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INDONESIA
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum
Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada
ISSN : 25811037     EISSN : 25495925     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
JCEF focuses on advancing the development of sustainable infrastructure and disseminating conceptual ideas and implementing countermeasures, particularly in the tropics, which are vulnerable to disasters. Specifically, we look to publish articles with the potential to make real-world contributions to improving both local communities and countries readiness for and responsiveness to natural and human-made disasters. The particular emphasis of JCEF is given to the civil & environmental engineering researches associated with natural disasters such as geo-disaster (earthquake, landslide, and volcanic eruption), water-related disaster (flood, debris flow, coastal disaster, and tsunami), and human-made disasters such as soil, water, and air pollution and water scarcity. Articles describing the topics of disaster risk reduction techniques, disaster early warning system, climate change adaptation, vulnerability analysis and trends, pre and/or post-disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation planning and management, forensic engineering, the socio-engineering approach for the countermeasures, or water reuse and recycle are particularly encouraged.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik Sipil dan Struktur
Articles 137 Documents
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Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis Assessment in Cianjur Following the Mw 5.6, 2022 Earthquake Ardha, Yusufa Kholifa; Satyarno, Iman; Marliyani, Gayatri Indah
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18988

Abstract

On November 21, 2022, a Mw 5.6 earthquake struck Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia, causing extensive damage to buildings, infrastructure, and public facilities, and resulting in 602 fatalities and thousands of injuries. The earthquake’s hypocenter was located near the Cugenang Sub-District, leading to the identification of the previously unmapped Cugenang Fault as its source. This discovery highlights the need to reassess seismic hazards in the region, as it reveals the existence of previously unrecognized active faults. This study conducts a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) for Cianjur using an updated seismic source model that incorporates the Cugenang Fault. We apply updated ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) and utilize the logic tree method to account for uncertainties in attenuation equations and source parameters. Ground motion is expressed as peak ground acceleration (PGA) on both bedrock and surface conditions for return periods of 100, 150, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 years. These return periods capture the hazard levels associated with both frequent low-magnitude and rare high-magnitude earthquakes. Our findings indicate that high PGA values in the Cianjur area are concentrated around crustal faults, exceeding 1.0 g for return periods of 2,500 years and beyond. The Cugenang Fault has a localized impact, with its influence extending up to approximately 10 km from the fault line. A seismic hazard disaggregation analysis confirms that crustal faults are the dominant seismic sources in the region. The results of this study provide valuable insights for updated seismic risk in Cianjur and support future mitigation strategies, urban planning, and infrastructure design to enhance earthquake resilience in the affected area.
Transformation of Geospatial Modelling of Soil Erosion Susceptibility Using Machine Learning Olii, Muhammad Ramdhan; Nento, Sartan; Doda, Nurhayati; Olii, Rizky Selly Nazarina; Djafar, Haris; Pakaya, Ririn
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 2 (May 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.19581

Abstract

Soil erosion presents substantial environmental and economic challenges, especially in areas prone to land degradation. This study assesses the use of Machine Learning (ML) methods—Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM)—to model Soil Erosion Susceptibility (SES) in the Saddang Watershed, Indonesia. It incorporates environmental, hydrological, and topographical factors to improve prediction accuracy. The approach includes multi-source geospatial data collection, erosion inventory mapping, and relevant factor selection. SVM and GLM were applied to classify SES, with performance evaluated using accuracy, AUC, and precision metrics. Results show SVM classified 40.59% of the area as moderately susceptible and 38.50% as low susceptibility. GLM identified 24.55% as very low and 38.59% as low susceptibility. Both models demonstrated high accuracy (SVM: 87.4%, GLM: 87.2%) and strong AUC values (SVM: 0.916, GLM: 0.939), though GLM showed better specificity and recall. Feature importance analysis highlights that GLM favors hydrological factors like river proximity and drainage density, while SVM balances across various environmental inputs. These findings affirm the value of ML-based geospatial modeling for SES assessment, supporting interventions such as reforestation and erosion control. SVM is suitable for localized planning, whereas GLM offers strategic-level insights. This research contributes to advancing environmental modeling by embedding domain knowledge into ML frameworks, and suggests future work integrate real-time remote sensing and more sophisticated models for broader SES prediction.
Sustainable Lightweight Concrete Using Candlenut Shell as Coarse Aggregate: The Impact of Water-Cement Ratios on Strength and Density Hasrul, Muhammad Reza; Rahman, Mohammad Junaedy; Helmy, Ahnaf Riyandirga Ariyansyah Putra; Natsir, Taufiq; Asrib, Ahmad Rifqi
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18175

Abstract

This study explores the promising potential of Candlenut Shell Aggregate (CSA) as a sustainable and innovative alternative for lightweight concrete production. Derived from Aleurites moluccanus, CSA is an agricultural by-product characterized by its low density, moderate abrasion resistance, and high water absorption make it suitable for non-structural applications like wall panels and flooring. However, integrating CSA into concrete mixes requires careful management of the water-cement (w/c) ratio which significantly affects compressive strength, density, and workability. Concrete mixes were prepared using the absolute volume method, with w/c ratios ranging from 0.65 to 0.30, to identify the optimal balance. The absolute volume principle was applied for all mix designs. Our results indicate that an optimal w/c ratio of 0.55 yields the most favorable balance, achieving the highest compressive strength of 14.3 MPa and a maximum density of approximately 1850 kg/m3. This specific ratio strikes an ideal equilibrium between adequate cement hydration and effective void minimization within the concrete matrix. Conversely, higher w/c ratios lead to increased porosity, diminishing both strength and density, while lower ratios impair workability, hindering compaction and hydration, ultimately degrading performance. These findings resonate strongly with existing prior research, further emphasizing the crucial need for pre-treatment of CSA, such as soaking or the strategic incorporation of admixtures, to effectively mitigate its inherent high absorption and enhance overall mix performance. In conclusion, this study robustly confirms the feasibility of utilizing CSA as a lightweight aggregate. This represents a significant step towards developing an eco-friendly solution that not only contributes to global sustainability goals by repurposing agricultural waste but also actively reduces reliance on conventional, resource-intensive aggregates. Future research should explore the long-term durability of CSA-based concrete and investigate advanced admixtures to further enhance its properties for broader applications.
Impact of Tree Canopy Elevation on Rainfall Attenuation and Soil Erosion Dynamics for Enhanced Erosion Control Haqdad, Khwaja Mir Tamim; Satofuka, Yoshifumi; Fujimoto, Masamitsu; Murata, Masahiro
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18539

Abstract

Afforestation harvesting operations and the interception processes of tree canopies profoundly impact rainfall intensity attenuation, thereby altering both the magnitude and intensity of rainfall, which leads to changes in the production of runoff and sediment. Concurrently, the kinetic energy (KE) of raindrops is moderated by the presence of the canopy, with heightened attenuation observed during the canopy’s full leaf-out phase. This attenuation of rainfall intensity under different tree canopy elevations, resulting from the dynamic interaction between rainfall and the tree canopy, is a fundamental component of the interception process, influencing water distribution and soil stability. This study evaluates the impact of rainfall interception by canopies of six trees of the same species at varying elevations (H1=5.90 m, H2=5.68 m, M1=4.02 m, M2=4.04 m, L1=2.19 m, L2=2.33 m) on soil erosion dynamics. A controlled experiment in the woodland of Ritsumeikan University involved plastic boxes (37 cm x 25 cm) placed under each canopy, filled with decomposed granite and silica sand, and set on a 20° slope. The experiment measured soil displacement within a designated erosion area (6 cm x 15 cm) in the boxes following three rainfall events with different durations and precipitation levels. Results showed that the eroded soil mass (measured in grams) in the boxes was lower at the lower elevation sites (L1 and L2) compared to the medium and higher canopy elevations (M1, M2, H1, and H2). Lower tree canopies not only attenuate raindrop KE but also enhance rainfall redistribution, increase litter-induced surface roughness, improve infiltration, and reduce runoff-driven erosion. Their proximity to the soil enhances microclimatic regulation, minimizing sediment detachment and transport.
Building Distribution and Spatial Constraints from Perspectives of Tsunami Inundation at a Small Island Context: A Study Case of Sabang-Aceh, 20 Years after the 2004 Aceh Tsunami Syamsidik; Armaya, Hayyan Ghifarry; Suppasri, Anawat; Aulia, Fahmi; Dadek, Teuku Ahmad; Sufirmansyah; Reza, Muhammad Ichwan; Khalis, Muhammad Iqbal
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18868

Abstract

In the aftermath of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the Indonesian government implemented disaster mitigation measures through improved spatial planning, particularly in settlement areas. These efforts focused on reconstruction and sustainable development strategies to enhance safety while aligning with national and regional regulations. Sabang City, located in a tsunami-prone region, was also affected by the 2004 tsunami, necessitating further evaluation of its building resilience and spatial planning. This study aims to assess the spatial distribution of buildings in Sabang City to evaluate their suitability in tsunami-prone areas and their potential for residential development. A field survey was conducted between February and June 2023, identifying and classifying 14,104 building units based on the HAZUS methodology developed by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA). The buildings were categorized into six structural types: Reinforced Concrete (C1-La, C1-Lb, C1-M), Concrete Frame with Unreinforced Masonry (C3-L), Steel Frame (S1-M), and Wood Frame (W1-L). Spatial analysis examined settlement patterns in relation to land capability and disaster mitigation requirements. Findings reveal significant constraints in land development for residential purposes, particularly in tsunami-prone and low-capability areas. Of the total surveyed buildings, 6,726 units (47.7%) are located in low-capability zones, primarily influenced by the dominance of protected forests and buffer zones that restrict land availability. Moreover, Sabang’s rugged topography, characterized by steep slopes and hilly terrain, exacerbates land development challenges. These findings underscore the urgent need for strategic interventions, including relocating settlements from high-risk tsunami zones, updating spatial planning policies, and integrating tsunami risk assessments into urban development strategies. Strengthening these measures will enhance urban resilience and promote sustainable growth in Sabang City.
Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Darchula, Nepal: A Fragility-Based Approach Bohara, Birendra Kumar; Abdellatif, Benbokhari; Deupa, Jyoti; Mani Joshi, Nirmal; Jagari, Sangam
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.21159

Abstract

This research evaluated the seismic vulnerability of non-engineered reinforced concrete (RC) buildings compared with that of engineered RC structures in the Darchula region of Far-Western Nepal, an area prone to high seismic risk. This study emphasizes the seismic performance of buildings under various loading conditions by examining construction practices and identifying structural deficiencies in RC buildings in Darchula, Nepal. Linear elastic and nonlinear pushover analyses are used to assess periods, mass participation, base shear, inter-story drift, capacity curves, nonlinear drift demand, and fragility curves. Models designed according to national and international standards are compared with non-engineered buildings (S1 – S6) to highlight the discrepancies in seismic resilience. The study further provides a probabilistic fragility framework to quantify damage likelihood at varying seismic demand levels. The results show that engineered buildings exhibit significantly greater resistance to seismic forces, with greater flexibility and higher base shear capacities. In contrast, non-engineered buildings, particularly shorter structures, are more prone to damage under moderate seismic events. Research indicates that ground floors in non-engineered buildings consistently exhibit the most significant inter-story drift as a result of softstory impacts, highlighting them as crucial failure points. Fragility curves derived from spectral displacement values reveal that non-engineered buildings reach critical damage states at lower levels of seismic demand, indicating greater vulnerability. This research underscores the importance of enforcing seismic design standards and retrofitting non-engineered buildings to improve their earthquake resilience in seismic hotspots such as Darchula, Nepal. These findings provide a foundation for future seismic risk reduction strategies and highlight the urgent need for improved building practices to mitigate earthquake-related damage.
Cold-Formed Steel Truss Roof Structure Failure Considering Seismic Load and Buckling Analysis Muslikh; Iman, Miftahul
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 12 No. 1 (January 2026)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.13069

Abstract

There were many incidents of cold-formed steel roof truss structures in the last 5 years in Indonesia. Various kinds of allegations have been addressed to cold-formed steel material applications especially in the case of seismic resistance. Some of them concern the authenticity of the steel material itself and the selection of cold formed steel material. On the other hand, recently, people have installed (assembled) cold-formed steel trusses without involving a certified cold-formed steel applicator. This research is based on a numerical study that modeled the collapse pattern of cold-formed steel truss roof structures by considering buckling failure and the seismic load capacity. The cold-formed steel roof truss structure was modeled with 3D-truss elements in two model types: the overall structure and a single compression member element in 3D solid idealization. Buckling analysis with eigenvalue and nonlinear static analysis was performed to evaluate the critical load (Pcr). The buckling mode shape also was also compared with the mode shape of modal analysis. This research also evaluated the effect of seismic load on the overall cold-formed steel truss structure and the slenderness of the compression member. The numerical simulation of cyclic loading on the single compression member was conducted in this research. The numerical analysis results showed that cold-formed steel roof truss structure have high vulnerability to seismic hazard effect. The cold-formed steel material has lower ductility than hot rolled steel material. This causes the lateral displacement that occurs to be lower than the displacement produced by the hysteretic curve of numerical cyclic simulation. This research also evaluated the dynamic properties, such as frequency, periods, and mode shapes, of some typical cold-formed steel for roof truss structure.
Importance vs. Performance: Evaluating the Implementation of Learning from Incidents in Indonesian Construction Industry Machfudiyanto, Rossy Armyn; Rachmawati, Titi Sari Nurul; Primaputra, Khrisna; Tuasikal, Muhammad Yahya Alfandi; Kim, Sunkuk
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18098

Abstract

The construction industry, recognized as one of the most hazardous sectors globally, continues to face escalating challenges, particularly in Indonesia. This sector experiences a yearly increase in workplace accidents, which significantly disrupts economic stability at both micro and macro levels. These incidents lead to substantial economic losses, reduced productivity, and increased medical and compensation costs. To address these risks, the adoption of Learning from Incidents (LFI) has emerged as a critical approach. LFI is a structured process that involves analysing and learning from past incidents to prevent future occurrences, offering a proven methodology to enhance workplace safety. However, despite its potential, the implementation of LFI in Indonesia encounters persistent obstacles. These include a weak safety culture, inadequate reporting systems, and insufficient enforcement of safety standards. Such challenges hinder the effectiveness of LFI and limit its capacity to drive meaningful improvements in construction safety. This study seeks to bridge the gap between the importance and current performance of LFI implementation in the Indonesian construction industry. The research methodology integrates a literature review, expert validation, and Importance-Performance Analysis. Through the literature review and expert validation, critical indicators for LFI implementation were identified, while the Importance-Performance Analysis assessed the alignment of expectations with actual performance as perceived by construction practitioners. Input from three construction safety experts and industry practitioners formed the basis of the analysis. The findings reveal that while Investigation Participation met or exceeded expectations, several other LFI implementation indicators–including Contextual Safety Engineering and Dissemination Reach–require substantial improvement. This consensus highlights significant discrepancies between intended outcomes and actual practices, underscoring the need for targeted strategies to enhance LFI processes. Addressing these gaps can better align LFI implementation with safety objectives, ultimately fostering a safer and more sustainable construction industry in Indonesia.
Compressive and Flexural Properties of the Kevlar Fiber as a Textile-Reinforced Concrete for Lightweight Construction Applications Hendra; Putri, Syahla Andini; Herdianto, Muhammad Arief
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.18303

Abstract

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) offers a sustainable alternative to conventional steel-reinforced concrete by incorporating textile elements, thereby reducing carbon emissions and enhancing design flexibility. This study examines the use of Kevlar fiber reinforcement in improving the mechanical performance of concrete, with particular attention to compressive and flexural properties. Three Kevlar reinforcement configurations were evaluated: 3-dimensional (3D) rebar, 3D hollow woven fabric, and solid 3D woven fabric, alongside a control sample of unreinforced concrete. Compression tests were conducted in accordance with SNI 03-1974 1990, which is broadly equivalent to ASTM C39 in terms of loading procedure and specimen dimensions. Results showed that the 3D rebar configuration achieved the highest compressive strength of 14.31 MPa, marginally exceeding that of the unreinforced control at 13.28 MPa. Although the gains in compressive strength were modest, the flexural performance exhibited substantial improvement. Flexural tests, following ASTM C78 standards, revealed that the solid 3D woven fabric configuration achieved a flexural strength of 12.17 MPa, whereas that of unreinforced sample was 3.65 MPa. These results indicate that Kevlar-reinforced TRC can be particularly advantageous for applications where superior flexural capacity is required, even if compressive strength remains at a moderate level. Potential uses include non-structural or secondary lightweight elements, such as canopies, facade panels, and other architectural components where weight reduction, crack resistance, and design adaptability are desirable. The findings also highlight the influence of reinforcement configuration, with the solid 3D woven fabric providing the most significant flexural benefits. This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the viability of synthetic fiber reinforcement, such as Kevlar, in sustainable concrete design and construction.
Battery Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia: Insights from Consumer Preferences and Stakeholder Perspectives Adzhani, Indira Ayu; Pramono, Bambang; Santoso, M. Setyawan; Wirayat, Mohamed Yusuf Faridian; Okdinawati, Liane; Belgiawan, Prawira Fajarindra
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 11 No. 3 (September 2025)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.22067

Abstract

Indonesia’s adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) remains limited, posing a challenge to the government’s ambitious targets for 2030 and beyond. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative insights from focus group discussions and stakeholder interviews with quantitative analysis using a mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) model. The stated preference survey includes 1,360 respondents across six provinces in Java, providing broader geographic coverage than most prior studies in Indonesia. The analysis covers both two-wheeler (2W) and four-wheeler (4W) BEVs, while also differentiating preferences by brand, an often-overlooked factor in the Indonesian context. The MMNL results confirm that charging time, range, operational cost, and price significantly influence BEV preferences, with variations across vehicle segments and brand types. Shared concerns from both supply- and demand-side perspectives include affordability, underdeveloped charging infrastructure, and limited product-market fit. However, divergent priorities are evident: industry stakeholders emphasize the need for technological upgrades, consistent policy signals, and improvements in upstream supply chains, while consumers prioritize convenience and final purchase or operating costs, showing less sensitivity to advanced technical specifications. This study contributes to the literature by offering an integrated demand–supply perspective on BEV adoption in an emerging economy, while also introducing brand differentiation and wider geographic sampling as key novelties. Policy recommendations include accelerating fast-charging infrastructure, standardizing batteries, localizing battery production, and implementing stronger disincentives for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The strategic enforcement of Presidential Instruction No. 7/2022 is also highlighted as a critical step to demonstrate government commitment. Together, these insights provide actionable guidance for accelerating a more inclusive and effective transition to electric mobility in Indonesia.

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