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Filariasis Bancrofti Epidemiology Post Mass Drug Administration in Waris District Keerom Regency Province of Papua Korinus Suweni; Soeyoko Soeyoko; Sri Sumarni
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Filariasis remains to be world’s health problems including Indonesia. Based on survey conducted in 2009, the occurrence cases in Indonesia reached 11.914 chronic cases. Further, there were 59 chronic cases in Keerom Regency in 2005. The number of chronic filariasis cases in Waris District reached 25 cases, with 12 people were having positive microfilaria bancrofti.Objectives: The aim of study to find out epidemiology of filariasis bancrofti after collective treatment in Waris District, Keerom Regency, Papua.Methods: This study used descriptive research with cross sectional design. Data are collected by finger blood survey, survey of acute morbidity rate, survey of chronic morbidity rate, microfilaria periodicity survey, and L3 examination on mosquitoes.Result : Survey finger blood taken from 517 samples show 32 positive microfilariae, and filariasis prevalence of 6.19%. There are 13 patients (2.15%) having acute symptoms of filariasis, and 24 patients (4.64%) have symptoms of chronic filariasis. From the examination and dissection of 358 mosquitoes, there are nolarvae stage 3 (L3). From 7 people having microfilaremia, there is periodic nocturnal of 71.43% and subperiodic nocturnal of 28.57%.Conclusion: The prevalence of filariasis was 6.19%. There were 13 people having acute morbidity (2.51%), and there were 24 chronic morbidity (4.64%). There was no L3 found from dissected 358 mosquitoes. Periodicity of microfilariae in Waris District is periodic nocturnal which reach 71.43% and nocturnal subperiodik is28.57%.Keywords: Epidemiology, Filariasis, Finger Blood Survey

The Relationship of Behavior and Environment to the Incidence of Malaria in the Work Area of Oesao Public Health Center (PHC) of East Kupang Sub-District of Kupang District in 2013 Titik Yuliati; Yayi S Prabandari; Tri Baskoro T Satoto
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Oesao PHC is one of three PHCs in Kupang District experiencing increased malaria cases. According to API figure, its rate in 2008 was 7.01% and in 2009 it decreased to 4.04%; however, the rate showed an increase again in 2010 up to 7. 67%o (Kupang District Health Office, 2010).The work area of Oesao PHC has a heterogeneous society with high malaria cases in each year; it is because the residents have habits to sleep without using nets, people perform activities at night without the use of mosquito repellent, there is an availability of mosquito breeding place and resting place and there is a lack of compliance in taking medication.Objectives: To analyze the relationship between behavior and the environment and the incidence of malaria.Methods: This was an observational analytic study with a case-control study design2. The samples in this study were part of the populations residing within the work area of Oesao PHC of East Kupang Sub-District of Kupang District. The sample size was 116 people3 selected using a random and matching method. Data were analyzed by chi-square test for calculating the value of OR (odds ratio) to determine the magnitude of the risk2 .Results: There was a significant association between the use of nets (OR = 0.061 with p = 0.000, p < 0.05), the use of mosquito repellent or anti-mosquito drugs (OR = 3.417 and p = 0.003, p < 0.05), the use of wire gauze on ventilation (OR = 7.187 with p = 0.000, p < 0.05), the condition of home walls (OR = 2.318 with p = 0.041, p < 0.05), the availability of ceiling OR = 2.657 with p = 0.000, p<0.05), the presence of cattle sheds (OR = 4.742 with p = 0.001, p <0,05), the presence of puddle around the home (OR = 2.007 and p = 0.047, p < 0.05), and the presence of shrubs around the home (OR = 2.706 with p = 0.000, p < 0.05) and the incidence of malaria in Oesao PHC.Conclusion: The incidence of malaria in the work area of Oesao PHC was related to behavior and physical environment inside and outside the house.Keywords: behavior, environment, malaria

Training of Sputum Microscopy Improves the Smear Quality and Slide Positivity Rate for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis Dede Kurniawan; Ning Rintiswati; Dibyo Pramono
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Microscopic examination of sputum is a key component of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The accuracy of this method is influenced by quality of laboratory and human resources. Indonesia is one of endemic country for pulmonary tuberculosis. Efforts to improve the quality of microscopic examination are needed, including training of human resources.Objectives: To determine impact of microscopic examination training to smear quality and slide positivity rate.Methods: This work is an analytic quasi experimental research. The research was involved 18 laboratory technician. Subjects were divided in to experimental and control group, which was consisting 9 technicians in each group. The differences of smear quality and slide positivity rate were analyzed by using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test with 95% of Confident Interval.Results: Training increased the knowledge of laboratory technician (40.7 points) and the smear quality. Specimen quality was increased 90 points, staining 84.4, cleanness 85.6, thickness 91.1, smear size 88.9, evenness 87.8 and increase the average of smear readings score test 22 points. The mean of smear quality and slide positivity rate of the experimental group were higher than control group. Statistical test of smear quality between eksperimental group with contol group were: specimen quality p=0.03, staining quality p=0.03, cleanness p=0.02, thickness p<0.001, size p<0.001, good evenness p<0.001, and slide positivity rate p=0.02Conclusion: The mean of smear quality and slide positivity rate of the experimental group were higher than control group. There were significant differences of smear quality and slide positivity rate between experimental group with control group at 3 months after training.Keywords: training, sputum microscopy, smear quality, slide positivity rate, tuberculosis

Integrated and Comprehensive Action to Reduce and Control Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: A Survey in Pekalongan City, Central Java Nur Siyam
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that caused outbreaks in many areas in the Indonesia which led to high morbidity and mortality. Pekalongan City has the highest case fatality rate (CFR) of DHF among 35 cities and regencies in Central Java Province, which was 7.41% in 2008 and increased to 18.00% in 2009. The success of DHF control is largely determined by the cooperation of the public and decision-makers in various aspects and actions to be carried out. Therefore, it needs an integrated and comprehensive action to reduce and control DHF. In addition, to obtain the frequency distribution of DHF accurately and appropriately, an effective surveillance of hospital-early warning (KD-RS) and weekly outbreak (W2) reports are needed which requires timeliness and completeness as its report for early warning system of outbreak, so the morbidity and mortality due to DHF can be reduced.Objectives: This study is a survey with a descriptive approach to describe the level of implementation and regulation and activities conducted for dengue fever’s eradication program.Methods: Data was collected through observation, check list documentation and interviews. The subjects of this research were officers (head and staff) in the Division of Disease Prevention and Control-Environmental Health (P2P-PL) at Department of Health, Pekalongan City. Sampling technique is a total sampling. Data was analyzed and presented qualitatively.Results: The results showed that the key persons in population are an important individuals who responsible for community engagement in the village, institutions (schools and places of business, industries, offices), health centers, hospitals, families and individuals. Key interventions include organizing and managing resources. DHF prevention activities including preparation and implementation which cover many programs such as socialization, mobilization, selective larvacides, fogging prevention and focus, partnership with the non-goverment organisation (NGO), DHF suspect handling and monitoring and evaluation of activities through surveillance program.Conclusion: In conclusion, both reducing and controlling DHF in Pekalongan City was an integrated and comprehensive actions, involving key persons in populations and interventions.Keywords: integrated action, key persons, survey, DHF prevention

The Effects of Curcumin Against Dengue-2 Virus Based on Immunocytochemistry Technique Dewi Marbawati; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne flavivirus disease. The number of Dengue cases in Indonesia in 2010 range from 150,000 cases with the deaths of around 1,317 people. Huge number of cases have made Indonesia was the first ranked as the state with the highest Dengue cases in the ASEAN region and the world's second ranking after Brazil. The drugs or antibiotics that can be administered effectively to cure this disease has not been found yet. Many study have been done and some that have been reported include viral RNA synthesis inhibitors, protein inhibitors of NS3 helicase and protease and inhibitors that inhibit Dengue virus maturation. Curcumin have preventive activity against several viruses: vasicular stomatis ( VSV ), HSV 1 and 2, parainfluenza - 3, reovirus - 1, feline corona virus, feline herpes virus . Curcumin also known have ubiquitin proteasome inhibition system was able to decrease the production of Japanese ensefalitis virus.Objectives: This study aims to determine safe concentrations of curcumin against vero cells (cytotoxic test results) and know the Dengue-2 antiviral potency of curcumin.Methods: Including quasi-experimental study. The anti viral potency of curcumin seen from the result of immunocytochemistry Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC). Data were analyzed by ANOVA.Results: The results showed that secure concentrations from cytotoxic of curcumin against vero cells is 6.25 ppm. The calculation of positive rate from immunocytochemistry in vero cells infected by Dengue - 2 incubation 1 and 3 days were the result is significantly different than the control.Conclusion: The secure concentration of curcumin against vero cells was 6.25 ppm and curcumin was able to lower the positive rate due to Dengue-2 infection.Key Words : Dengue virus, Curcumin, Immunocytochemistry.

Risk Factors Analysis of Typhoid Fever Occurence of Inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013 Rina Hudayani; Hari Kusnanto; Rizka Humardewayanti; Trisno Agung Wibowo
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria. There are 350-810 people who get this disease per 100.000 people and the percentage of death is 0.6-5%. Typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency always belongs to the big five diseases. The criteria are the number of in-patient in the hospital and the extraordinary occurrence for 4 years (from 2007 to 2010). This disease is related to unhealthy sanitation and bad individual hygiene practice.Objective: To analyze the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013.Methods : This research is an analytical observational research with control case study design. The sample subject was taken by using consecutive sampling method and there were 148 respondents, consisting of 74 case respondents and 74 control respondents. The data were analyzed by using McNemar (bivariate) test and conditional logistic regression (multivariate).Results : Most respondents are in the age of 15-20 years old (32.43%), female (70.27%), the graduates of Senior/Vocational High School (29.05%) and student/university student (34.46%). The results of multivariable analysis are the risk factor of eating non-homemade snack habit is high (p=0.000; OR=5.586; CI 95% 2.142-14.571) followed by the habit of washing hands before eating (p=0.003;OR=2.835; CI 95% 1.433-5.609). Water clean sources, facility for defecation, defecation habit in latrine, and typhoid fever history in family are not the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of in-patient in Kebumen Public Hospital.Conclusion : The risk to get typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency is higher on those whose habits of eating non-homemade snacks and not washing hand by using soap before eating. Therefore, the health officer should improve individual hygiene promotion and give information to society and those who manage food processing public place.Key Words: Risk factors,Typhoid fever, Kebumen.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dengue Fever Transmission Among Urban and Periurban Residents of Dhaka City, Bangladesh Muhammad Sohel Rana; Mohammad Syaket Ahmed Shakil
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue is one of the most important emerging viral diseases of major public health concern in Bangladesh.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue fever transmission and prevention among the residents of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among three hundred and forty three randomly selected residents of urban and periurban regions of Dhaka city in November in 2012 using a pretested and self administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed by a Chi square test and p value less than 0.05 is considered as significant.Results: The study found that among the respondents 63.3% were female, 48% were married and 37.7% were of age group of 21-30 (mean=31.34, SD=11.758). Majority of the respondents had secondary/higher secondary (50.9%) and students represented 34.1% of the total respondents. It was found most of them had no history of having affected from dengue fever (97.7%) and 53.2% did not travel to the subtropical or tropical region. Television (61.2%) and radio (50.4) were most common source of information of dengue fever. Majority of the respondents had low level of knowledge on dengue (89.1%). It was found that 81% knew that mosquitoes generally lay their eggs on dirty water, 79.6% knew mosquitoes spread dengue from one person to another and 70.6% were aware that dengue can fever is flu like illness that affects infants, young, children and adults. The study revealed 50.1% had neutral attitude towards dengue fever, and there was significant association between age and practice (p=0.031); knowledge and practice (p<0.000) and also attitude and practice (p<0.000). Conclusion: There is a different level of knowledge regarding dengue fever among respondents in the study area. Public awareness is necessary to address the knowledge gap revealed by this study. Hence it is necessary to organize the public education program to prevent the people from the outbreak of dengue by increasing level of Knowledge so that they can attain positive attitude and adopt desired behavioral changes.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Shock Syndrome.

Geographic Information System (GIS) for Dengue Research in Indonesia: A Review Adnanto Wiweko
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Geographic information system (GIS) can be very effective tool in combating dengue infection. However, there is only few study that apply GIS in dengue research in IndonesiaObjectives: The purpose of this literature review is to identify how geographic information system (GIS) applications have been used in dengue mapping in Indonesia and to critically examine the issues, strengths, weakness and challenges inherent to those approaches, especially from the spatial analysis and public health point of view.Methods: The research articles in English or Indonesian were taken by online only using Google Scholar search engine. Only articles that addressed GIS methodology or dengue–related GIS applications were selected for this review. These articles must contain the combination three words including Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue and Indonesia in its titles or abstracts.Results: Through the review process, conducted in October 2013, it is evident that the applications of GIS in dengue research can be generally categorized into four issues including dengue risk mapping and surveillance (n = 5), combined remote sensing-GIS (n = 4) web application (n = 2), and climatic and other associated factor with dengue (n = 3). This review explores how GIS approaches have been used to analyze the correlation of dengue incidences with environmental risk factor. GIS also used as a tool to improve dengue surveillance and outbreak management. This review also revealed the lack of GIS techniques using in Indonesian dengue research.Conclusion: GIS-related methodological techniques and tools can be meaning fully applied in dengue research and management.Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue, Indonesia

Risk Factors of Pneumonia Among Under Five Children in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province Ni Kadek Nira; Dibyo Pramono; Roni Naning
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children and burden of disease disproportionately high in South-East Asia Region. Pneumonia incidence in Indonesia is sixth rank in the world. Pneumonia were leading causeof infants mortality about 23.8% and among children, pneumonia contribute 15.5% of total mortality after diarrhea. Risk factors associated with pneumonia are: individual, environment, and social economic.Objectives: The aim of study to identify relationship between individual, environment, and social economic risk factors with pneumonia incidence among under five children in Purbalingga District.Methods: This research was an analytical and observational study using case control design. Subjects were 210 children aged 2-60 month which consists of 105 cases and 105 controls. This study conduct at 9 Public Health centers in Purbalingga District on April to June 2013. Cases were children with pneumonia diagnose by trained doctor or paramedic. Controls were children without diagnosed pneumonia who visited the same Public Health Centers as cases. Results fromunivariate, McNemar test was used to bivariate analysis and conditional logistic regression in multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval.Results: In the multivariate analysis showednot exclusively breastfed (OR=3.99, 95% CI=1.851-8.596), househumidity (OR=3.13, 95% CI=1.382-7.096), house ventilation (OR=6.62, 95% CI=2.847-15.369), overcrowding (OR=2.74, 95% CI=1.230-6.121) and without kitchen smoke hole (OR=6.14, 95% CI=1.932-19.497) had significant association to pneumonia incidence. Ventilation showed the highest risk for pneumonia incidence among under five children.Conclusion: Factors such as not exclusively breastfed, live in house with high humidity, lack of ventilation, over crowding and without kitchen smoke holewere risk factors for pneumonia among under five children. Ventilation was dominant risk factor for developing pneumonia. Promote breastfeeding and improve house condition such as improve house ventilation and make kitchen smoke hole could lead to reduction of pneumonia under five children.Keyword: under five children, pneumonia, risk factors, Purbalingga District

Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis among Tuberculosis Patient in Kebumen District Edwin Sovvan Aritonang; Ning Rintiswati; Riris Andono Ahmad
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tuberculosis is a major global health problem. It is estimated that almost 9 million new cases detected in 2011 and 1.4 million died because of TB. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are the key elements of the TB control program. Delayed diagnosis associated with a longer duration of infectiousness, increase the severity of the disease, more severe complication and even death.Objectives: To determine the factors associated with delayed diagnosis among tuberculosis patients in Kebumen District.Methods : A cross sectional study among newly diagnosed TB patients in April to June 2013 in Kebumen was conducted. The data was collected using a questionnaire interviewing officers of government health care facilities which have implemented DOTS programs already. Data was analyzed by a logistic regression test with confidence interval (CI) of 95%.Results: Eighty five pulmonary TB patients were studied consisting of 65 TB smear positive and 20 smear negative/roentgen positive patients. The median duration of delayed patients was 3.9 weeks; delayed health service was 2.6 weeks and delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with delayed diagnosis were the type of health services which first visited (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.87), level of knowledge about TB (p value = 0.002 and OR = 6.41), educational level (p value = 0.024 and OR = 5.68) and the number of visits to health service (p value = 0.021 and OR = 3.87).Conclusion : The median duration of delayed diagnosis was 7.6 weeks. Delayed diagnosis among TB patients in Kebumen Distict was associated with type of health services which is non-DOTS, low level of knowledge about TB, low levels of education and the number of visits to health services ≥3 times.Keywords: delayed diagnosis, TB patients, Kebumen District

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