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Effication Test of Srikaya Seeds Extract (Annona squamosa L.) to Kill Aedes aegypti Larvae in Laboratory Eny Sofiyatun; Joko Malis Sunarno
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue fever is still becoming national health problem. Control of it have been done but the cases still increase significantly. One way to control the disease is vector control of Aedes sp. Generally, people prefer to choose synthetics insecticides than botanical insecticides and environmental management. Used of synthetics insecticides causing mosquito resistence.Objectives: To know the potency of Srikaya seeds as botanical larviciding to Aedes aegypti larvae as main vector of dengue fever.Methods: Experimental study with cross sectional design have done with three times repeat of efication test. Extraction process of Srikaya seeds according to Kardinan (2000). Concentration of Srikaya seeds extracts are 25%, 50% and 75% with control. Population of the study is Ae.aegypti larvae (L3) from Entomology Laboratory of Balai P2B2 Banjarnegara. Data was observed are mortality and growth of larvae into pupa and imago stages. Probit analyzed was done and describes by graphic and table.Results: Srikaya seeds extracts effect to Ae. aegypti larvae and causing larvae death for each concentration test (concentration 25%, 50%, and 75%). Growth of Ae.aegypti larvae also decreases that shown by pupa failure to reach imago stages after 6th day. This result shows that Srikaya seeds extracts have potency as larvicide might be due to annonain and squamosin content as acetogenine that can cause mortality of some insects Ordo.Conclusion: Srikaya seeds extracts have potency as larvicide on Aedes aegypti larvae. Srikaya seeds extract have a potency as botanical insecticides, not only to pest control on farm and poultry but also in vector diseases control.Keywords: Srikaya seeds extracts, larvicide, Aedes aegypti, mortality

Immune Response against Hepatitis B Virus after Vaccination among Low Birth Weight and Preterm Newborns: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Magelang District Central Java Muhardison Muhardison; Hari Kusnanto; Nenny Sri Mulyani
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Over 2 billion people are infected with HBV and 378 million are carriers. The mortality rate is approximately 1-2 million and over 4 millions acute clinical cases are documented each year. The prevalence of HBV infection in Indonesia is 3-20%. Vertical and horizontal transmission in newborn and children occurs in 25-45%. Near 25-50% of children are infected before 5 years. The most effective approach to reduce the burden of HBV infection is mass vaccination of newborns and children.Objectives: To determine immune response against HBV after HBV vaccine among low birth weight (LBW) and preterm newborns after HBV vaccination, and factors related to the immune response i.e. gender and weight gain in the first 6 months of life.Methods: During May-July 2012, 106 infants aged 13-15 months were recruited after HBV vaccination. They were completed 4 doses of HBV basic vaccination in 0, 2, 3, and 4 months of life. Sera were examined for anti-HBs antibody titers using ELISA.Results: A total of 98 subjects (92.5%) completed the study. Immune response of LBW subjects were positive in 89.7%, newborns were 95.9%. The Relative Risk (RR) were 2.5 CI (0.50 to 12.2) p=0.2178. Gender was not related to immune response RR 0.6 CI (0.15 to 2.69) p=0.6996. Gestational age associated with immune response RR 8 CI (1.05 to 63.9) p=0.0399. The first 6 months weight was not related to immune response RR 3.6 CI (0.73 to 17.7) p=0.1178. Logistic regression analysis showed LBW was not correlated with the immune response OR 1 CI (0.16 to 7.17) p=0.929. Gestational age correlated with immune response OR 9 CI (1.05 to 79.3) p=0.044 and the first 6 months of weight was not correlated with immune response OR 3.7 CI (0.65 to 21.1) p=0.138.Conclusion: Immune response against HBV after vaccination was similar between LBW and NBW. Immune response was correlated with gestational age.Keywords: Hepatitis B vaccine, immune response, LBW and preterm.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) And Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Expression of Plasmodium Berghei Infected Swiss Mice Treated with Red Fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) Ethanol Extract Demianus Tafor; Achmad Djunaidi; Widya Wasityastuti; Eti Nurwening Sholikhah
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Malaria infection could activate T cell helper 2 CD4+ which release cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 was a kind of immunosuppressant cytokines and prevented a cerebral tissue damage from the expression intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by TNF-α, ended with a cerebral malaria. The red fruit was proved as antioxidant but its effect to reduce TNF-α and expression of ICAM-1 in cerebral tissue endothelial cell remained unknown.Objectives: to know the effect of red fruit ethanol extract toward the change of TNF-α secretion number and ICAM-1 in Swiss male mice’s cerebral endothelial cell infected with P.berghei.Methods: Sixty Swiss male mice were divided in to 6 groups, group I was not given the red fruit (BM) ethanol extract and not infected P.berghei, Group II was given BM 260mg/kg BB but not infected P.berghei, group III, IV, V were given BM 130, 260, and 520 mg/kg respectively and infected with P.berghei. Red fruit extract or carrier substance was given for 4 weeks, P.berghei was given in the early of third week. TNF-α level check was done in third and ninth day after the injection, with TNF-α ELISA kit mouse. ICAM-1 cerebral endotel cell expression check was done in third and nine day with immunohistochemistry (IHC) coloring.Results: TNF-α level in third day after infected to the groups given red fruit extract (group III, IV, and V) showed no significant difference (p=0,839) compared to group which was not given red fruit but infected (group VI). TNF-α level in ninth day after infected to groups given red fruit ( group III,IV,V) lower (p<0,05) compared to groups which was not given red fruit but infected. ICAM-1 expression in third and ninth day after treatment to group given red fruit extract was lower (p<0,05) compared to groups given red fruit extract but infected. Conclusion: Red fruit ethanol extract ( P conoideus Lam) could decrease TNF-α level and ICAM-I expression in Swiss mice’ endothelial cerebral cells after infected by P.berghei.Key word: Pandanus conoideus Lam, TNF-α, ICAM-1 expression, Plasmodium berghei, Swiss mice

Validity of p-LDH/HRP2-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Diagnosis of Malaria on Pregnant Women in Maluku Vebiyanti Vebiyanti; Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati; Bambang Udji Jokorianto
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Pregnant women are one of the groups at risk for infection by the malaria parasites in endemic areas. The dangerous impacts of malaria in pregnancy are anemia and severe malaria that can cause death for mother, fetus and newborn. Clinical symptoms that are likely to be not typical until asymptomatic in pregnancy are one of the obstacles on diagnosing malaria in pregnancy in endemic areas. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) is one of the WHO recommended RDT product on round 1-4 and has been used in Maluku. This tool is able to detect antigens of the Plasmodium metabolism results in peripheral blood so that it is regarded to be more sensitive than microscopic examination. The use of p-LDH and HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) for the detection of P. falciparum HRP-2 antigen and P. vivax, P.malariae, P.ovale p-LDH antigen have not been previously evaluated in the Province of Maluku.Objectives: To evaluate the validity of p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) compared with microscopic examination and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy in Maluku.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a diagnostic test of malaria in pregnant women. The study was conducted in Ambon City health center, Savana Jaya Buru Island health center and Haulussy Ambon Local Hospital. Sample data, the data of pregnancy, RDT results and microscopic results on the field were recorded in the questionnaire. Nested PCR examination was conducted at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada as well as second reading for microscopic examinationResults: The results showed that p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had the same sensitivity with micoscopic of 11%, a specificity of 100% higher than microscopic 96% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard, p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had PPV and NPV of 100% and 98% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) sensitivity was 80% compared to the microscopic examination.Conclusion: diagnostic malaria in pregnancy in Maluku with p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) was less sensitive than nested PCR and microscopic.Keywords: Malaria, pregnant woman, diagnostic test, validity, p-LDH/HRP2 Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (Pf/Pan)

Comparing the Sensitivity and Specificity of Zinc Sulphate Flotation Method to Formol Ether Sedimentation Method in Identifying Intestinal Protozoa’s Cysts Dini Alyani; Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati; Sri Sumarni; Ernaningsih Ernaningsih
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The two main methods to detect the presence of intestinal protozoa’s cysts are zinc-sulphate flotation (Faust’s) and formol-ether sedimentation (Ritchie’s) methods. Some researchers have recommended using both flotation and sedimentation in detecting the intestinal parasites. However, this approach is unpractical for most laboratories. To date there are no studies that conclude which method, either Faust’s method or Ritchie’s method, is more effective in term of sensitivity and specificity of detecting the intestinal protozoa cyst. This study was done to conclude which method has higher sensitivity and specificityObjectives: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of Faust’s to Ritchie’s methods in identifying intestinal protozoa.Methods: Thirty anonymous fecal samples were obtained from Parasitology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University. Each sample was tested using both Faust’s and Ritchie’s methods and then microscopically examined to find the intestinal protozoa’s cysts. Numbers of samples with cyst-positive were recorded to determine which method has higher ability to detect the intestinal protozoa’s cysts. Data was analyzed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).Results: From all the five identified cysts (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Blastocystis hominis), Ritchie’s method was able to detect more cyst than Faust’s method. The sensitivity and specificity of Ritchie’s method compared to Faust’s were 100% and 93.33% respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Ritchie’s compared to Faust’s method were 93.75% and 100% respectively. Ritchie’s method is proven to have higher sensitivity and specificity than Faust’s method. This method has high sensitivity probably because of the cysts are concentrated and so more cysts could be collected.Conclusion: This study concludes that the Ritchie’s method has higher sensitivity and specificity compared to Faust’s method in detecting five common intestinal protozoa’s cysts.Keywords: formol-ether sedimentation method, zinc-sulphate flotation method, intestinal protozoa, sensitivity, specificity.

The Effect of Anticoagulant in Blood Meal Source on the Aedes aegypti Reproductive Ability in Laboratory Novyan Lusiyana; Budi Mulyaningsih; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Aedes aegypti is one of the major vectors of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can be reared in laboratory. Artificial membrane feeding (AMF) assay is used as a simulated host to blood feeding mosquitoes in laboratory.Objectives: The purpose of this study are to investigate the effect of heater and the most widely used anticoagulant of K3EDTA, heparin and sodium citrate on blood feeding sucsses, feeding rate, fecundity, hatchability, preadult development and survival rate of Aedes Aegypti colonies maintained by AMF system compared to direct human feeding.Methods: The system consisted of AMF with parafilm membrane which are warmed and not warmed by a waterbath. Human blood samples were used to feed Aedes aegypti using AMF. The number of eggs were counted seven days after feeding after mosquitoes laid the eggs. Every eggs were hatched in a 500 mL of rearing glass to evaluate the hatchability and preadult development. Survival rate is evaluated after blood feeding until 30 days. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests and a p value <0.05 considered as significantly difference.Results: Blood feeding success of Aedes aegypti was not significantly differ when offered blood meal using anticoagulant heparin with heater (82.22%) compare to that of control groups (81.67%) (p=0.917). There was a significant difference in feeding rate (p=0.000), fecundity (p=0.000), hatchability (p=0.000) between groups. All results were higher in heparin than K3EDTA and sodium citrate, but in pre adult development and survival rate K3EDTA showed better result than that of control, heparin and sodium citrate groups. So this anticoagulant was acceptable for maintenance of laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti.Conclusion: We conclude that heater can increase the blood feeding sucsses. The K3EDTA, heparin and sodium citrate can affect the feeding rate, fecundity, hatchability, and preadult development, but do not affect survival rate. Heparin can be used for routine colonization of laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti with AMF assay.Keywords: Anticoagulants, artificial membrane feeding, reproductive ability, survival rate

Repellent Activity of Catnip Extract (Nepeta cataria L,) Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito as Dengue Vector Doraysamy Doraysamy; Budi Mulyaningsih; Ernaningsih Ernaningsih
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue infection has been a major concern for decades. Prevention from getting bitten by Aedes aegypti mosquito is considered better than cure as there is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Recently, catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) extract has been formulated and marketed as an alternative for protection against mosquitoes and act as a natural form of mosquito repellent.Objectives: To understand the repelling properties of both DEET and N. cataria L. extract and to compare the repelling properties between DEET and N. cataria L. against Ae. aegypti mosquito.Methods: The repelling properties was tested based on the number of mosquitoes that sits on the hand of the respondent after being applied to the gold standard of mosquito repellent, DEET, and compared to N. cataria L. extract in different concentrations in total of 15 minutes.Results: Three different concentrations of catnip extract (10%, 30% and 50%) shows different efficacy in repelling Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at the range of 62.8%-80%, although the repellent activity is still lower than DEET that have 100% repellent activity.Conclusion: Catnip (N. cataria L) showed mosquitoes repellent properties at concentration 10-50% with repellent activity at the range 62.8%-80%. Keywords: Dengue, Aedes aegypti, repellent, DEET (N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide), catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) extract. INTISARI Pendahuluan: Infeksi Dengue merupakan masalah utama selama berpuluh tahun. Pencegahan dengan menghindari gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dianggap lebih baik daripada mengobati karena tidak ada terapi antiviral yang spesifik untuk dengue. Akhir-akhir ini, ekstrak catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) telah diformulasi dan dipasarkan sebagai alternatif untuk perlindungan terhadap nyamuk dan berlaku sebagai bentuk alami dari repelen.Tujuan: Untuk memahami agen penolakan dari N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) dan ekstrak N. cataria L. extract dan membandingkan agen penolakan antara DEET dan N. cataria L. terhadap nyamuk Ae. aegypti.Metode: Agen penolakan diuji berdasarkan jumlah nyamuk yang mendarat di tangan responden setelah diolesi repelen nyamuk baku DEET, dan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak N. cataria L. pada berbagai konsentrasi selama total waktu 15 menit.Hasil: Tiga konsentrasi ekstrak catnip (10%, 30% and 50%) menunjukkan daya penolakan nyamuk Ae. aegypti yang berbeda pada rentang 62.8%-80%, meskipun aktivitas penolakan nyamuknya masih lebih rendah dari DEET yang mempunyai aktivitas penolakan 100%.Simpulan: Ekstrak Catnip (N. cataria L) menunjukkan daya penolakan nyamuk pada konsentrasi 10-50% dengan aktivitas repelant antara 62.8%-80%.Kata kunci: Dengue, Aedes aegypti, repellent, DEET (N,N- Diethyl-m-toluamide), ekstrak catnip (Nepeta cataria L.).

Association of hydrazine and SGPT level two hours after drug administration at the end of intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients Ave Olivia Rahman; Jarir At Thobari; Mustofa Mustofa
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Isoniazid in the regiment treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients causes side effects. Hepatotoxicity is one of the isoniazid’s side effects that need medical attention. Isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity has no correlation with high level of isoniazid in plasma. However, several animal studies show it has an association with hydrazine, a metabolite of isoniazid. The role of hydrazine in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity among tuberculosis patients is unclear.Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation of hydrazine and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods: This was an observational study with cross-sectional design. Fifty eight newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients were enrolled in this study. Venous blood sampling was collected at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment. SGPT level was measured by an automatic chemical analyzer. Hydrazine level was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical significance was analyzed using correlation test.Results and Discussion: The incidence of hepatotoxicity was 3.4% and about 8.6% patients had elevated SGPT at two hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment. There was no correlation between hydrazine level and SGPT levels in this study. These results indicated that hepatotoxicity or minimal liver damage in some patients might occur in the administration of standard dose isoniazid. It might be caused by isoniazid’s metabolites itself, or various other factors.Conclusions: There was no correlation between hydrazine level and SGPT levels at 2 hours after drug administration in the end of intensive phase treatment in this study.

The Risk Factors Associated with HIV Infection among Attendees at Edelweiss Clinic, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta Nurul Nadiah Binti Muhamad Shaidi; Yanri Wijayanti Subroto; Sumardi Sumardi
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in Indonesia are transmitted by using contaminated injecting equipment, unprotected paid sex, and unsafe sex between men. The spread of HIV is further exacerbated by several factors, including a widespread commercial sex industry, high prevalence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and its insufficient clinical services, as well as the very low rate of condom use. However, data regarding the risk factors of HIV infection in Yogyakarta is limited.Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors of HIV infection among attendees tested for HIV at Edelweiss Clinic, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta in 2008.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 58 participants who divided into HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups. Demographic and risk factor data were collected from medical records. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results: Among HIV-positive patients, 65.4% were sexually active and 19.2% were drug users. Although it was not statistically significant, sexually active might be associated with HIV infection. Among sexually active HIV-positive individuals, 41.2% had multiple partners. However, its association with the disease was weak (r = 0.115). Injecting drug users (IDUs) had higher risk getting HIV infection (r = 0.115) compare to sexually active individuals (r = 0.000). Anal sex (r = 0.038) had a weak association with HIV-positive status.Conclusion: Sexually active was a risk factor of HIV infection among attendees tested for HIV at Edelweiss Clinic. The chance of virus transmission was higher among the IDUs. Keywords: HIV, risk factor, sexually active, injecting drug users

Laboratory Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infection Tri Wibawa
Tropical Medicine Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2012): Tropical Medicine Journal
Publisher : Pusat Kedokteran Tropis

ABSTRACTDengue virus (DENV) infection was reported by more than 100 countries in the world. DENV was estimated infects 2.5 billion people living at tropical and subtropical countries annually. Laboratory diagnosis of DENV infection is important for the best clinical management of the patients. There are many tools and methods have been developed and dedicated to serve accurate diagnostic of DENV infection. In hitherto, laboratory diagnosis of DENV infection may be done by several methods, i.e. serology, viral culture, and viral genome-based detection. However, there is no convincing diagnosis procedures that easy to be performed and user friendly. This review will address the principle and characteristic of the laboratory diagnostic procedures that is available at this moment.

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