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Lex Publica

lexpublica
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Published by Asosiasi Pimpinan Perguruan Tinggi Hukum Indonesia

ISSN : 23549181 EISSN : 25798855 DOI : https://doi.org/10.58829/lp

Core Subject : Social,

Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

Lex Publica (e-issn 2579-8855; p-issn 2354-9181) is an international, double blind peer reviewed, open access journal, featuring scholarly work which examines critical developments in the substance and process of legal systems throughout the world. Lex Publica published biannually online every June and December by Asosiasi Pimpinan Perguruan Tinggi Hukum Indonesia (APPTHI) and managed by Institute of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies (ISOCU), aims at critically investigating and pursuing academic insights of legal systems, theory, and institutions around the world. Lex Publica encourages legal scholars, analysts, policymakers, legal experts and practitioners to publish their empirical, doctrinal and/or theoretical research in as much detail as possible. Lex Publica publishes research papers, review article, literature reviews, case note, book review, symposia and short communications on a broad range of topical subjects such as civil law, common law, criminal law, international law, environmental law, business law, constitutional law, and numerous human rights-related topics. The journal encourages authors to submit articles that are ranging from 6000-8000 words in length including text, footnotes, and other accompanying material.

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum

Articles 166 Documents

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Paradigm of Justice in Law Enforcement in the Philosophical Dimensions of Legal Positivism and Legal Realism Nurdin, Boy; Turdiev, Khayitjon
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Legal positivism is widely embraced in modern law in almost all jurisdictions in the world, including in Southeast Asia and Central Asia. Legal positivism fully depends on how the sentence is written in the law, while legal realism uses the law only as a reference, and in principle, formal law should not hinder material justice. The methodology used is normative juridical and sociological juridical. The outline of the conclusion is that law enforcement must use the paradigm of thinking with the formulation of laws coupled with conscience in order to achieve the goal of law, namely justice, and schools of law or schools of law that are more appropriate for law enforcement in Indonesia today. is legal realism in addition to positivism. Adequate education and training are needed to change the paradigm of thinking from positivism to realism in order to achieve justice. Abstrak Positivisme hukum dipeluk secara luas dalam hukum modern di hampir seluruh yurisdiksi di dunia, termasuk di wilayah Asia Tenggara dan Asia Tengah. Positivisme hukum sepenuhnya bergantung kepada bagaimana bunyi kalimat yang tertulis dalam undang-undang, sementara realisme hukum menggunakan undang-undang hanya sebagai acuan saja, dan secara prinsip hukum formil tidak boleh menghalang-halangi keadilan materil. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dan yuridis sosiologis. Garis besar kesimpulan adalah bahwa penegakan hukum harus menggunakan paradigma berpikir dengan rumusan undang-undang yang dibarengi dengan hati nurani agar tercapai tujuan dari hukum yaitu keadilan (justice), dan mazhab atau aliran hukum yang lebih tepat digunakan ke dalam sebuah penegakan hukum di Indonesia saat ini adalah realisme hukum selain postivisme. Pendidikan dan pelatihan yang memadai sangat diperlukan untuk mengubah paradigma berpikir dari postivisme ke realisme dalam rangka menggapai keadilan. Kata kunci: Penegakan Hukum, Positivisme Hukum, Realisme Hukum, Keadilan

Optimizing the Implementation of Beneficial Ownership in Transfer Pricing in Taxes as a Corporate Crime Kamilah, Anita; Khan, Md Zubair Kasem
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Tax is a source of state revenue that plays a major role in financing all state expenditures, including financing national development. The absence of counter-performance that the taxpayer can directly accept is one of the causes of tax crimes committed by corporations through transfer pricing practices, which are difficult to hold accountable, so it is necessary to optimize the application of the principle of Beneficial ownership (BO). The aim of this research is to examine the factors that cause transfer pricing as a form of corporate crime, the application of Beneficial ownership principles in the field of taxation, and the obstacles encountered in implementing Beneficial ownership in the field of taxation along with the solutions. The method is a normative juridical approach, descriptive-analytical research specifications, data types, and sources are derived from secondary data through the support of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials, and data analysis is carried out qualitatively. The results of the study explain that transfer pricing is a corporate crime that is supported by the use of earnings management, the use of opportunities for special relationships, the support of political connections, and thin capitalization. The application of the principle of Beneficial ownership in the field of taxation means that owners are entitled to enjoy income in the form of dividends, interest and/or royalties, which both individual and corporate taxpayers receive. The obstacles faced in implementing BO in the field of taxation are the weak update of information on Beneficial owners and their changes and partial and sectoral regulations. Abstrak Pajak merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan negara yang berperan besar dalam membiayai semua pengeluaran negara termasuk membiayai pembangunan nasional. Tidak adanya kontra prestasi yang langsung dapat diterima wajib pajak menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya kejahatan di bidang perpajakan yang dilakukan korporasi melalui praktik transfer pricing, yang sulit untuk dimintai pertanggungjawabannya sehingga perlu dioptimalkan penerapan prinsip Beneficial ownership (BO). Tujuan penelitian untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya transfer pricing sebagai bentuk kejahatan korporasi, penerapan prinsip Beneficial ownership di bidang perpajakan dan kendala yang dihadapi dalam menerapkan Beneficial ownership di bidang perpajakan disertai solusinya. Metode pendekatan yuridis normatif, spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analisis, jenis dan sumber data berasal dari data sekunder melalui dukungan bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier, dan analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa transfer pricing merupakan kejahatan korporasi yang didukung pemanfaatan manajemen laba, pemanfaatan peluang hubungan istimewa, dukungan political connection dan thin capitalization. Penerapan prinsip Beneficial ownership di bidang perpajakan merupakan pemilik yang berhak menikmati penghasilan berupa deviden,bunga dan atau royalti, yang diterima baik wajib pajak perorangan maupun wajib pajak badan. Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam menerapkan (BO) di bidang perpajakan yaitu lemahnya update informasi Beneficial owner maupun perubahannya, serta regulasi yang bersifat parsial dan bersifat sektoral. Kata kunci: Kejahatan Korporasi, Perpajakan, Transfer Pricing, Beneficial Ownership

Role of Environmental Law and International Conventions in Mitigating Climate Change Effects on Food System and Livestock Production Chowdhury, Amtul; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : APPTHI

Climate change nowadays is a global threat that is driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and the changeable pattern of global weather. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change since the mid-20th century, humans have had an unprecedented impact on earth’s climate system and caused change on a global scale. Consequently, this is affecting the whole food system throughout the world. The utilization of the international legal framework and protocols will have an impact on the human’s food system and livestock production. This paper intends to focus on using legal frameworks and protocols to erase the impact of climate change on the food system and livestock production. By using the quantitative research method due to the pandemic situation, this study will explain the broad uses of the Kyoto protocol and Polluter Pays Principle and shall discuss various methods that will help these principles to erase the negative impact of climate change globally. Based on the findings, this paper provides recommendations that could be considered by the developed country to use the legal and social protocols for improving the impact of climate change on the food chain system of humans and livestock production. Abstrak Perubahan iklim saat ini merupakan ancaman global yang didorong oleh emisi gas rumah kaca yang disebabkan oleh manusia dan perubahan pola cuaca global. Meskipun telah terjadi periode perubahan iklim sebelumnya, sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 manusia telah memberikan dampak yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya pada sistem iklim Bumi dan menyebabkan perubahan dalam skala global. Akibatnya, ini mempengaruhi seluruh sistem pangan di seluruh dunia. Pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol internasional akan berdampak pada sistem pangan manusia dan produksi ternak. Makalah ini bermaksud untuk fokus pada pemanfaatan kerangka hukum dan protokol untuk menghapus dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sistem pangan dan produksi ternak. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif karena situasi pandemi, penelitian ini akan menjelaskan penggunaan yang lebih luas dari protokol Kyoto, Polluter Pays Principle dan akan membahas berbagai metode yang akan membantu prinsip-prinsip ini untuk menghapus dampak negatif perubahan iklim secara global. Berdasarkan temuan makalah ini memberikan rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh negara maju untuk menggunakan protokol hukum dan sosial untuk meningkatkan dampak perubahan iklim sistem rantai makanan manusia dan produksi ternak. Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, Emisi rumah kaca, Produksi ternak, Protokol Kyoto, Prinsip pencemar membayar

Rethinking Genocidal Intent: An Interpretation under the International Law and the Jurisprudence of International Criminal Tribunals Fahim, Md. Hasnath Kabir
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Many criminal lawyers and scholars of criminal law have applied an analytical method to examine the elements of crime, and such elements are comprised of subjective elements (mens rea) and objective elements (actus reus). According to this, a crime is either an act or omission with a psychological bond relating to the physical act of the criminal. Regarding the crime of genocide, its elements are derived from the definition of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute. The Genocide Convention defines genocide as the commission of an act with the intent to destroy, either wholly or partly, a national, racial, ethnical, or religious group. However, the ‘genocidal intent’ or mental element to commit the crime of genocide was not considered in the military trials of Nuremberg and Tokyo. This ‘genocidal intent’ received its very first attention during the trials of two ad hoc international tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. This paper attempts to discuss the definition of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute. This paper, then, focuses on the mental element of genocide and the approach of the international criminal courts during the trial of genocide. Abstrak Banyak ahli hukum pidana dan sarjana hukum pidana telah menerapkan metode analisis untuk mengkaji unsur-unsur kejahatan dan unsur-unsur tersebut terdiri dari unsur subyektif (mens rea) dan unsur obyektif (actus reus). Menurut ini, kejahatan adalah perbuatan atau kelalaian dengan ikatan psikologis yang berkaitan dengan perbuatan fisik pelaku kejahatan. Mengenai kejahatan genosida, unsur-unsurnya diturunkan dari pengertian genosida di bawah Konvensi Genosida dan Statuta Roma. Konvensi Genosida mendefinisikan genosida sebagai tindakan yang bertujuan untuk menghancurkan baik seluruhnya atau sebagian, kelompok bangsa, ras, etnis atau agama. Namun, ‘niat genosida’ atau unsur mental untuk melakukan kejahatan genosida tidak dipertimbangkan dalam pengadilan militer di Nuremberg dan Tokyo. ‘Niat genosida’ ini mendapat perhatian pertama selama persidangan dua pengadilan internasional ad hoc untuk Bekas Yugoslavia dan Rwanda. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk membahas definisi genosida di bawah Konvensi Genosida dan Statuta Roma. Artikel tersebut kemudian berfokus pada unsur mental genosida dan pendekatan pengadilan pidana internasional selama persidangan genosida. Kata kunci: niat genosida, konvensi genosida, kelompok tertentu, hukum pidana internasional, penghancuran

Patriarchy and the Rights of Rape Victims: Law and Practice Barua, Udita; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Rape is one of the most heinous forms of violence against women around the world. People are getting more civilized and educated but this gruesome crime is increasing in an alarming rate. Moreover, it is the least reported crime in the world and sadly Bangladesh is no exception. This social misdeed is creating a society that disregards women and children’s rights and safety. As an effect, victims are blamed in most cases and rapist get away through the loophole of the law. Thus, there is an unending suffering of victims and their families are humiliated or disgraced in the society. The purpose of this research is to show how the rights of rape victims are protected in Bangladesh. This paper is also going to manifest in what extent those provisions are applicable in a practical way. This study also evaluated various Bangladeshi laws and tried to find out the barriers to execute them. The paper has identified many loopholes in the existing legal system and provided recommendations to stop this despicable social illness. Abstrak Pemerkosaan adalah salah satu bentuk kekerasan paling keji terhadap perempuan di seluruh dunia. Orang-orang menjadi lebih beradab dan berpendidikan tetapi kejahatan mengerikan ini meningkat dengan kecepatan yang mengkhawatirkan. Selain itu, ini adalah kejahatan yang paling sedikit dilaporkan di dunia dan sayangnya Bangladesh tidak terkecuali. Kejahatan sosial ini menciptakan masyarakat yang mengabaikan hak dan keamanan perempuan dan anak-anak. Akibatnya, korban disalahkan dalam banyak kasus dan pemerkosa lolos melalui celah hukum. Dengan demikian, tidak ada habisnya penderitaan para korban dan keluarganya yang direndahkan atau dipermalukan di masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana hak-hak korban perkosaan dilindungi di Bangladesh. Makalah ini juga akan memanifestasikan sejauh mana ketentuan tersebut dapat diterapkan secara praktis. Studi ini juga mengevaluasi berbagai undang-undang Bangladesh dan mencoba mencari tahu hambatan untuk mengeksekusinya. Makalah ini telah mengidentifikasi banyak celah dalam sistem hukum yang ada dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk menghentikan penyakit sosial yang tercela ini. Kata kunci: Pemerkosa, pemerkosaan anak, pemerintah, bunuh diri, patriarki

Constitutional Democracy and National Legal Instruments in Resolving Regional Election Disputes Tanjung, Muhammad Anwar Tanjung; Saraswati, Retno; Tyesta A.L.W, Lita
Lex Publica Vol. 7 No. 1 (2020)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (200.355 KB)

Through Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government, direct regional head elections (Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah/Pilkada) could finally be realized. In accordance with the mandate of Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, it stipulates that one of the powers of the Constitutional Court is to decide disputes over election results, which means that this includes post-conflict local election disputes. In this context, the Constitutional Court performs its role to maintain the constitutional democracy adopted in Indonesian legal system fo resolve election disputes. Upholding the constitution is a form of protecting the constitutional rights of citizens and is a consequence of the adherence to the notion of constitutionalism that the 1945 Constitution. In this context, the constitution becomes a living constitution in the life of the nation and state. Constitutional values and norms will always be alive in the sense that they are constantly developing and enriched with new values and systems based on the practice of the constitution itself and real experiences in everyday life. To maintain the election process in order to achieve the expected results, it cannot rely on only one or two institutions. It requires the cooperation of all state organs, including KPU, Bawaslu, DKPP, police, prosecutors, courts, and the Constitutional Court. All these state organs must work together to make the local elections a success to maintain the sovereignty of the people.

Restorative Justice for Juvenile Drugs Use in Indonesian Court: A Criminological Approach Supaat, Dina Imam
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

In Indonesia there are still many children who have been sentenced after the enactment of the Law on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System and other regulations. A question arises as to whether there are any obstacles in the application of Supreme CourtRegulation (PERMA) Number 4 of 2014. This paper reviews restorative justice for criminal juvenile drug use users. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach using a case approach and a statute approach where the research is carried out by examining library materials which are secondary data. The results of the study show that PERMA Number 4 of 2014 regulates diversion against children whose charges are in the form of subsidiary, alternative, cumulative, or combination (combined). One of which is punishable by under 7 (seven) years in prison. Furthermore, PERMA No. 4 of 2014 has not fully provided legal protection for children, especially perpetrators of drug use crimes, so that PERMA needs further regulation in accordance with the provisions to avoid contradictions. Therefore, there is a need for consolidation between law enforcers to formulate legal certainty from the juvenile justice system.

Retirement and Continuation of Employment Relations: Annotation of Supreme Court Circular Letter Number 5 of 2021 Farianto, Willy
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Retirement is a time when a worker stops working because he is old or has entered old age. At that time, laws and regulations stipulated that termination of employment could be carried out for the reason that workers were entering retirement age. However, sometimes it is common to find a company still employing retirees, whether they are employees who have retired but are still employed or have had their term of office extended, or who have retired and then been called back to work. For employees who have retired and are re-employed, the company can use a Specific Time Work Agreement (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu /PKWT) by taking into account the time period and completion of work as stipulated in Article 4 paragraph (1) amended by Article 5 paragraphs (1) and (2) and amended by Article 6 of Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021. In line with the absence of laws and regulations prohibiting employers or companies from re-employing workers who have reached retirement age, the Supreme Court issued a Supreme Court Circular (Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung/SEMA) Number 5 of 2021 concerning Enforcement of the Formulation of the Results of the 2021 Supreme Court Chamber Plenary Meeting as a Guideline for the Implementation of Duties for the Court in which it regulates the rights of workers who retire and then are reemployed.

Micro Plastic Pollution in South Asia: The Impact of Plastic Pollution over the Unsustainable Development Goals Rifa, Tasfiea; Hossain, Mohammad Belayet
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

One of the most pressing environmental issues facing the world right now is plastic waste. Once in the environment, plastics continuously degrade into microplastics, which are fragments of plastic. There are more national and international promises to reduce microplastic pollution as the world's plastic production rises. National governments are increasingly banning single-use plastic products or imposing taxes on them. Consider the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Environment Assembly Resolutions on Marine Litter and Microplastics, and Addressing Single-Use Plastic Products Pollution as examples of these commitments. In 2015, the UN announced the adoption of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In an effort to increase their sustainability, the SDGs have been extensively adopted by governments and businesses. There are 17 SDGs, comprising 169 targets, which are measurable against 247 unique indicators but there is only one indicator under Goal 14, specifically related to reducing impacts from microplastics. There are various international and regional legal policies which have provisions that indicate plastic pollution but none of them have mentioned microplastic pollution. There are some recent national legislations regarding microplastic pollution. This paper briefly discusses the concept of microplastics and the situation of microplastics pollution in selected South Asian countries including India, Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. There is a brief overview of international and regional legal policies along with litigations are cultivated in this paper. The paper also analyzes the impact of plastic pollution over The Un Sustainable Development Goals. Abstrak. Salah satu masalah lingkungan paling mendesak yang dihadapi dunia saat ini adalah sampah plastik. Begitu berada di lingkungan, plastik terus terdegradasi menjadi mikroplastik, yang merupakan pecahan plastik. Ada lebih banyak janji nasional dan internasional untuk mengurangi polusi mikroplastik saat produksi plastik dunia meningkat. Pemerintah nasional semakin melarang produk plastik sekali pakai atau mengenakan pajak pada mereka. Pertimbangkan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan PBB, Resolusi Majelis Lingkungan PBB tentang Sampah Laut dan Mikroplastik, dan Mengatasi Polusi Produk Plastik Sekali Pakai sebagai contoh dari komitmen ini. Pada 2015, PBB mengumumkan adopsi 17 Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGs). Dalam upaya meningkatkan keberlanjutannya, SDGs telah diadopsi secara luas oleh pemerintah dan bisnis. Ada 17 SDGs, yang terdiri dari 169 target, yang dapat diukur dengan 247 indikator unik, tetapi hanya ada satu indikator di bawah Tujuan 14, khususnya terkait pengurangan dampak mikroplastik. Terdapat berbagai kebijakan hukum internasional dan regional yang memiliki ketentuan yang mengindikasikan pencemaran plastik namun belum ada satupun yang menyebutkan pencemaran mikroplastik. Ada beberapa undang-undang nasional baru-baru ini mengenai polusi mikroplastik. Makalah ini membahas secara singkat konsep mikroplastik dan situasi polusi mikroplastik di negara-negara Asia Selatan tertentu termasuk India, Bangladesh, Maladewa, Sri Lanka, dan Pakistan. Ada gambaran singkat tentang kebijakan hukum internasional dan regional beserta litigasi yang digarap dalam tulisan ini. Makalah ini juga menganalisis dampak polusi plastik terhadap Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan PBB. Kata kunci: Mikroplastik, polusi, sampah plastik, tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan.

Effectiveness of Laws Related to Medical Negligence in Bangladesh Hossain, Mohammad
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Abstract Medical negligence is a violation of the rights to health and life perpetrated by members of the medical professional group entrusted with preserving those rights. Because of increased issues related to medical negligence, numerous countries have introduced new legislation and established independent courts to enhance their healthcare laws. Sadly, medical negligence and malpractice are an issue in Bangladesh in the lack of elaborate or specific rules. In Bangladesh, many laws include numerous legal obligations for health professionals but are not adequately established. As a result, medical negligence and malpractice are causing substantial social consequences that neither the government nor the society expected or condoned. Given the problems and consequences, the goal of this study is to provide a depth elaboration of medical negligence, analyse the laws that currently exist in Bangladesh regarding medical negligence and identify the significant weaknesses in those laws, and, finally, make some recommendations for how Bangladesh can take practical steps toward preventing violations of patients’ rights to health care. Abstrak Kelalaian medis adalah pelanggaran terhadap hak atas kesehatan dan kehidupan yang dilakukan oleh anggota kelompok profesi medis yang dipercayakan untuk menjaga hak-hak tersebut. Karena meningkatnya masalah terkait kelalaian medis, banyak negara telah memperkenalkan undang-undang baru dan membentuk pengadilan independen untuk meningkatkan undang-undang perawatan kesehatan mereka. Sayangnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menjadi masalah di Bangladesh karena kurangnya aturan yang rumit atau spesifik. Di Bangladesh, banyak undang-undang memasukkan banyak kewajiban hukum bagi profesional kesehatan tetapi tidak ditetapkan secara memadai. Akibatnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menyebabkan konsekuensi sosial yang substansial yang tidak diharapkan atau dimaafkan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat. Mengingat masalah dan konsekuensinya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan mendalam tentang kelalaian medis, menganalisis undang-undang yang saat ini ada di Bangladesh mengenai kelalaian medis dan mengidentifikasi kelemahan signifikan dalam undang-undang tersebut, dan, akhirnya, membuat beberapa rekomendasi untuk bagaimana Bangladesh dapat mengambil langkah praktis untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak pasien atas perawatan kesehatan.

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Iwan

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lexpublicaappthi@gmail.com

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+6285395403342

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lexpublicaappthi@gmail.com

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Jl. Pemuda No.70, Pandansari, Kec. Semarang Tengah, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50133

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INDONESIA