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Pharmacy Reports
Published by Indonesian Young Scientist Group
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27989798     DOI : https://doi.org/10.51511/pr.2
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacy Reports is an open-access journal publishing peer-reviewed research in the pharmacy field, covering topics in pharmaceutics, biomedicine, pharmaceutical chemistry, bioinformatics, natural product, pharmacology and toxicology, and clinical pharmacy. Pharmacy Reports invites you to submit papers, covering topics in: pharmaceutics (pharmaceutical technology, drug delivery system), biomedicine (molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, biotechnology), pharmaceutical chemistry (analytical chemistry, medicinal chemistry: drug design, drug synthesis, pharmacochemistry, bioinformatic), natural product (fractionation, isolation, purification, and elucidation), pharmacology and toxicology (pharmacokinetics, toxicology), clinical pharmacy (therapeutic drug monitoring, adverse drug reaction, drug interaction), pharmaceutical industry, pharmacy education, community service related to pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 81 Documents
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Stability and efficacy of green solvent and natural excipient-based semisolid formulations compared with conventional formulations: a review Muh Fajar Fauzi; Eko Hidayaturrohman Khumaini
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.118

Abstract

Semisolid dosage forms, including creams, gels, ointments, hydrogels, and emulgels, are widely used for topical drug delivery. Green solvent- and natural excipient-based systems have gained attention for their potential biocompatibility and reduced environmental burden, but their stability advantages over conventional formulations remain unclear. This systematic review with narrative synthesis evaluated 36 eligible studies from 1,000 records. Due to the methodological and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, a narrative synthesis was conducted in place of quantitative pooling. Among 20 studies reporting direct comparative efficacy, 11 showed superior results for green or natural formulations, 7 reported equivalence, and 2 had mixed findings. Safety outcomes were generally comparable or more favorable for green formulations, with no serious adverse events linked to these systems. However, stability evidence was limited: only 9 studies reported stability-related parameters, and long-term or accelerated data were largely absent. While green solvent- and natural excipient-based semisolid formulations demonstrate promising efficacy and tolerability, current evidence does not establish that they are inherently more stable than conventional systems, and their translational readiness remains constrained by insufficient demonstration of reproducible formulation quality over time.
Cost of illness of breast cancer in Indonesia in 2024: an analysis from the payer perspective Sudewi Mukaromah Khoirunnisa; Didik Setiawan
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.119

Abstract

Breast cancer imposes a substantial clinical and economic burden in Indonesia, particularly within the National Health Insurance system administered by BPJS Kesehatan. Understanding cost variation by disease severity and care type is therefore essential for efficient resource allocation. This retrospective observational study used BPJS Kesehatan claims data to estimate annual direct medical costs from the payer perspective, categorizing expenses into chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, diagnostic procedures, and follow-up examinations. Costs were analyzed by outpatient versus inpatient care and inpatient severity levels (mild, moderate, severe). The total annual direct medical cost reached IDR 834.11 billion. Outpatient care accounted for the largest share of total expenditure, while inpatient care incurred substantially higher per-patient costs. Costs increased consistently with severity across all components, with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy identified as the main cost drivers, particularly in severe inpatient cases. Median cost differences between outpatient care and all inpatient severity levels were statistically significant (p<0.001). These findings highlight the significant financial burden of breast cancer on Indonesia’s national health insurance system, strongly influenced by disease severity and inpatient utilization, and underscore the importance of early detection and optimized outpatient care to improve efficiency and long-term sustainability of cancer care financing under Indonesia’s national health insurance system (JKN).
Optimizing a vaseline–lanolin ointment base for Momordica charantia extract using a simplex lattice design Muh Fajar Fauzi; Sarmoko; Tantri Liris Nareswari; Ahmad Bayu Satriawan; Nisa Yulianti Suprahman; Evi Kurniawaty
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.126

Abstract

Topical delivery of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) extract is a promising approach for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy, yet the performance of the dosage form depends strongly on the composition of the formulation base. This study aimed to optimize a two-component vaseline–lanolin ointment base for M. charantia extract using a simplex lattice mixture design. Five blends spanning the binary mixture space were prepared and characterized for viscosity, spreadability, adhesiveness, and pH. Polynomial mixture models were fitted to each response, model adequacy was assessed by analysis of variance and lack-of-fit testing, and a multi-response Derringer desirability function was applied to locate a compromise optimum, which was then verified experimentally. Increasing the lanolin proportion generally increased viscosity and adhesiveness but reduced spreadability, whereas higher vaseline fractions improved spreadability while maintaining pH within a skin-compatible range. The models showed good fit and predictive utility, and the selected blend (vaseline:lanolin = 70:30) met all predefined physical criteria, with observed responses showing no significant difference from predicted values. In conclusion, simplex lattice optimization efficiently guided the vaseline–lanolin ratio toward a base with favorable rheological properties, providing a useful and reproducible platform for incorporating M. charantia extract in future efficacy and stability studies.
Associations of diabetes knowledge and medication adherence with clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at public health centers in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Dirga; Irfanianta Arif Setyawan; Atika Dalili Akhmad
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.124

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires sustained self-management to maintain glycemic control. Knowledge and medication adherence are important components of diabetes care, but their association with clinical outcome achievement in primary healthcare settings remains context specific. This cross-sectional study evaluated the associations of diabetes knowledge and medication adherence with clinical outcomes among patients with T2DM attending public health centers in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. A total of 176 outpatients with T2DM who had received antidiabetic therapy, including oral antidiabetic drugs and/or insulin, for at least one month were included from August to October 2020. Knowledge and medication adherence were assessed using the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire 24 (DKQ-24) and the Medication Adherence Report Scale 5 (MARS-5), respectively. Clinical outcomes were determined from fasting plasma glucose and random blood glucose values obtained from medical records. Most patients did not achieve the clinical outcome target (122/176; 69.3%). The study-specific DKQ-24 score category was not significantly associated with clinical outcome achievement (p = 0.651; OR = 0.862; 95% CI = 0.453–1.641). Medication adherence was significantly associated with clinical outcome achievement in bivariate analysis (p = 0.048; OR = 1.917; 95% CI = 1.002–3.665). In the complete adjusted logistic regression model, medication adherence showed a positive but non-significant association after adjustment for gender, BMI/obesity, and duration of T2DM (p = 0.076; adjusted OR = 1.847; 95% CI = 0.939–3.635). Gender and BMI/obesity remained significantly associated with clinical outcome achievement. These findings suggest that adherence support and weight management should be prioritized in diabetes care at primary health centers.
In silico screening of cucurbitacin variants identifies 11-deoxycucurbitacin I as a candidate ligand for the NACHT domain of NLRP3 Sarmoko; Ahmad Zammi Autadan Hakim; Nisa Yulianti Suprahman; Refsya Azanti Putri; Muhammad Yogi Saputra; Tantri Liris Nareswari; Manami Toriyama
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.125

Abstract

Chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of diseases, driving the need for novel anti-inflammatory agents with minimal side effects. The NACHT domain of NLRP3 mediates ATP-dependent inflammasome assembly and represents a validated target for anti-inflammatory therapy. This study aimed to predict and compare the binding interactions of twenty-two cucurbitacin variants against the NACHT domain using molecular docking, following geometry optimization with Density Functional Theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). Docking validation reproduced the native ligand pose with an RMSD of 0.87 angstrom. Among all variants tested, 11-deoxycucurbitacin I showed the most favorable predicted binding energy (-7.38 kcal/mol), sharing several interacting residues with the native ligand RM5, including Ala227, Ala228, Pro352, Ile411, Phe575, and Met661, although its predicted affinity remained weaker than that of RM5 (-10.35 kcal/mol). These shared contacts suggest that 11-deoxycucurbitacin I may engage a similar region of the NACHT inhibitor-binding pocket as RM5. In conclusion, 11-deoxycucurbitacin I is identified as the most favorable predicted binder among the cucurbitacin variants tested toward the NACHT domain, representing a candidate warranting further experimental validation.
Network pharmacology and molecular docking of cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from Momordica charantia against psoriasis-associated targets Ahmad Bayu Satriawan; Sarmoko; Tantri Liris Nareswari; Nisa Yulianti Suprahman; Muh Fajar Fauzi; I Gede Raditya Purwanata
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.127

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, persistent inflammation, dysregulated apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. Momordica charantia has attracted attention as a potential anti-psoriatic herbal candidate; however, the molecular basis of its bioactive metabolites remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the anti-psoriatic potential of cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from M. charantia using integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking. Of 192 secondary metabolites, 50 passed pharmacokinetic and toxicity screening, yielding 347 predicted human targets, of which 159 overlapped with 3,383 psoriasis-associated genes. Key hub genes identified by protein-protein interaction and topological analyses included AKT1, TNF, EGFR, STAT3, IL1B, CASP3, MMP9, HIF1A, and ESR1, with enriched biological processes related to oxidative stress, lipid and hormonal responses, and intracellular receptor signaling. Molecular docking of five cucurbitane-type triterpenoids against four validated hub proteins demonstrated consistently favorable predicted binding affinities for AKT1 via its allosteric pocket, as well as for EGFR and IL1B. Karavilagenin A showed the most favorable binding energy against AKT1, momordicin I against EGFR and IL1B, and cucurbitacin B demonstrated favorable profiles across multiple targets. These findings suggest that M. charantia may influence psoriasis-related biology through multi-target mechanisms, providing a basis for further experimental validation.
Transfersome nanocarriers of green arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) bean extract: physicochemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity Nur Adliani; Amelya Lukita; Yasinda Oktariza; Tantri Liris Nareswari
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.129

Abstract

Green Arabica coffee beans contain high concentrations of phenolic antioxidants, including chlorogenic acid and gallic acid, with demonstrated potential for topical skin protection. To enhance skin penetration and bioavailability of these active compounds, a transfersome delivery system was developed using ethanolic extract of green Arabica coffee beans from Aceh, Indonesia. Five formulations (F1–F5) were prepared by the thin-film hydration method with varying soybean lecithin:Tween 80 ratios (90:10 to 50:50), maintaining a total lipid mass of 500 mg and a fixed extract load of 50 mg. Physicochemical evaluation showed no significant differences in pH (5.41–5.46) across formulations, while viscosity of F1 was significantly higher than F2–F5 (p<0.05). Gallic acid content, determined by HPLC-UV, was highest in F4 at 45.370 mg/L. F4 also exhibited optimal particle characteristics (mean size 10.595 nm, zeta potential −30.5 mV, PDI < 0.3) and the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.652 ± 0.083 µg/mL). The 60:40 lecithin:Tween 80 ratio of F4 provided optimal bilayer flexibility without compromising vesicular integrity. These results support F4 as a promising topical antioxidant candidate; skin permeation and stability studies are required for further development.
Pyrrolidone-doped cellulose acetate nanofibers: a preliminary field evaluation in a mobile air filtration unit for clinical use Amin Saiff Johari; Shahrul Nizam Md Salleh; Azman Seeni; Muhamad Hazri Othman
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.132

Abstract

Airborne microbial contamination remains a persistent threat to patient safety in clinical settings, and conventional bioaerosol control strategies, particularly HEPA-based filtration, are limited by their inability to inactivate trapped microorganisms, which can continue to proliferate within the filter and recirculate into the air. This study presents a preliminary field evaluation of pyrrolidone-doped cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibers integrated into a mobile air filtration unit, aimed at reducing airborne microbial burden in a real clinical environment. The filtration unit was deployed for four weeks in an observation ward at a general hospital, and antibacterial efficacy was assessed using in situ filter sampling and active air sampling, with isolate identification performed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The pyrrolidone-doped CA filter achieved a significant reduction in bacterial colony counts of 51.70% at week 1 (p < 0.05), though the reduction observed at week 4 (21.68%) was not statistically significant. Active air sampling showed corresponding, non-significant reductions in airborne bacterial load of 9.52% at week 1 and 5% at week 4. Four bacterial genera were isolated from the ward air, namely Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Priestia, and Acinetobacter, including Acinetobacter baumannii, a WHO priority pathogen associated with multidrug resistance. These findings provide preliminary evidence that pyrrolidone-doped CA nanofiber filtration can meaningfully reduce short-term airborne bacterial burden in a clinical setting, while also highlighting a decline in efficacy over prolonged use that warrants further investigation into filter longevity and replacement intervals. Larger-scale, controlled studies are needed to validate this strategy as a viable adjunct for improving indoor air quality and reducing hospital-acquired infection risk.
Exploring antioxidant potential of thiazole derivatives through functional group engineering: a molecular docking and molecular dynamics approach Haura Habiba; Hendrik Manullang; Putri Sekar Kristiany; Zahra Wahdini; Yuni Marhayuni; Citra Deliana Dewi Sundari; Atthar Luqman Ivansyah; Endang Rahmat; Refsya Azanti Putri; Sarmoko; Muhammad Yogi Saputra
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.150

Abstract

Thiazole derivatives are promising antioxidant candidates due to their tunable structures and diverse biological activities. This study investigated the effect of functional group engineering on the antioxidant potential of thiazole derivatives using molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations against the antioxidant-related target protein 1U7F. Five substituents, namely amide, hydroxyl, catechol, imidazole, and thiol groups, were introduced into the thiazole scaffold. Docking results showed that the amide-substituted derivative exhibited the strongest binding affinity, with a binding energy of −186.364 kJ/mol, followed by catechol, hydroxyl, imidazole, and thiol derivatives. Interaction analysis indicated that amide and hydroxyl-containing ligands formed more extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions with key active-site residues, contributing to stronger protein–ligand stabilization. Molecular dynamics analyses based on RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, solvent-accessible surface area, and hydrogen bonding confirmed that all complexes remained structurally stable throughout the simulation. The thiol-substituted derivative showed the highest dynamic structural stability, whereas MM-PBSA analysis revealed that the amide-substituted derivative had the most favorable binding free energy. Overall, these findings demonstrate that functional group modification significantly influences the binding affinity and dynamic stability of thiazole derivatives. The amide group is the most promising substituent for enhancing antioxidant potential through stronger protein binding, while the thiol group contributes to superior structural stability during simulation.
Effect of PEG 400 concentration on the physicochemical characteristics and stability of Persea americana seed oil nanoemulsion hair spray Tarisa Wulandari; Gayatri Simanullang; Riri Fauziyya
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.128

Abstract

Avocado seed oil (Persea americana) is rich in oleic acid and has shown potential for reducing hair loss, but earlier hair-tonic formulations had practical drawbacks that a nanoemulsion spray may overcome. This study evaluated the effect of the co-surfactant PEG 400 (15%, 20%, or 25%; formulas F1–F3) on the physicochemical properties and short-term stability of an avocado seed oil nanoemulsion hair spray, prepared in triplicate. All formulas were yellow, liquid, with a characteristic odor, and met the required pH, viscosity, spreadability, and transmittance specifications (≥99.8%). Increasing PEG 400 concentration significantly decreased pH and viscosity and increased spreadability (Pearson r = −0.990, −0.982, and 0.993; p<0.01). F3 (25% PEG 400) showed the most stable pH, viscosity, and spreadability across a six-cycle accelerated stability test and was selected for further characterization, yielding a particle size of 14.6±0.1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.234±0.04, and a zeta potential of −4.0±0.52 mV. F3 was therefore the best-performing formula, combining good physicochemical stability with a very small, uniform droplet size. However, its low zeta potential indicates that electrostatic repulsion is unlikely to be the main stabilization mechanism, and further work on colloidal stability and hair-growth efficacy is needed before pharmaceutical application.

Page 8 of 9 | Total Record : 81

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