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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 21, No. 4" : 8 Documents clear
High Levels of Resistance in A Culex quinquefasciatus Population to the Insecticide Permethrin in Filariasis Endemic Areas in Central Java Chakim, Irfanul; Sayono,; Astuti, Rahayu
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Resistance among Culex mosquitoes to various insecticides has been reported in many countries. However, there have been no studies of the resistance status of Culex in Indonesia. There is a need for such studies to develop a database for use in vector control management. This study aimed to investigate the insecticide resistance status of C. quenquefasciatus, which is the primary vector of filariasis, to aid the planning of a vector control management program. In the present study, Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from five districts/municipalities where filariasis is endemic in Central Java. The larvae were reared to adult stage, and insecticide susceptibility testing was then conducted according to standard bioassay procedures of the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of the bioassays showed that C. quinquefasciatus had a high level of resistance against 0.75% permethrin, with mortality rates ranging from 4.8 to 21.6%. The lowest resistance was found among mosquitoes collected from Grobogan district. This may be explained by the district’s remote geographical location. The high level of resistance found in the present study may be caused by exposure to local insecticides, which have been applied for many years as part of a dengue vector control program. These insecticides may also have contaminated the breeding sites of C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Better vector control management is needed to help prevent the development and spread of resistance. Such management should include routine insecticide surveillance and insecticide alternation.
Identification of A Major Quantitative Trait Locus for Grain Weight In Rice Using Microsatellite Marker Susilowati, Mariana; Aswidinnoor, Hajrial; Enggarini, Wening; Trijatmiko, Kurniawan Rudi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Rice is one of the major staple foods in the world, especially in Asia. Improving yield potential of superior cultivars is important to meeting the demand for rice production, which is increasing due to human population increase, climate change, and degradation of agricultural resources, such as land and water. In this study, a BC3F2 population developed from an intraspecific cross between Ciherang and a new plant type line (B11143D) was used in a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Ciherang is a high yielding rice cultivar with good grain quality which has been planted in 37% of the irrigated rice area in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to identify QTL(s) for yield components on chromosome 12, which can be used to improve the elite cultivar Ciherang or other popular cultivars through marker-assisted breeding. A total of two hundred BC3F2 lines were evaluated in the greenhouse during this study. The population was observed for eight agronomic traits including days to heading (dth), plant height (ph), flag leaf length (fll), panicles per plant (ppl), panicle length (pl), grains per panicle (gpp), 1000-grain weight (gw), and yield (yld). Four simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers (RM3472, RM28048, RM28195, and RM1986) were used for targeted mapping on chromosome 12. Linkage analysis identified a QTL for 1000-grain weight located on chromosome 12 at position 53.5 cM–73 cM.
Activity of Cytotoxic Flavanoids against a P-388 Murine Leukemia Cell Line from the Stem Bark of Aglaia elliptica (Meliaceae) Hidayat, Ace Tatang; Farabi, Kindi; Harneti, Desi; Maharani, Rani; Nurlelasari,; Supratman, Unang; Shiono, Yoshihito
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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Two mixtures of flavanoid compounds (1 and 2), a mixture of catechin (1a) and epicatechin (1b), and a mixture of gallocatechin (2a) and epigallocatechin (2b), were isolated from the active fraction of the stem bark of Aglaia elliptica methanol extract. The chemical structure of the compounds was identified with spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY), and MS, and additionally compared with previously reported spectral data. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P-388 murine leukemia cells. Compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against the P-388 murine leukemia cell, with an IC50 value of 7.79 µg/mL, but compound 1 was found not to be active (more than 100 µg/mL).
Identification of Avian Influenza Genetic Resistance Gene Marker in Chickens Susanti, R; Utami, Nur Rahayu; Rahayuningsih, Margareta; Fibriana, Fidia
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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The Mx gene is a potential candidate as a genetic resistance marker to the avian influenza virus in chickens. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of Mx gene as a marker of resistance to avian influenza viruses in various breeds of chicken. The study used an exploratory design using three common chicken breeds. The Kampong chicken, the Hy-Line Brown laying hen strain, and the White Leghorn broiler strain were collected from the local farms, and blood samples were drawn from each. The DNA of each sample was amplified by a pair of Mx gene primers (NE-F2/F and NE-R2/R). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of Mx gene fragment was cut using restriction enzymes RsaI to determine the genotype of the Mx gene. The PCR-RFLP analysis in this study showed that 100% of the broilers were GG genotype. In laying hens, 80% were AG genotype, 10% GG genotype, and 10% of the sample was not successfully analyzed. In the Kampong chicken, 68.4% were GG genotype, and 31.6% were AG genotype. The results showed that DNA mutation identification can be applied to determine the genotype chicken against virus. The genotypes of Mx genes in chickens indicates avian influenza virus resistance; whereas, the chicken phenotype does not suggest their level of resistance.
UV-Visible Optical Absorbance of Graphene Oxide Synthesized from Zinc-Carbon Battery Waste via a Custom-Made Ultrasound Generator based on Liquid Sonication Exfoliation Method Wisnuwijaya, Rhyko Irawan; Purwanto, Agus; Dwandaru, Wipsar Sunu Brams
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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The objectives of this study are i) to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) from the waste materials of zinc-carbon (ZnC) batteries via the liquid sonication exfoliation (LSE) method using tweeter piezoelectric probes as speakers, and ii) to study the optical absorbance of the GO produced using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer by varying the mass of the graphite materials obtained from ZnC battery waste. The graphite materials are obtained from the carbon rods of the ZnC batteries, which are ground into powder. The powder is then mixed with distilled water, with powder mass variations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 grams. The solutions obtained are sonicated with a frequency of 30 kHz for six hours using a custom-made ultrasound generator based on piezoelectric probes. The effect of graphite material mass variation is studied by observing the UV-Vis spectrophotometer data before and after sonication. The results of this study show absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 221 nm to 227.5 nm, and shouldering peaks at 260 nm to 270 nm, indicating the presence of GO materials for all graphite mass variations. The best GO performances based on the UV-Vis results are obtained in samples with 0.8 and 1.0 grams of graphite powder, which undergo a red shift from 223.5 nm to 227.5 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) are conducted upon the sample of 1.0 grams of graphite powder before and after sonication treatment. The SEM results before sonication show graphite materials forming in large chunks, whereas after sonication smaller islands of GO materials consisting of thin, transparent flakes are observed. The EDX results reveal that the sample material after sonication consists of 88% carbon, 11% oxygen, and a remaining 1% of aluminum, silicon, sulphur, ferrum, and zinc
Identification of Massoia Lactone and its Hydroxy-derivative from Kabatiella caulivora, an Endophyte of the Terrestrial Plant Alyxia reinwardtii Laili, Izzatul; Gunarso, Sri; Wathan, Nashrul; Sugijanto, Noor Erma; Indrayanto, Gunawan
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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Massoia lactone (1) and its derivative, 3,5-dihydroxydecanoic acid-d-lactone (2), were identified from an ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungus Kabatiella caulivora, isolated from its host Alyxia reinwardtii. The compounds were identified by GC-MS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of massoia lactone and its derivative from the endophytic K. caulivora fungus.
The Abundance of Nitrogen Fixing, Nitrifying, Denitrifying and Ammonifying Bacteria in the Soil of Tropical Rainforests and Oil Palm Plantations in Jambi Zulfarina,; Rusmana, Iman; Mubarik, Nisa Rachmania; Santosa, Dwi Andreas
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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Alterations in the use of land for oil palm plantations can change the domination and activity of soil bacteria. More specifically, alteration in soil microbial communities can directly affect soil ecosystem functioning, particularly with respect to carbon and nitrogen cycles. Nitrogen can be a limiting nutrient, and the availability of nitrogen in the soil environment becomes a major factor in controlling the production of biomass. This research project aimed at studying the abundance of nitrogen-fixing, nitrogen-oxidizing, nitrogen-reducing, and ammonifying bacteria based on their functional genes in the tropical rain forests of Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas (TNBD) and the oil palm plantations in Sarolangun Jambi. Samples were collected in November 2015. Soil sampling was performed randomly at three points representing each area of ​​the tropical rainforests of TNBD and the seven- to eight-year-old oil palm plantations. Soil samples were collected using a soil sample core from 0–15 cm below the surface with depth strata of 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm. Composite assessment was conducted on samples from each point corresponding to each respective depth strata. Soil samples were stored at -20ºC prior to testing. Microbial abundance was measured using the most probable number (MPN) method. The abundance of microbes that play a role in nitrogen metabolism between strata of 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm does not appear to be different. The highest abundance of microbes in oil palm plantation land in Jambi was found in samples with nitrifying bacteria, later followed by denitrifying, nitrogen-fixing, and ammonifying bacteria. Ultimately, it was found that microbial abundance in oil palm plantations was higher than the corresponding rates in samples from tropical rainforests.
Nutrient Accumulation in the Sediment of Silvofishery Ponds in Semarang Hastuti, Endah Dwi; Budihastuti, Rini
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 21, No. 4
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Information concerning the functionality of mangrove within silvofishery ponds is needed, especially relating to the accumulation rate of organic materials and nutrients. This research studied the effect of mangrove structure on the accumulation rate of nutrients within silvifishery ponds. The research, conducted in May 2016, used canals of width 1, 2, and 3 m, with mangrove species Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata, alone or in combination. Nutrients measured were nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, in the sediment of the treatment ponds, through soil sampling followed by laboratory analysis. The respective analysis methods used were Kjehdahl, spectrophotometry, and ashing. Data analysis was conducted using factorial ANOVA. The highest nitrogen concentration was detected in the treatment with 15 stands of mixed mangrove species (0.63 ± 0.04 %), the treatment with 10 stands of mixed mangroves showed the highest phosphorus concentration (62.86 ± 12.31 mg/kg), and the highest organic matter concentration (2.55 ± 0.67 %) was seen with 10 stands of R. mucronata. The highest average value based on partial group showed that R. mucronata had the highest nitrogen accumulation at 0.56 ± 0.07 %; for phosphorus, the mixed species pond (62.02 ± 7.84 mg/kg); and for organic matter, R. mucronata (2.41 ± 0.39 %).

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