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Pharmacy Reports
Published by Indonesian Young Scientist Group
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27989798     DOI : https://doi.org/10.51511/pr.2
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacy Reports is an open-access journal publishing peer-reviewed research in the pharmacy field, covering topics in pharmaceutics, biomedicine, pharmaceutical chemistry, bioinformatics, natural product, pharmacology and toxicology, and clinical pharmacy. Pharmacy Reports invites you to submit papers, covering topics in: pharmaceutics (pharmaceutical technology, drug delivery system), biomedicine (molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, biotechnology), pharmaceutical chemistry (analytical chemistry, medicinal chemistry: drug design, drug synthesis, pharmacochemistry, bioinformatic), natural product (fractionation, isolation, purification, and elucidation), pharmacology and toxicology (pharmacokinetics, toxicology), clinical pharmacy (therapeutic drug monitoring, adverse drug reaction, drug interaction), pharmaceutical industry, pharmacy education, community service related to pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 70 Documents
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Characteristics and evaluation of potential drug interactions among HIV/AIDS outpatients: a retrospective study at primary health center in a North Lampung regency, Indonesia Nabila, Novrilia Atika; Karim, Miska Aulia; Akhmad, Atika Dalili
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.102

Abstract

People living with HIV/AIDS require lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) and frequently experience complications and comorbidities that raise the risk of drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to characterize the patients, describe their medication use, and identify potential drug interactions among HIV/AIDS patients at a primary health center in North Lampung Regency. We performed a retrospective, descriptive review of medical records from January to December 2024. All eligible HIV/AIDS patients (N = 31) were included via total sampling. Drug interaction screening used the Lexicomp® application and Stockley’s Drug Interactions. The results showed that most HIV/AIDS patients were male (74.19%), aged 36–45 years (41.93%), and classified as WHO clinical stage I (38.70%). The first‑line ART regimen TLE (tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz) was prescribed to 54.8% of patients. A total of 35 potential interactions were identified: 65.7% were moderate pharmacokinetic, 28.6% minor pharmacokinetic, and 5.7% pharmacodynamic (2.9% major and 2.9% moderate). Moderate pharmacokinetic interactions predominated, underscoring the importance of proactive screening and ongoing medication review by pharmacists to prevent adverse events and optimize therapy in HIV/AIDS care.
How do French patients perceive the environmental impact of drugs? Cherif, Sirajdine; Michel, Bruno
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.103

Abstract

Medications account for nearly one-third of healthcare-related greenhouse gas emissions in France, yet their environmental impact remains largely overlooked in public discourse. This study aimed to explore how patients with chronic illnesses perceive their medications’ ecological footprint and identify opportunities for a more sustainable pharmaceutical model supported by patient engagement. An anonymous survey was conducted via an online survey among French adults with chronic illnesses (asthma, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic myeloid leukaemia) to explore their awareness and attitudes regarding the environmental impact of medications. The 11-item questionnaire was distributed via patient associations and social media over two weeks (October 15–November 1, 2024). Data were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics; open-ended responses were thematically explored. Nearly 90.0% (n=202) of respondents were willing to choose medications with a lower environmental impact, provided their efficacy and tolerability were equivalent. However, 47.0% (n=104) of patients were unsure if there is a link between environmental impact and medication effectiveness, highlighting a significant lack of clarity on the topic. This uncertainty reinforces the need for accessible and transparent information. Over 88.0% (n=199) of participants wished to be informed about the environmental footprint of their treatments, favouring labelling on medication packaging. While most patients were willing to act individually—by returning unused medications or choosing greener options—only 68.7% (n=155) reported using recycling programs, a rate below the national documented average of 81.0%. Patients also expressed a strong desire for systemic change: 87.0% (n=195) supported the inclusion of environmental criteria in national medication evaluation policies, and they also expected the pharmaceutical industry to invest in sustainability, while remaining cautious about potential economic trade-offs. In conclusion, patients are open to contributing to a more sustainable healthcare model, but a lack of clear, trustworthy information and accessible environmental options hinders their willingness. Public institutions, healthcare providers, and pharmaceutical companies must work together to support this shift by raising awareness and making sustainable choices visible, credible, and actionable within the patient care pathway.
Original and generic medicines: clinical, economic and social aspects in the context of health care systems Lewandowski, Marcin; Religioni, Urszula; Agnieszka, Barańska; Krystian, Wdowiak; Kobayashi, Adam; Borowska, Mariola; Marcin, Czech; Piotr, Wierzbiński; Daniel, Śliż; Katarzyna, Plagens–Rotman; Merks, Piotr
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.105

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes evidence on clinical, regulatory, economic, and social aspects of generic drug use, focusing on European and Polish contexts. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and regulatory sources for English and Polish-language records published January 2015 to October 2025. Regulatory authorities apply rigorous bioequivalence and Good Manufacturing Practice standards ensuring generics meet the same quality requirements as branded counterparts. Across most small-molecule indications, these standards predict comparable therapeutic outcomes, with residual caution for narrow-therapeutic-index or modified-release medicines. Despite regulatory assurance, perceptions of inferiority persist among healthcare professionals and patients, influenced by misinformation, inconsistent communication, and branding cues. Economically, generics consistently reduce public and out-of-pocket expenditures and enable reinvestment in innovative therapies. Policy tools such as reference pricing, INN prescribing, and pharmacist substitution shape uptake, though implementation varies. Supply-chain vulnerabilities and market-sustainability pressures threaten continuity of access. Four priority actions emerge: improve transparency of regulatory decisions and product-level information at point of care, standardize professional and public education on generic equivalence, protect sustainable competition through calibrated pricing and diversified sourcing, and prioritize real-world comparative research in sensitive indications. These measures would strengthen trust, ensure reliable access, and allow savings to be reinvested in high-value innovation.
Drug utilization patterns and dosing appropriateness of antirheumatic drugs in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis at Harapan dan Doa General Hospital, Bengkulu City, Indonesia Juniarti, Silvia; Rahmawati, Reza; Maryanti, Evi; Handayani, Dian; Sari, Delia Komala; Sari, Dwi Dominica; Pertiwi, Reza; Oktarini, Rizki; Wulandari, Septi
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.106

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that requires long-term treatment and careful management. Inappropriate therapy may increase morbidity and mortality; therefore, appropriate drug selection and prescribing are essential to improving healthcare quality, particularly in hospital settings. This study aimed to determine the prescribing patterns of medications for patients with rheumatoid arthritis at Harapan dan Doa General Hospital in Bengkulu City. A descriptive, quantitative design was employed, utilizing a total sampling technique. The results showed that, based on drug combination patterns, most patients received triple-drug therapy (46.66%), followed by dual therapy (31.61%) and monotherapy (21.64%). The most common monotherapy was etoricoxib (8.33%), while the most frequent two-drug combination was methotrexate and methylprednisolone (11.66%). The predominant three-drug combination consisted of methotrexate, methylprednisolone, and meloxicam (15%). Based on therapeutic class, the prescribed drugs included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (80%), corticosteroids (71.66%), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (61.66%), and analgesics (10%). Although all prescribed drugs followed the recommended dosing guidelines, NSAIDs and corticosteroids were used more frequently than methotrexate. This pattern may reflect variations in clinical practice or differences in patient characteristics.
Out-of-pocket expenditure in Indonesia’s national health insurance: evidence from household survey in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia Akhmad, Atika Dalili; Setyawan, Irfanianta Arif; Dirga
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.107

Abstract

Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (NHI) was established to promote equitable access to healthcare and protect households from financial hardship. However, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments continue to occur, leading in catastrophic health for many families. This study aimed to measure the incidence and identify the determinants of OOP spending among NHI participants in Bandar Lampung. A cross-sectional survey involving 253 NHI members was conducted in 2020 across clinics, public health centers, and pharmacies. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. OOP spending was reported by 31.62% of respondents. Bivariate analysis indicated that the type of health facility (p = 0.004) and membership status (p = 0.040) significantly influenced OOP expenditure, while age, gender, education, occupation, income, and treatment class were not significant. Multivariate analysis confirmed that visits to clinics (p = 0.018) and membership in Mandiri or PBI groups (both p = 0.039) were associated with a higher likelihood of OOP payments. Despite essential health services being covered under NHI, OOP expenditure remains a considerable financial burden. These findings highlight the need for stronger policy interventions to improve benefit coverage and ensure equitable financial protection under Indonesia’s NHI system.
Evaluation of prescribing rationality for rheumatoid arthritis patients at a regional hospital in Indonesia Zahra, Alya Fauziah; Yuniarni, Umi; Laksono, Bambang Tri
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.109

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis requires long-term pharmacotherapy with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Irrational prescribing can lead to treatment failure, adverse effects, and increased healthcare costs. This study evaluated prescribing rationality for rheumatoid arthritis patients at RSUD Al Ihsan, Bandung, Indonesia, during 2023. A retrospective cross-sectional design was employed, analyzing medical records of 81 outpatients using five rationality criteria: appropriate indication, appropriate drug, appropriate dose, appropriate patient, and appropriate dosing interval. Results showed complete compliance for appropriate indication (100%) and appropriate drug selection (100%). However, deficiencies were identified in dose appropriateness (81.82%), patient appropriateness (97%), and dosing interval appropriateness (81.82%). Dose-related errors involved diclofenac sodium prescribed below therapeutic range and etoricoxib exceeding recommended doses. Patient-related inappropriateness included diclofenac sodium use in four elderly patients over 65 years without documented gastroprotection. Interval-related errors involved etoricoxib and meloxicam prescribed more frequently than recommended. Overall prescribing rationality was 92.1%, indicating generally appropriate practices with specific areas requiring improvement through clinical decision support systems, prescriber education, and regular prescribing audits.
Photoprotective efficacy and physicochemical stability of sunscreen gel containing Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaf extract Wittami, Rega Gustiya; Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia; Ramadhani, Untia Kartika Sari
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.110

Abstract

Chronic UV-B exposure causes significant skin damage, necessitating effective photoprotective strategies. This study developed and evaluated sunscreen gel formulations containing ethanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves at varying concentrations. Extraction was performed using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), while sun protection factor (SPF) determination employed the Mansur spectrophotometric method. Four gel formulations were prepared: F0 (0%, control), F1 (0.2%), F2 (1%), and F3 (5% extract). Physicochemical characterization revealed that all formulations exhibited acceptable organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH (4.5 to 7.0), viscosity (2,000 to 50,000 cps), spreadability (5 to 7 cm), and adhesiveness (>1 second). Accelerated stability testing demonstrated stable pH, viscosity, spreadability, and SPF values, although adhesiveness showed statistical variation while remaining within acceptable limits. SPF analysis revealed concentration-dependent photoprotective efficacy: F1 achieved maximum protection, while F2 and F3 demonstrated ultra protection, with F3 exhibiting the highest SPF value of 36.9. These findings confirm that increased A. bilimbi extract concentration correlates with enhanced photoprotective activity, establishing the potential of this natural ingredient for sunscreen applications.
Effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on length of hospital stay and clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia patients Rostalina, Irma; Meiliana, Made Laksmi; Kusniawati, Mega Ayu
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.111

Abstract

Community-acquired pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite antibiotic therapy. Corticosteroids may modulate excessive inflammatory responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, but their clinical utility remains controversial. To evaluate the effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on length of hospital stay and clinical parameters in community-acquired pneumonia patients. This retrospective observational study analyzed medical records of 59 community-acquired pneumonia patients at Hospital X, Bandar Lampung, during 2023. Patients were categorized into steroid (n=39) and non-steroid (n=20) groups. Clinical parameters including fever, cough, dyspnea, respiratory rate, and length of hospital stay were compared using chi-square analysis. Significant differences were observed in length of stay (p=0.044), dyspnea resolution (p=0.022), and respiratory rate normalization (p=0.042), with the steroid group showing longer durations. No significant differences were found in fever (p=0.653) and cough resolution (p=0.679). Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy did not demonstrate clinical benefit in this population and was associated with prolonged hospital stay, suggesting the need for careful patient selection and standardized protocols.
Concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of Ruellia tuberosa L. leaf extract against Propionibacterium acnes Yani, Indri; Hamidu, La; Meiliana, Made Laksmi
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.112

Abstract

Acne vulgaris, primarily caused by Propionibacterium acnes, affects millions globally, yet current antibiotic treatments face increasing resistance. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Ruellia tuberosa L. leaf ethanol extract against P. acnes ATCC 6919 using the disc diffusion method. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. Five extract concentrations (15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% w/v) were tested alongside negative control (distilled water) and positive control (0.1% clindamycin) in quadruplicate. Results demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones increasing from 5.00 ± 1.30 mm (15%, weak) to 11.81 ± 0.84 mm (35%, strong), compared to 22.05 ± 0.27 mm for clindamycin. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among groups (p < 0.001), with Tukey post-hoc analysis confirming progressive activity increases from 15% to 30%, but no significant difference between 30% and 35% (p > 0.05). These findings provide preliminary evidence that Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract possesses antibacterial potential against P. acnes, warranting further investigation for botanical anti-acne formulation development.
Dermatological properties of Cosmos caudatus Kunth for photoprotection, anti-aging, and skin brightening applications Husnayanti, Ana; Sugiyanto; Kintoko; Nurhayati
Pharmacy Reports Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Pharmacy Reports
Publisher : Indonesian Young Scientist Group and UPN Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51511/pr.114

Abstract

Cosmos caudatus Kunth, a tropical medicinal herb traditionally used across Southeast Asia, has emerged as a promising botanical ingredient for cosmeceutical applications. This narrative review systematically synthesizes current evidence on its dermatological properties through comprehensive literature search of Scopus and PubMed databases (2015-2025), yielding 25 studies meeting inclusion criteria for skin-relevant bioactivities. Phytochemical characterization consistently identifies flavonoid glycosides, particularly quercetin derivatives (quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin), as major bioactive constituents responsible for multifaceted skin benefits. In vitro studies demonstrate potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 17.77-163.6 μg/mL in DPPH assay), significant inhibition of collagenase, elastase, and matrix metalloproteinases underlying anti-aging effects, and superior tyrosinase inhibition (IC₅₀ 6.803 μg/mL) for skin brightening. Photoprotective capacity exhibits remarkable formulation-dependent enhancement, progressing from minimal protection in raw extracts (SPF 3.26) to ultra-protection in optimized cream formulations (SPF 45.59). Advanced delivery systems including nanotechnology (particle size 160-176 nm) and microencapsulation (79.67% flavonoid retention) further enhance stability and bioavailability. Additional antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes positions C. caudatus uniquely for acne-hyperpigmentation management. Despite robust in vitro evidence, clinical validation through human trials remains a critical research priority. This review establishes C. caudatus as a scientifically validated, multifunctional botanical ingredient with substantial commercial potential in the natural cosmeceutical market.

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