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Through a nutritional improvement project, Bogor District had donated powdered milk formula (PMF) for severe malnutrition children under five years. Powdered milk formula was assumed as an unsterilized product, because it might contain spore forming bacteria. To evaluate the bacterial contaminant of home prepared milk formula, fourty eight samples of PMF, and 50 samples of reconstitution formula, drinking water, drinking equipment, and hand were taken proporsionally from the mothers in 10 Heal Maya Purwanti; Mirnawati Sudarwanto; Winiati P. Rahayu; A. Winny Sanjaya
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Through a nutritional improvement project, Bogor District had donated powdered milk formula (PMF) for severe malnutrition children under five years. Powdered milk formula was assumed as an unsterilized product, because it might contain spore forming bacteria. To evaluate the bacterial contaminant of home prepared milk formula, fourty eight samples of PMF, and 50 samples of reconstitution formula, drinking water, drinking equipment, and hand were taken proporsionally from the mothers in 10 Health Community Centre around Bogor District. Samples were analyzed for aerobic microbe, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and the potential of enterotoxins production. All of the donated PMF samples exhibiting a total aerobic count of <104 CFU/g (mean 1.2 x 102 CFU/g) and B. cereus count of <103 CFU/g (mean 3.0 x 102 CFU/g for PMF containing this bacterium). Improper home storage promote the growth of aerobic microbe and B. cereus. Improper preparation promote the growth of B. cereus which present initially at low level (mean 7.8 x 10 CFU/g) and became 1.6 x 103 CFU/ml after the reconstitution. Clostridium perfringens emerge at 4 samples (mean 1.5 x 10 CFU/ml) after the reconstitution. Several isolate of B. cereus (4 from PMF, 13 from opened PMF, and 2 from reconstution formula) showed a possibility to produce diarrheagenic enterotoxin while the isolate of C. perfringens did not shown it. Keywords: powdered milk formula, B. cereus, C. perfringens, diarrheagenic enterotoxin, preparation and storage

The implementation of fiscal decentralization in accordance with Law No 32/2004 regarding local government and No. 33/2004 regarding inter-government fiscal relationship was considered as the new era management and local government budget. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify factors affecting regional fiscal, regional economy, poverty ond food security and (2) to evaluate impact of fiscal decentralization policy on poverty and food security in West Java. The descriptive analysis Wiwiek Rindayati; Bunasor Sanim; M. Parulian Hutagaol; Hermanto Siregar
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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The implementation of fiscal decentralization in accordance with Law No 32/2004 regarding local government and No. 33/2004 regarding inter-government fiscal relationship was considered as the new era management and local government budget. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify factors affecting regional fiscal, regional economy, poverty ond food security and (2) to evaluate impact of fiscal decentralization policy on poverty and food security in West Java. The descriptive analysis and dynamic simultaneous equation models were used in this study, using pooled time series data of 1995-2005 and cross section data of 13 kabupatens estimated using the 2SLS method. The result of the study showed that the DAU was the source of 68% of regional income.The routine expenditures were the largest regional expenditures (77%). The policy of increasing agricultural development expenditures and wages affect poverty alleviation and increase food security in West Java. Key words: fiscal decentralization, economics growth, poverty allevation, food security

Credit aid programs can be used as a mean to improve the contribution of fishery sector. The impact of such credit on traditional fisheries was determined on the fishery productivity and their traditional fisherman income in Sulawesi Tengah Province. The research result showed that the credit was needed as an additional capital for the fishery sustainability. With such credit, the productivity of the fisheries increased as shown by sufficiently high incremental benefit which the fishermen achi Dewi Nur Asih; Harianto .; Nunung Kusnadi
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Credit aid programs can be used as a mean to improve the contribution of fishery sector. The impact of such credit on traditional fisheries was determined on the fishery productivity and their traditional fisherman income in Sulawesi Tengah Province. The research result showed that the credit was needed as an additional capital for the fishery sustainability. With such credit, the productivity of the fisheries increased as shown by sufficiently high incremental benefit which the fishermen achieved. The credit also affected the fisherman household in making decision related to such economic behaviors as productivity activities, working time, income and expenditure. Thus these behaviors were analyzed using an econometric approach with a simultaneous equation. Key words: tradisional fisheries, household economics behavior, credit, policy of developing fishery catch

Soil and water conservation treatment have a significant effect on value of C factor and soil erosion. Vegetatif conservation treatment aimed to reduce of both C factor and soil erosion of the cacao cropping system. The decrease of both C factor and soil erosion were affected by density of crop canopy and plant rows in counter line, with organic matter addition from system mentioned above. Experimental method with field study was applied in split plot design consisting three factors, namely ( Nurmi Hafid; Oteng Haridjaja; Sitanala Arsyad; Sudirman Yahya
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Soil and water conservation treatment have a significant effect on value of C factor and soil erosion. Vegetatif conservation treatment aimed to reduce of both C factor and soil erosion of the cacao cropping system. The decrease of both C factor and soil erosion were affected by density of crop canopy and plant rows in counter line, with organic matter addition from system mentioned above. Experimental method with field study was applied in split plot design consisting three factors, namely (i) slope consisting two levels (10-15% and 40-45%) and (ii) age of the cacao plant consisting two levels (5 to 7 month and 25 to 27 month) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 month and 10-15%; P2 = 25 to 27 month and 10-15%; P3 = 5 to 7 month and 40-45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 month and 40-45%), while (iii) vegetatif conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with disc clearing, T2 = dry field rice and soybean rotation within cacao plants, T3 = T2 + Arachis pintoi as strip plant. There was not interaction between both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetatif conservation treatment to value of C factor and soil erosion. The value of C factor in cacao plant and slope treatment P3 (0,43) was significantly different with P4 (0,37). The value of C factor in the vegetatif conservation treatment T1 (0,25) was significantly lower (P < 0,05) than T2 (0,55) and T3 (0,39). Soil erosion in cacao plant and slope treatment P2 (15,99 ton.ha-1.year-1) was significantly lower than P1, P3, and P4. Furthermore, soil erosion in the vegetatif conservation treatment T1 (12,95 ton ha-1 year-1) was significantly lower than T2 and T3. Data analysis with ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (P < 0,05) were done by using SAS program. Key words: cacao, erosion, the value of C factor

This research aimed to study status of arbuscular mycrorrhizal fungus (AMF) in mangrove and coastal forest post-tsunami disaster, and to study the relationship of soil phosphorus content and number of AMF spores and AMF infection of mangrove and coastal forest post tsunami disaster. Research results show that there were variability in spore numbers in the field studied. The spore numbers in mangrove forest were found as 359, 235, 118 and 160 spores per 50 g of soil in Meulaboh, Banda Aceh, Pid AAboe B. Saidi; Sri Wilarso Budi R.; Cecep Kusmana
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
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This research aimed to study status of arbuscular mycrorrhizal fungus (AMF) in mangrove and coastal forest post-tsunami disaster, and to study the relationship of soil phosphorus content and number of AMF spores and AMF infection of mangrove and coastal forest post tsunami disaster. Research results show that there were variability in spore numbers in the field studied. The spore numbers in mangrove forest were found as 359, 235, 118 and 160 spores per 50 g of soil in Meulaboh, Banda Aceh, Pidie and Nias respectively. Meanwhile, in coastal forest were 587, 297, 265 and 158 spores per 50 g in Meulaboh, Banda Aceh, Pidie and Nias respectively. The root of Rhizophora sp. and Casuarina equisetifolia were colonized by AMF both in mangrove and coastal forest. Number of spores were negatively correlated to soil phosphorus content, however, there were tendency of positive correlation between root infection and soil phosphorus content. Key words: coastal forest, mangrove forest, mycorrhiza

The field observation of this research was conducted from June 2005 to May 2007 in tropical rainforest at Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. The main objectives of this research were to study (i) the relationships between interception loss and rainfall properties and vegetation characters and to determine the dominant factors affected, (ii) the effect of rainfall interception on energy flux and mass transfer, and (iii) the dynamics of vertical energy flux under the forest and grass lan Abdul Rauf; Hidayat Pawitan; Cecep Kusmana; Tania June; G. Gravenhorst
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 31 No. 4 (2008): Forum Pascasarjana
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The field observation of this research was conducted from June 2005 to May 2007 in tropical rainforest at Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. The main objectives of this research were to study (i) the relationships between interception loss and rainfall properties and vegetation characters and to determine the dominant factors affected, (ii) the effect of rainfall interception on energy flux and mass transfer, and (iii) the dynamics of vertical energy flux under the forest and grass land. Rainfall interception was 36.34% of gross rainfall in 200 events, Depth rainfall and LAI factors had strong effects on rainfall interception. The relationships could be expressed as Ic = 0.980+0.239P+0.035LAI (R2 = 0.78). The output of this equation was compared with Gash model and the observation value showed that deviation of the equation was 1% and less than Gash model, so that equation gave as good result as Gash model gave. By considering the data requirements and calculation procedures it was concluded that this equation is applicable for interception prediction. Land use type had effects on radiative and energy balance. Net radiation (Rn) in the forest was 10.66 MJ/m2/day and higher than in the grass land where incident global radiation was similar. Vertical latent heat flux in the forest was 9.53 MJ/m2/day or 89.40% Rn in rainy day and 8.41 MJ/m2/day or 74.56% Rn in dry day, on the other hand, in the grass land, sensible heat flux was higher than latent heat flux of all weather condition. Direct effect of rainfall interception on energy flux and mass transfer it is needed latent heat about 9.0 MJ/m2/rainy day to evaporate the rain intercepted 3.69 mm/rainy day. Effect of rainfall interception had positive correlation with latent heat flux and the negative correlation with sensible heat flux. Key words: interception, energy, mass and tropical rainforest

Bacteria are microbes which have an ability to live wherever there is a life. Some of the bacteria are saprophyte and some are parasitic. But most of the bacteria have not been identified or cultured; therefore the benefits are still unknown. Methanogenic bacteria are one of the saprophyte bacteria. These bacteria produces methane, a biogas as an alternative fuel in the future. Most of methanogenic bacteria are uncultured, however a few of them are found in the sewage of coconut water. The o Ardi Kapahang; Maria Bintang; D.D. Sastraatmadja; Dedy Duryadi Solichin
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Bacteria are microbes which have an ability to live wherever there is a life. Some of the bacteria are saprophyte and some are parasitic. But most of the bacteria have not been identified or cultured; therefore the benefits are still unknown. Methanogenic bacteria are one of the saprophyte bacteria. These bacteria produces methane, a biogas as an alternative fuel in the future. Most of methanogenic bacteria are uncultured, however a few of them are found in the sewage of coconut water. The objectives of this research are to isolate, characterize and identify the methanogenic bacteria that lived in coconut water. The method of this research was fermentation, analysis characterization, and identification of methanogenic bacteria. First, methanogenic bacteria were isolated from coconut water by fermentation. The samples were from four places in Minahasa, which are Rasi (I), Koka (II), Amurang (III), and Lola (IV) and one place in Bogor (V). Secondly, the methane produced from fermentation was analysed by gas chromatography and the bacteria can be characterized by Bergey’s method. The next step is the identification which was conducted by isolating the DNA, amplifying the DNA by PCR, then sequencing the DNA with BioEdit Sequence Aligment. As the result, high and stable methane was produced in Rasi (I) and Amurang (III). The characteristic of the bacteria are red colony (M) and white colony (P). The shape of the colonies is circles, gram positive, basil shape, mesofile, positive of catalase and citrate, positive of sugar fermentation, gelatin, casein and starch hydrolysis also lived in Nutrient Broth with pH 5.7-6.8. The sequencing of isolate P resulting in nucleotide composition of G 31.25%, C 20.58%, A 27.11% and T 21.04% while isolate M are G 31.34%, C 20.31%, A 27.02% and T 21.32%. The identification of isolate M is equal with Clostridium tyrobutyricum (100 %) and isolate P is very close with Clostridium tyrobutyricum (99 %). Key words: bacteria, methane, coconut water

Fish is a perishable product, and thereby needs a special treatment to prolong its shelf life. Traditionally, drying is a common treatment for the purpose, especially by using sun drying. This paper is devoted to the study of histiophoridae fish drying using a truneated trapezoidally shaped green house effect solar dryer in order to maximize the use of solar energy. The drying system used different size of racks and tray following the dimension of the structure so as to minimize empty space. Binsar Nababan; Kamaruddin Abdullah; Armansyah H. Tambunan; A Harsono Soepardjo
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Fish is a perishable product, and thereby needs a special treatment to prolong its shelf life. Traditionally, drying is a common treatment for the purpose, especially by using sun drying. This paper is devoted to the study of histiophoridae fish drying using a truneated trapezoidally shaped green house effect solar dryer in order to maximize the use of solar energy. The drying system used different size of racks and tray following the dimension of the structure so as to minimize empty space. The dryer was equipped with 25 watt DC blowers to remove the moist air. From two experimental runs, the results show that the system can properly dry the histiophoridae fish to its desired moisture content, which ranged from 30.08% (wb) to 32.80% (wb). Utilization of the truneated trapezoidally shaped green house effect solar dryer was found to be effective in enhancing the absorbtion of solar irradiation not only by the heat absorber but also by the producs on speated the vertically arranged racks. Solar PV modules were used to power inlet exhaust fans as well as for temperature control. A PCM energy storage was also provided to provide heating during night time. Keywords: fish drying, trapezoidal shape green house, solar drying, PCM heat storage, PV modul temperature control

Inorganic farming practices could have negative impact on environmental degradation due to excessive usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. One of many efforts to re-establish land productivity and reduce environmental degradation is by way of practising organic farming. The objective of this study is to explore and develop organic farming micro enterprise system supported by micro finance institution and its implication on relevant policies. The methods used in this study include soft Bambang S. Kusmuljono; Eriyatno .; Bunasor Sanim; Gunawan Sumodiningrat
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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Inorganic farming practices could have negative impact on environmental degradation due to excessive usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. One of many efforts to re-establish land productivity and reduce environmental degradation is by way of practising organic farming. The objective of this study is to explore and develop organic farming micro enterprise system supported by micro finance institution and its implication on relevant policies. The methods used in this study include soft system methodology approach utilizing total system intervention (TSI) mechanism that covers the principles of complementarism, social awareness and emancipation, and commitment to human well-being in the context of poverty alleviation. The techniques being adopted include business feasibility, comparative performance index, strategic asumption surfacing test and analytical hierarchy process. Case study was conducted in Garut regency, West Java. The performance of organic farming activity in Garut regency is considered adequate while the most preferable micro finance institution supporting agricultural sector is the saving and loan unit from cooperative organization, but on the other hand the micro banking sector has not been attracted in general to extend credit financing to agricultural sector due mainly to risk factor. Eventually this study has been able to introduce a concept of empowering micro enterprise in organic farming involving credit guarantee institution, technical assistance and production of organic fertilizers and pesticides. In view of enhancing the financing of organic farming, the concept of credit for microenterprise in organic farming is introduced for further development and implementation. Furthermore the policy implication of this study is iniciatives for poverty reduction trust fund and coordinating institution for micro financing institutions and the relevant law governing micro credit and micro finance institutions. Key words: organic farming, fertilizer, pesticide, micro enterprise, micro credit, micro finance institution

In the framework of regional development, only few of villages which developed by transmigration program expands as Indonesian government expected. Some problems are remote location with poor access, unfertile soil, and lack of supported socioeconomic infrastructure to develop farm enterprises. This research aims to analyze a growth of countryside level, agriculture activity, a society participation and aspiration, and to compile an area development instruction. The result shows that Bukit Mak Nurharyadi .; Endriatmo Sutarto; Santun R.P. Sitorus
Forum Pasca Sarjana Vol. 30 No. 1 (2007): Forum Pascasarjana
Publisher : Forum Pasca Sarjana

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In the framework of regional development, only few of villages which developed by transmigration program expands as Indonesian government expected. Some problems are remote location with poor access, unfertile soil, and lack of supported socioeconomic infrastructure to develop farm enterprises. This research aims to analyze a growth of countryside level, agriculture activity, a society participation and aspiration, and to compile an area development instruction. The result shows that Bukit Makmur countryside has the highest hierarchy. As far as village area from the service center, it has a lower growth of countryside level. Most of people in the village hope to participate in development of their region, especially in developing of prime commodity such as oil palm which is plant in second arable land through a partnership with some investors which is facilitated by the government. East Kutai local government policy in developing area stated that Kaliorang transmigration area as a part of development area of Sangsaka Agropolitan. Infrastructure especially in transportation is a main problem, because of in developing area as an agribusiness district needs a supporting infrastructure upgrading and development and transportation facilities. Key words: Kaliorang transmigration area, prime commodity, infrastructure development

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Journal Mail Official
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Kota bogor,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA