and agroindustry performance within fiscal condition of Indonesia. Data time series 1970.1 – 2005.5 were analyzed wi Darsono .; Mangara Tambunan; Hermanto Siregar; D. S. Priyarsono
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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The objectives of this research were analyzing the performance of agricultural sector and agroindustry, relation between fiscal policy and performance of agricultural sector and agroindustry; analyzing fiscal policy instruments which were effective in influencing the agricultural sector performance and agroindustry performance, and relation between agricultural sector performance and agroindustry performance within fiscal condition of Indonesia. Data time series 1970.1 – 2005.5 were analyzed with Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Research results showed that decrease in the performance of agriculture sector occurred in all aspects and its role in the economy, and the same phenomena occurred also in agroindustry. Instruments of fiscal policy which in the long term affect strongly the performance of agricultural sector and agroindustry were budgets for the following: sector of agriculture, agricultural research and development, agriculture infrastructure, and fiscal decentralization. Performance respond of agricultural sector and agroindustry toward shock of fiscal policy instruments, to achieve stability, took relatively long period (9 and 8 years respectively). Performance respond of agroindustry toward shock of agricultural sector, to achieve stability, took 6 years period. Instruments of fiscal policy which were in the long term effective in improving agricultural sector performance were value added tax, agriculture subsidy, budget for agriculture research and development, budget for agriculture infrastructure, and fiscal decentralization. Instruments of fiscal policy which were in the long term effective in improving the performance of agroindustry were income tax, value added tax, budget for agriculture infrastructure, and fiscal decentralization. Performance of agricultural sector which had roles in affecting the variability of agroindustry performance were GDP of agriculture, export and import of agricultural products. Key words: fiscal policy, agricultural sector, agroindustry

Sustainable agriculture development requires a high quality and proper land management in order to promote high farmer’s income and to prevent natural resources degradation. This research was conducted in Nopu sub-watershed, a sub sub Gumbasa watershed, Central Sulawesi Province. The erosion and surface run off were observed by placing erosion plots on various ages of cocoa land uses (monoculture and agroforestry), whiles the soil quality indicators were observed by analyzing the physical and c Anthon Monde; Naik Sinukaban; Kukuh Murtilaksono; Nora H. Pandjaitan
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 3 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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Sustainable agriculture development requires a high quality and proper land management in order to promote high farmer’s income and to prevent natural resources degradation. This research was conducted in Nopu sub-watershed, a sub sub Gumbasa watershed, Central Sulawesi Province. The erosion and surface run off were observed by placing erosion plots on various ages of cocoa land uses (monoculture and agroforestry), whiles the soil quality indicators were observed by analyzing the physical and chemical properties of soil samples, which were collected from various ages of cocoa land use. The soil profile permeability and soil surface coverage were directly observed on the field. Production and farmer’s income of various cocoa land use systems in Nopu watershed were collected by using questioners. Sustainable management of cocoa (monoculture and agroforestry) was formulated by using various scenarios. Results of the study showed that 1) forest conversion into cocoa land use decreased soil quality degradation, tended to increase soil erosion and run off; 2) to establish a sustainable cocoa farming system in Nopu watershed, there should be practiced a proper and equilibrium fertilization, application of adequate soil and water conservation techniques such as mulching and construction of ditches closed (rorak) and ridges (sengkedan). Key words: cocoa, erosion, farmer’s income, forest conversion, soil quality

Silica, a polimerized silicon dioxide, is widely used as raw materials for food industries, such as food packaging, filter agent, biomarkers and biosensor for various analysis. In biological sistem such as sponge, the formation of silica structure was directed by protein known as silicatein. The aims of this research were to extract silicatein-like protein isolated from sponge live surrounding the Nias and Lombok seacost Indonesia and to study their activity to polymerize tetraethoxyorthosilic M.R.R. Lukie Trianawati; Maggy T. Suhartono; Dahrul Syah; Ekowati Chasanah
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 2 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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Silica, a polimerized silicon dioxide, is widely used as raw materials for food industries, such as food packaging, filter agent, biomarkers and biosensor for various analysis. In biological sistem such as sponge, the formation of silica structure was directed by protein known as silicatein. The aims of this research were to extract silicatein-like protein isolated from sponge live surrounding the Nias and Lombok seacost Indonesia and to study their activity to polymerize tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) in-vitro. Protein in silica spicule was isolated by collecting silica spicule, soaked in HF/NH4F buffer (pH5.0) for dissolving silica and releasing this protein. The protein was analysed by electrophoresis SDS-PAGE to estimate the molecular weight and the concentration was analyzed by Bradford method. The highest yield of silica spicula was 58.5% of dry weight sponge that was isolated from sponge MT37. By SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of protein from N6 showed three bands of 32, 27, 23 kDa, while MT5 protein was 15.5 kDa, and MT37 protein was 18 kDa. The highest polymerization activity was 144 µmol/ml TEOS occurs at 12 hours, showed by protein isolated from sponge MT37 of Lombok Marine. Key words: sponge, silicatein like-protein, tetraethoxyorthosilicate

Municipal solid waste or MSW has potency to be decomposed by microorganisms and trasformed into compost. The waste contains 60%-75% of organic materials C, H, O, and N. The aim of this research was to develop a simulation model based on mathematical equations describing the phenomenon of the composting. The population of microorganisms , the rate of O2 consumption , the rate of CO2 production , the rate of H2O production, the rate of carbon nitrogen ratio or C/N, and temperature were the v Yohanes Setiyo; Hadi K. Purwadaria; Arief Sabdo Yuwono; M. Ahkam Subroto
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
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Municipal solid waste or MSW has potency to be decomposed by microorganisms and trasformed into compost. The waste contains 60%-75% of organic materials C, H, O, and N. The aim of this research was to develop a simulation model based on mathematical equations describing the phenomenon of the composting. The population of microorganisms , the rate of O2 consumption , the rate of CO2 production , the rate of H2O production, the rate of carbon nitrogen ratio or C/N, and temperature were the variables tested in this research. Validation was carried out by comparing datum of simulation model with datum of composting. Simulation model was declared valid if the values of each parameter were r2 > 0.75, the total value of Err was closed to zero, and the distribution of Err was independent to time. The sensitivity test was analyzed by comparing the value changes of variable tied with the value changes of free variable. Correction from the simulation model in predicting the microorganism population, CO2, O2, and temperature could be expressed respectively as y’ = 1.06(y-1.003), y’ = 1.07(y+ 0.07), y’ = 1.02(y+ 0.05), and y’ = 1.02(y - 1.05). The temperature, the C/N and the rate of O2 consumption were sensitive to the changes of microorganism population and the radius of the bioreactor. Key words: composting, organic materials, simulation, bioreactor

The change of environmental problem is very complex. The highest population growth caused supply of land and natural resources to be increased. If it does not control, it can influence natural resources stock and disturbs environmental balance system land use control is part of Bogor land use planning. The objectives of this research were (1) to analyze the dynamics of land use and population in the period of 1972-2005 in Bogor Municipality, (2) to develop dynamics model and analyze the relat Yadi Suryadi; Surjono H. Sutjahjo; Bunasor Sanim; Ernan Rustiadi; Soekmana Soma
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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The change of environmental problem is very complex. The highest population growth caused supply of land and natural resources to be increased. If it does not control, it can influence natural resources stock and disturbs environmental balance system land use control is part of Bogor land use planning. The objectives of this research were (1) to analyze the dynamics of land use and population in the period of 1972-2005 in Bogor Municipality, (2) to develop dynamics model and analyze the relation between the instrument of land use control and the factors related to the sustaina tozbility of Bogor Municipality, and (3) to analyze stakeholders’ roles benefited to space control system in Bogor Municipality. The methods used for this research were (1) GIS analysis to observe the alteration influence landcover in period 1972-2005, (2) dynamic system analysis for landcover using in Bogor Municipality, and (3) AHP analysis to observe stakeholders’ role controlling use of landcover in Bogor Municipality. This research indicate that the dynamic of landcover such as forestry, mixed plantation, and open area (1972, 1983 and 1990) before to be extended were larger than after. For the landcover change such as resettlement, bush, water and wetland showed that were larger than before extended (2000 and 2005). The population dynamic analysis showed the optimum increasing on 1985-2020 (22,38%) but was not followed by good landcover use planning as indicated by forestry depletion from 25% to 2%, depletion of mixed plantation from 42% to 36%, resettlement need increased from 12% to 43%, and declining open area from 17% to 2%. These showed that Bogor developments were unsustainable. The dynamic analysis showed the correlation between the environmental component and land use control. Land use control to achieve Bogor sustainable development need many aspect such as land area, population number waste number, vehicle number, the length of roads and the role of stakeholder on land use control system in Bogor municipality though license mechanism and control. The government can influence land use control at level of controlling and level of licensing. For the government input as the authority that gives the permission of land using need to be consistent on the regulation they made. Key words: the dynamic, land use model, and controlling

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